by Eutropius
19
Q. Caecilio L. Valerio consulibus omnes civitates, quae in Brittiis ab Hannibale tenebantur, Romanis se tradiderunt.
XIX
In the consulate of Quintus Caecilius and Lucius Valerius, all the cities in the territory of the Bruttii, which were in the possession of Hannibal, surrendered to the Romans.
20
Anno quarto decimo posteaquam in Italiam Hannibal venerat, Scipio, qui multa bene in Hispania egerat, consul est factus et in Africam missus. Cui viro divinum quiddam inesse existimabatur, adeo ut putaretur etiam cum numinibus habere sermonem. Is in Africa contra Hannonem, ducem Afrorum, pugnat; exercitum eius interficit. Secundo proelio castra capit cum quattuor milibus et quingentis militibus, XI milibus occisis. Syphacem, Numidiae regem, qui se Afris coniunxerat, capit et castra eius invadit. Syphax cum nobilissimis Numidis et infinitis spoliis Romam a Scipione mittitur. Qua re audita omnis fere Italia Hannibalem deserit. Ipse a Carthaginiensibus redire in Africam iubetur, quam Scipio vastabat.
XX
In the fourteenth year after Hannibal s invasion of Italy, Scipio, who had achieved such successes in Spain, was created consul, and sent into Africa; a man in whom there was thought to be something divine, so that he was even imagined to hold converse with the gods. He encountered Hanno, the general of the Carthaginians in Africa, and destroyed his army. In a second battle he took his camp, with four thousand five hundred of his soldiers, eleven thousand being killed. Syphax, king of Numidia, who had joined the Africans, he took prisoner, and became master of his camp. Syphax himself, with the noblest of the Numidians, and a vast quantity of spoil, was sent by Scipio to Rome; on the news of which event, almost all Italy forsook Hannibal, who was desired by the Carthaginians to return to Africa, which Scipio was now laying waste.
21
Ita anno septimo decimo ab Hannibale Italia liberata est. Legati Carthaginiensium pacem a Scipione petiverunt; ab eo ad senatum Romam missi sunt. Quadraginta et quinque diebus his indutiae datae sunt, quousque ire Romam et regredi possent; et triginta milia pondo argenti ab his accepta sunt. Senatus ex arbitrio Scipionis pacem iussit cum Carthaginiensibus fieri. Scipio his condicionibus dedit: ne amplius quam triginta naves haberent, ut quingenta milia pondo argenti darent, captivos et perfugas redderent.
XXI
Thus, in the seventeenth year after his arrival, Italy was delivered from Hannibal, and he is said to have quitted it with tears. Ambassadors from the Carthaginians applied to Scipio for peace, by whom they were sent to the senate, a truce of forty-five days being allowed for their journey to and from Rome; thirty thousand pounds of silver were accepted from them. The senate directed that a peace should be concluded with the Carthaginians at the discretion of Scipio. Scipio granted it on these conditions: “that they should retain, no more than thirty ships, that they should pay to the Romans five hundred thousand pounds of silver, and restore all the prisoners and deserters.”
22
Interim Hannibale veniente ad Africam pax turbata est, multa hostilia ab Afris facta sunt. Legati tamen eorum ex urbe venientes a Romanis capti sunt, sed iubente Scipione dimissi. Hannibal quoque frequentibus proeliis victus a Scipione petit etiam ipse pacem. Cum ventum esset ad colloquium, isdem condicionibus data est, quibus prius, additis quingentis milibus pondo argenti centum milibus librarum propter novam perfidiam. Carthaginiensibus condiciones displicuerunt iusseruntque Hannibalem pugnare. Infertur a Scipione et Masinissa, alio rege Numidarum, qui amicitiam cum Scipione fecerat, Carthagini bellum. Hannibal tres exploratores ad Scipionis castra misit, quos captos Scipio circumduci per castra iussit ostendique his totum exercitum, mox etiam prandium dari dimittique, ut renuntiarent Hannibali quae apud Romanos vidissent.
XXII
Hannibal in the meantime landing in Africa, the treaty was interrupted. Many hostilities were committed by the Carthaginians; yet when their ambassadors, as they were returning from Rome, were made prisoners by some Roman troops, they were by Scipio’s orders set at liberty. Hannibal too, being defeated by Scipio in several battles, expressed also himself a desire for peace. A conference being held, peace was offered on the same terms as before, only a hundred thousand pounds of silver were added to the former five hundred thousand, on account of their late perfidy. The terms were, unsatisfactory to the Carthaginians, and they ordered Hannibal to continue the war.
The war was carried by Scipio, and Masinissa, another king of the Numidians, who had made an alliance with Scipio, to the very walls of Carthage. Hannibal sent three spies into Scipio’s camp, who were captured, and Scipio ordered them to be led round the camp, the whole army to be shown them, and themselves to be entertained and dismissed, that they might report to Hannibal all that they had seen among the Romans.
23
Interea proelium ab utroque duce instructum est, quale vix ulla memoria fuit, cum peritissimi viri copias suas ad bellum educerent. Scipio victor recedit paene ipso Hannibale capto, qui primum cum multis equitibus, deinde cum viginti, postremo cum quattuor evasit. Inventa in castris Hannibalis argenti pondo viginti milia, auri octoginta, cetera supellectilis copiosa. Post id certamen pax cum Carthaginiensibus facta est. Scipio Romam rediit, ingenti gloria triumphavit atque Africanus ex eo appellari coeptus est. Finem accepit secundum Punicum bellum post annum nonum decimum, quam coeperat.
XXIII
In the meantime preparations were made by both generals for a battle, such as scarce ever occurred in any age, since they were the ablest commanders that ever led forces into the field. Scipio came off victorious, having almost captured Hannibal himself, who escaped at first with several horse, then with twenty, and at last with only four. There were found in Hannibal’s camp twenty thousand pounds of silver, and eight hundred of gold, with plenty of stores. After this battle, peace was concluded with the Carthaginians. Scipio returned to Rome, and triumphed with the greatest glory, receiving from that period the appellation of Africanus. Thus the second Punic war was brought to an end in the nineteenth year after it began.
BOOK IV
War with Philip, king of Macedonia, I. II. — War with Antiochus, king of Syria, III. IV. — Triumph of Fulvius over the Aetolians; death of Hannibal, V. — War with Perseus, king of Macedonia, and with Gentius, king of Illyria, VI. — VIII. — Successes of Mummius in Spain, IX. — Third Punic war, and destruction of Carthage, X. — XII. — War in Macedonia with Pseudo Philip, XIII. — The Achaean war, and destruction of Corinth, XIV. — War in Macedonia with Pseudo Perseus, XV. — War in Spain with Viriatus, XVI. — Numantine war ended by Scipio, XVII. — Attains bequeaths his kingdom to the Roman people, XVIII. — Triumphs of Junius Brutus and Scipio, XIX. — War in Asia with Aristonicus, XX. — Carthage becomes a Roman colony, XXI. — War with the Transalpine Gauls, and Bituitus, king of the Arverni, XXII. — A colony settled at Narbonne; a triumph over Dalmatia, XXIII. — Unsuccessful war with the Scordisci, XXIV. — Triumphs over Sardinia and Thrace, XXV. — War with Jugurtha, XXVI. XXVII.
1
Transacto Punico bello secutum est Macedonicum contra Philippum regem quingentesimo quinquagesimo et primo anno ab urbe condita.
I
After the Punic was terminated, the Macedonian war, against King Philip, succeeded.
2
T. Quintius Flamininus adversum Philippum missus rem prospere gessit. Pax ei data est his legibus: ne Graeciae civitatibus, quas Romani contra eum defenderant, bellum inferret, ut captivos et transfugas redderet, quinquaginta solas naves haberet, reliquas Romanis dederet, per annos decem quaterna milia pondo argenti praestaret et obsidem daret filium suum Demetrium. T. Quintius etiam Lacedaemoniis intulit bellum. Ducem eorum Nabidem vicit et quibus voluit condicionibus in fidem accepit. Ingenti gloria trimphavit; duxit ante currum nobilissimos obsides, Demetrium, Philippi filium, et Armenen Nabidis.
II
In the five hundred and fifty-first year from the building of the city, Titus Quintius Flamininus was sent against King Philip. He was successful in his undertaking; and peace was granted to Philip on
these conditions, that “he should not make war on those states of Greece which the Romans had defended against him; that he should restore the prisoners and deserters; that he should retain only fifty vessels, and deliver up the rest to the Romans; that he should pay, for ten years, a tribute of four thousand pounds weight of silver; and give his own son Demetrius as a hostage.” Titus Quintius made war also on the Lacedaemonians; defeated their general Nabis, and admitted them into alliance on such terms as he thought proper. He led with great pride before his chariot hostages of most noble rank, Demetrius the son of Philip, and Armenes the son of Nabis.
3
Transacto bello Macedonico secutum est Syriacum contra Antiochum regem P. Cornelio Scipione M. Acilio Glabrione consulibus. Huic Antiocho Hannibal se iunxerat, Carthaginem, patriam suam, metu, ne Romanis traderetur, relinquens. M. Acilius Glabrio in Achaia bene pugnavit. Castra regis Antiochi nocturna pugna capta sunt, ipse fugatus. Philippo, quia contra Antiochum Romanis fuisset auxilio, filius Demetrius redditus est.
III
The Macedonian war being thus terminated, the Syrian war, against King Antiochus, succeeded, in the consulship of Publius Cornelius Scipio and Manius Acilius Glabrio, To this Antiochus Hannibal had joined himself, abandoning his native country, Carthage, to escape being delivered up to the Romans. Manius Acilius Glabrio fought successfully in Achaia. The camp of King Antiochus was taken by an attack in the night, and he himself obliged to flee. To Philip his son Demetrius was restored, for having assisted the Romans in their contest with Antiochus.
4
L. Cornelio Scipione et C. Laelio consulibus Scipio Africanus fratri suo L. Cornelio Scipioni consuli legatus datus contra Antiochum profectus est. Hannibal, qui cum Antiocho erat, navali proelio victus est. Ipse postea Antiochus circa Sipylum apud Magnesiam, Asiae civitatem, a consule Cornelio Scipione ingenti proelio fusus est. Auxilio fuit Romanis in ea pugna Eumenes, Attali regis frater, qui Eumeniam in Phrygia condidit. Quinquaginta milia peditum, tria equitum eo certamine ex parte regis occisa sunt. Tum rex pacem petit. Isdem condicionibus data est a senatu, quamquam victo, quibus ante offerebatur: ut ex Europa et Asia recederet atque intra Taurum se contineret, decem milia talentorum et viginti obsides praeberet, Hannibalem, concitatorem belli, dederet. Eumeni regi donatae sunt a senatu omnes Asiae civitates, quas Antiochus bello perdiderat, et Rhodiis, qui auxilium Romanis contra regem Antiochum tulerant, multae urbes concessae sunt. Scipio Romam rediit, ingenti gloria triumphavit. Nomen et ipse ad imitationem fratris Asiagenis accepit, quia Asiam vicerat, sicuti frater ipsius propter Africam domitam Africanus appellabatur.
IV
In the consulate of Lucius Cornelius Scipio and Caius Laelius, Scipio Africanus went out as lieutenant to his brother Lucius Cornelius Scipio, the consul, against Antiochus. Hannibal, who was with Antiochus, was defeated in a battle by sea. Antiochus himself was afterwards routed by Cornelius Scipio, the consul, in a great battle at Magnesia, a city of Asia, near mount Sipylus. Eumenes, who founded the city of Eumenia in Phrygia, the brother of king Attalus, assisted the Romans in that engagement. Fifty thousand foot, and three thousand horse were killed in that battle on the side of the king. In consequence, King Antiochus sued for peace, which was granted to him, though vanquished, by the senate, on the same conditions as it had been offered before: “that he should withdraw from Europe and Asia, and confine himself within mount Taurus; that he should pay ten thousand talents, and give twenty hostages, and surrender Hannibal, the author of the war.” All the cities of Asia, which Antiochus had lost in this war, were given to Eumenes; many cities also were granted to the Rhodians, who had assisted the Romans against Antiochus. Scipio returned to Rome, and celebrated his triumph with great pomp; and he also, after the example of his brother, received the name of Asiaticus, from his conquest of Asia; as his brother, from the subjugation of Africa, had been surnamed Africanus.
5
Sp. Postumio Albino Q. Marcio Philippo consulibus M. Fulvius de Aetolis triumphavit. Hannibal, qui victo Antiocho, ne Romanis traderetur, ad Prusiam, Bithyniae regem, fugerat, repetitus etiam ab eo est per T. Quintium Flamininum. Et, cum tradendus Romanis esset, venenum bibit et apud Libyssam in finibus Nicomedensium sepultus est.
V
Under the consuls Spurius Posthumius Albinus and Quintus Marcius Philippus, Marcus Fulvius triumphed for conquering the Aetolians. Hannibal, who, on the defeat of Antiochus, had fled to Prusias, king of Bithynia, that he might not be surrendered to the Romans, was demanded also at his hands by Titus Quintius Flamininus; and, as he seemed likely to be surrendered, he drank poison, and was buried at Libyssa, in the territory of the Nicomedians.
6
Philippo, rege Macedoniae, mortuo, qui et adversum Romanos bellum gesserat et postea Romanis contra Antiochum auxilium tulerat, filius eius Perseus in Macedonia rebellavit ingentibus copiis ad bellum paratis. Nam adiutores habebat Cotyn, Thraciae regem, et regem Illyrici, Gentium nomine. Romanis autem in auxilio erant Eumenes, Asiae rex, Ariaratus Cappadociae, Antiochus Syriae, Ptolomaeus Aegypti, Masinissa Numidiae. Prusias autem Bithyniae, quamquam sororem Persei uxorem haberet, utrisque se aequum praebuit. Dux Romanorum P. Licinius consul contra eum missus est et a rege gravi proelio victus. Neque tamen Romani, quamquam superati, regi petenti pacem praestare voluerunt, nisi his condicionibus: ut se et suos senatui et populo Romano dederet. Mox missus contra eum L. Aemilius Paulus consul et in Illyricum C. Anicius praetor contra Gentium. Sed Gentius facile uno proelio victus mox se dedidit. Mater eius et uxor et duo filii, frater quoque simul in potestatem Romanorum venerunt. Ita bello intra XXX dies perfecto ante cognitum est Gentium victum, quam coeptum bellum nuntiaretur.
VI
On the death of Philip, king of Macedonia, who had both waged war with the Romans, and afterwards given aid to the Romans against Antiochus, his son Perseus took up arms again in Macedonia, having levied great forces for the war, and having as allies Cotys, king of Thrace, and the king of Illyricum, whose name was Gentius. On the side of the Romans were Eumenes, king of Asia, Ariarathes of Cappadocia, Antiochus of Syria, Ptolemy of Egypt, Masinissa of Numidia. Prusias, the king of Bithynia, although he had married the sister of Perseus, remained neutral. The general of the Romans, the consul Publius Licinius, was defeated by Perseus in a severe engagement; yet the Romans, although vanquished, refused peace to the king when he solicited it, except on condition that he should surrender himself and his people to the senate and the people of Rome. The consul Lucius Aemilius Paulus was afterwards sent against him, and the praetor Caius Anicius into Illyricum against Gentius: but Gentius, being defeated with ease in a single battle, soon surrendered; and his mother, his wife, his two sons, and his brother, fell at the same time into the power of the Romans. Thus the war was terminated within thirty days, and the news of Gentius’s defeat arrived before it was announced that the war had been begun.
7
Cum Perseo autem Aemilius Paulus consul III Nonas Septembres dimicavit vicitque eum viginti milibus peditum eius occisis. Equitatus cum rege integer fugit. Romanorum centum milites amissi sunt. Urbes Macedoniae omnes, quas rex tenuerat, Romanis se dediderunt; ipse rex, cum desereretur ab amicis, venit in Pauli potestatem. Sed honorem ei Aemilius Paulus consul non quasi victo habuit. Nam et volentem ad pedes sibi cadere non permisit et iuxta se in sella conlocavit. Macedonibus et Illyriis hae leges a Romanis datae: ut liberi essent et dimidium eorum tributorum praestarent, quae regibus praestitissent, ut appareret, populum Romanum pro aequitate magis quam avaritia dimicare. Itaque in conventu infinitorum populorum Paulus hoc pronuntiavit et legationes multarum gentium, quae ad eum venerant, magnificentissime convivio pavit, dicens eiusdem hominis esse debere et bello vincere et in convivii apparatu elegantem esse.
VII
The consul Aemilius Paulus came to a battle with Perseus on the 3rd of September, and defeated him, killing twenty thousand of his infantry; the cavalry which remained with the king was unbroken; on the side of the Romans only a hundred men were missing. All the cities of Macedonia,
that Perseus had under his sway, submitted to the Romans. The king himself, deserted by his friends, fell into the hands of Paulus; but Paulus treated him with respect, and not as a vanquished enemy, for, when he desired to prostrate himself at his feet, he would not permit him, but placed him in a seat by his side. The terms granted to the Macedonians and Illyrians were these, “that they might remain free, on paying half the tribute which they had been accustomed to pay to their kings;” that it might be seen that the Roman people contended with a view to equity and not to covetousness: and these terms Paulus proclaimed in an assembly of a vast concourse of people, entertaining the ambassadors of several states, who had come to pay their respects to him, with a most sumptuous feast; saying that “it ought to be possible for the same individual to be victorious in war and elegant in his entertainments.”
8
Mox septuaginta civitates Epiri, quae rebellabant, cepit, praedam militibus distribuit. Romam ingenti pompa rediit in navi Persei, quae inusitatae magnitudinis fuisse traditur, adeo ut sedecim ordines dicatur habuisse remorum. Triumphavit autem magnificentissime in curru aureo cum duobus filiis utroque latere adstantibus. Ducti sunt ante currum duo regis filii et ipse Perseus, XLV annos natus. Post eum etiam Anicius de Illyriis triumphavit. Gentius cum fratre et filiis ante currum ductus est. Ad hoc spectaculum reges multarum gentium Romam venerunt, inter alios venit etiam Attalus atque Eumenes, Asiae reges, et Prusias Bithyniae. Magno honore excepti sunt et permittente senatu dona, quae attulerant, in Capitolio posuerunt. Prusias etiam filium suum Nicomeden senatui commendavit.