by S. C. Gwynne
32. Wallace and Hoebel, p. 297.
33. Ibid., p. 299.
34. Randolph Marcy, The Prairie Traveler, p. 218.
35. Wallace, Texas in Turmoil, p. 25.
36. Webb, The Texas Rangers, p. 169; Wallace, Texas in Turmoil, p. 24.
37. Cox, The Texas Rangers, p. 144.
38. Ford, p. 224.
39. Ibid., pp. 223ff.
40. Ibid., pp. 231–32.
41. Cox, p. 146.
42. Ford, p. 233.
43. James DeShields, Cynthia Ann Parker, the Story of Her Capture, p. 40.
44. Ford, p. 233.
45. Cox, p. 147.
46. Ford, p. 233.
47. Ibid., p. 235.
48. Cited from Cox, p. 145.
49. W. S. Nye, Carbine and Lance: The Story of Old Fort Sill, p. 19.
50. Benner, pp. 29ff.
51. Ibid., p. 32.
52. Ibid.
53. Wallace, Texas in Turmoil, p. 24.
Twelve WHITE QUEEN OF THE COMANCHES
1. Jonathan Hamilton Baker, Diary of Jonathan Hamilton Baker, pp. 191–92.
2. J. Evetts Haley, Charles Goodnight: Cowman and Plainsman, p. 52.
3. Ibid., pp. 50–51.
4. Ibid., pp. 51–52.
5. Cited in Jo Ella Powell Exley, Frontier Blood, p. 148.
6. Baker, pp. 202ff.
7. B. F. Gholson, Recollections of B. F. Gholson, p. 24.
8. Marshall Doyle, A Cry Unheard, p. 35; see also Haley, p. 53.
9. Judith Ann Benner, Sul Ross: Soldier, Statesman, Educator, p. 52.
10. Charles Goodnight, Charles Goodnight’s Indian Recollections, p. 22.
11. Gholson, p. 28.
12. YA-A-H-HOO: Warwhoop of the Comanches, narrative in Elizabeth Ross Clarke archives, Center for American History, University of Texas in Austin, p. 66.
13. Hilory G. Bedford, Texas Indian Troubles, p. 73; the account also appears in J. W. Wilbarger, Indian Depredations in Texas.
14. Ibid., p. 58.
15. Gholson, p. 30.
16. Ibid., p. 34.
17. Baker, p. 204.
18. The Galveston Civilian, February 5, 1861.
19. Ibid.
20. Gholson, p. 40.
21. Ibid., p. 44.
22. Amelia W. Williams and Eugene C. Barker, The Writings of Sam Houston, 1813–1863, vol. 4, pp. 60–61.
23. Lawrence T. Jones, “Cynthia Ann Parker and Pease Ross, The Forgotten Photographs,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly, January 1991, p. 379.
24. Bedford, p. 75.
25. Eugene E. White, Experiences of a Special Indian Agent, p. 271; letter written by Sul Ross while governor.
26. H. B. Rogers, The Recollections of H. B. Rogers, as told to J. A. Rickard (appended to Gholson manuscript), p. 66.
27. Jo Ella Powell Exley, Frontier Blood, p. 175.
28. Lawrence T. Jones, “Cynthia Ann Parker and Pease Ross,” p. 379.
29. Exley, pp. 170–71, citing an account by Medora Robinson Turner.
30. Clarksville Northern Standard, April 6, 1861.
31. Letter: K. J. Pearson, to John D. Floyd, February 3, 1861, Fort Sill Archives.
32. Margaret Schmidt Hacker, Cynthia Ann Parker: The Life and Legend, p. 32.
33. Stephen B. Oates, “Texas Under the Secessionists,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 167 (October 1963): 167.
34. Ibid., p. 168.
35. James T. DeShields, The Capture of Cynthia Ann Parker, p. 71.
36. Clarksville Northern Standard, April 6, 1861.
37. Jones, “Cynthia Ann Parker and Pease Ross,” p. 380.
38. Exley, p. 175.
39. Coho Smith, Cohographs, p. 69. All of the material relating to the Smith-Parker meetings is derived from Smith’s own account.
40. Jan Isbelle Fortune, “The Recapture and Return of Cynthia Ann Parker,” Groesbeck Journal, May 15, 1936, p. 1.
41. Exley, p. 176, citing an article written by Parker family member Tom Champion.
42. Jones, “Cynthia Ann Parker and Pease Ross,” p 190.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. Hacker, p. 35.
46. Ibid.
47. Exley, p. 178, citing Champion account.
48. Letter: T. J. Cates to the Edgewood Enterprise, June 1918.
49. Exley, p. 179.
50. Disinterment Permit, Texas State Department of Health, Bureau of Vital Statistics, dated August 25, 1865.
51. Paul Wellman, “Cynthia Ann Parker,” Chronicles of Oklahoma 12, no. 2 (1934): 163.
Thirteen THE RISE OF QUANAH
1. This was Cynthia Ann’s own account of what had happened. See Judith Ann Benner, Sul Ross: Soldier, Statesman, Educator, p. 56.
2. Robert H. Williams, “The Case for Peta Nocona,” In Texana, Vol 10, 1972, p. 55. Williams makes a superbly argued case for what is fairly obvious anyway, that Quanah’s later insistence that he and his father were out hunting during the attack is simply untrue. Quanah did it to protect his father’s reputation, and he did not even attempt to set the record straight until 1898, almost forty years after the event. He did it most famously in a speech in Dallas in 1910 shortly before his death. Williams also points out that the two riders who left the battlefield had to be Quanah and his brother.
3. J. Evetts Haley, ed., Charles Goodnight’s Indian Recollections, pp. 25–26.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Jo Ella Powell Exley, Frontier Blood, pp. 183–84; citing untitled manuscript of J. A. Dickson.
7. Ibid., p. 186.
8. Ibid., pp. 199ff.
9. Ernest Wallace and E. Adamson Hoebel, The Comanches, p. 81.
10. Charles Goodnight, The Making of a Scout, manuscript in Panhandle Plains Historical Museum Archives.
11. Wallace and Hoebel, pp. 178ff.
12. Ibid., p. 183.
13. “Quanah Parker in Adobe Walls Battle,” Borger News Herald, date unknown, Panhandle Plains Historical Museum Archives, based on interview with J. A. Dickson.
14. Elizabeth Ross Clarke, YA-A-H-HOO: Warwhoop of the Comanches, manuscript at Center for American History, University of Texas, Austin, p. 73.
15. Exley, p. 184, citing untitled Dickson ms.
16. Chief Baldwin Parker, Life of Quanah Parker, Comanche Chief, through J. Evetts Haley, August 29, 1930, manuscript at Center for American History, University of Texas, Austin.
17. Exley, Dickson ms.
18. Randolph Marcy, Adventure on Red River: A Report on the Exploration of the Red River by Captain Randolph Marcy and Captain G. B. McClellan, p. 159.
19. Scott Zesch, The Captured, pp. 68–76.
20. Thomas W. Kavanaugh, The Comanches, p. 372; Zoe A. Tilghman, Quanah, Eagle of the Comanches, pp. 68ff.
21. Kavanaugh, The Comanches, p. 481.
22. Tilghman, pp. 68ff.
23. Exley, p. 204, citing untitled Dickson ms.
24. Kavanaugh, The Comanches, p. 473.
25. Olive King Dixon, Fearless and Effective Foe: He Spared Women and Children, Always, manuscript, Center for American History, University of Texas, Austin.
26. Eugene E. White, Experiences of a Special Indian Agent, pp. 276ff. White’s account is taken from his conversations with Quanah in later years.
27. The ultimate source of this story is Quanah, but his accounts, passed down to us through three different sources—Eugene White, Olive King Dixon (via Goodnight and Baldwin Parker), and Ella Cox Lutz, Quanah’s granddaughter—agree in all important aspects.
28. Wallace and Hoebel, pp. 136–37.
29. White, p. 284.
30. Ibid., p. 286.
31. Dixon, manuscript.
Fourteen UNCIVIL WARS
1. Ernest Wallace, Texas in Turmoil, p. 238.
2. David La Vere, Contrary Neighbors, p. 169.
3. Ibid., p. 178.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid., p. 171.
6. T. R. Fehrenbach, The Comanches, p. 450.
; 7. Angie Debo, The Road to Disappearance: A History of the Creek Indians, pp. 150ff.
8. Fehrenbach, The Comanches, p, 449.
9. Debo, p. 152; also La Vere, p 171.
10. Fehrenbach, The Comanches, p. 459.
11. Wallace, p. 244; R. N. Richardson, The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement, p. 142.
12. W. S. Nye, Carbine and Lance: The Story of Old Fort Sill, p. 35.
13. Hampton Sides, Blood and Thunder, p. 308.
14. Thelma S. Guild and Harvey L. Carter, Kit Carson: A Pattern for Heroes, pp. 231ff.
15. Sides, p. 368.
16. Thomas Kavanagh, The Comanches, p. 398.
17. Letter to commanding officer, Fort Bascom, September 27, 1864; Official Records of the War of Rebellion, series 1, vol. 41, pt. 3, pp. 429–30.
18. Captain George Pettis, Kit Carson’s Fight with the Comanche and Kiowa Indians (Providence Press Company, Sidney S. Rider [copyright], 1878), p. 3.
19. Mildred Mayhall, The Kiowas, p. 161.
20. Pettis, p. 5.
21. David A. Norris, “Confederate Gunners Affectionately Called Their Hard Working Little Mountain Howitzers ‘Bull Pups,’” America’s Civil War, September 1995,
pp. 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, and 90.
22. Pettis, p. 9.
23. Ibid.
24. Kavanagh, The Comanches, p. 395.
25. Ibid., p. 16.
26. Ibid.
27. 39th U.S. Congress; Second Session, Senate report 156, pp. 53, 74.
28. Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, p. 86.
29. 39th U.S. Congress; Second Session, Senate report 156, pp. 73, 96.
30. Sides, p. 379.
31. Ibid.
32. Fehrenbach, The Comanches, p. 461.
Fifteen PEACE, AND OTHER HORRORS
1. Rupert N. Richardson, The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement, p. 157.
2. Ibid.
3. T. R. Fehrenbach, The Comanches, p. 484.
4. Abstracted from the Army Navy Journal 15, no. 52 (August 31, 1878); cited in Charles M. Robinson, Bad Hand: A Biography of General Ranald S. Mackenzie,
p. 57.
5. Thomas Kavanagh, The Comanches, p. 411.
6. Richardson, p. 151.
7. Kavanagh, The Comanches, p. 412.
8. Alfred A. Taylor, account in Chronicles of Oklahoma, II, pp. 102–103.
9. Charles J. Kappler, ed., Indian Affairs Laws and Treaties (Washington, D.C., 1903), vol. II, pp. 977ff.
10. Henry M. Stanley, “A British Journalist Reports the Medicine Lodge Councils of 1867,” Kansas Historical Quarterly 33 (Spring 1967): 282.
11. Ibid., 33:283.
12. Douglas C. Jones, The Treaty at Medicine Lodge, pp. 101ff.
13. Stanley, pp. 249–320.
14. Kappler, pp. 977ff.
15. Ibid., p. 982.
16. Richardson, p. 237, note 25.
17. Quanah Parker to Captain Hugh Lenox Scott, 1898, H. L. Scott Material, W. S. Nye Collection, Fort Sill Archives.
18. David La Vere, Contrary Neighbors, pp. 183–84.
19. Leavenworth to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, April 23, 1868, 40th Congress, Second Session, Sen. Ex. Doc. No. 60:2.
20. Richardson, p. 161.
21. Lawrence Schmeckebier, The Office of Indian Affairs, Its History, Activities and Organization, p. 48; Richardson, p. 164
22. Fehrenbach, The Comanches, p. 485.
Sixteen THE ANTI-CUSTER
1. Charles M. Robinson III, Bad Hand: A Biography of General Ranald S. Mackenzie,
p. 10, citing Morris Schaff, Old West Point, pp. 42–43.
2. Evan S. Connell, Son of the Morning Star, p. 108.
3. Captain Joseph Dorst, “Ranald Slidell Mackenzie,” Twentieth Annual Reunion of the Association Graduates of the United States Military Academy at West Point, June 12, 1889, p. 7.
4. F. E. Green, ed., “Ranald S. Mackenzie’s Official Correspondence Relating to Texas, 1873–79,” Museum Journal 10 (1966): 13ff.
5. U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs (New York: Charles A. Webster and Co., 1885),
p. 541.
6. Ernest Wallace, Ranald S. Mackenzie on the Texas Frontier, p. 9.
7. Dorst, p. 7.
8. Connell, pp. 128–29.
9. W. S. Nye, Carbine and Lance, pp. 63ff.
10. Ibid., p. 67.
11. Ibid., p 69.
12. Jo Ella Powell Exley, Frontier Blood, p. 196, citing untitled Dickson manuscript,
p. 37.
13. Tatum’s second annual report, August 12, 1870, 41st Congress, Third Session, House Ex. Doc. no. 1, vol. 1, 724–729, cited in Rupert N. Richardson, The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement, p. 171.
14. Letter: Ranald S. Mackenzie to William T. Sherman, June 15, 1871.
15. Robert G. Carter, On the Border with Mackenzie, p. 167.
16. Charles H. Sommer, Quanah Parker, Last Chief of the Comanches, p. 43.
17. There is some disagreement about this among historians. Leading Comanche historian Ernest Wallace believes that the command was Quanah’s, as does Quanah’s principal biographer, Bill Neeley. Evidence to the contrary comes mainly from interviews conducted many years later, and cited extensively in Jo Ella Powell Exley’s Frontier Blood, with the Comanche warrior Cohayyah, who said that Parra-o-coom (Bull Bear) was the leader at that time. There does not seem to be any disagreement that Quanah led the night raid or that he led the attack on Heyl and Carter.
18. Carter, On the Border with Mackenzie, p. 170.
19. Ibid., p. 173.
20. Ibid., p. 175. Carter notes that the Comanches were “poorly armed with muzzle-loading rifles and pistols, lances and bows.”
21. Ibid.
22. Colonel Richard Dodge, Our Wild Indians, p. 489.
23. Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Society.
24. Carter, op. cit., p. 187.
25. Ibid., p. 187.
26. Ibid., p. 188.
27. Arthur Ferguson Journal, Utah State Historical Society; cited in Stephen E. Ambrose, Nothing Like It in the World: The Men who Built the Transcontinental Railroad, 1863–1869, p. 143.
28. Ibid., p. 189.
29. Wallace, Ranald S. Mackenzie, p. 54.
30. Carter, On the Border with Mackenzie, p. 194.
Seventeen MACKENZIE UNBOUND
1. Letter: Charles Howard to President Grant, cited in T. R. Fehrenbach, The Comanches, p. 515.
2. Robert G. Carter, On the Border with Mackenzie, p. 219.
3. Ernest Wallace, Texas in Turmoil, pp. 252–53.
4. Ernest Wallace, Ranald S. Mackenzie on the Texas Frontier, p. 74.
5. W. A. Thompson, “Scouting with Mackenzie,” Journal of the United States Cavalry Association 10 (1897): 431.
6. Clinton Smith, The Boy Captives, p. 134.
7. David La Vere, Contrary Neighbors, p. 194; Scott Zesch, The Captured, p. 159.
8. Mackenzie’s Official Report, October 12, 1872, “1872, Sept. 29, Attack on Comanche Village,” To The Assistant Adjutant General, Department of Texas.
9. Ibid.
10. Herman Lehmann, Nine Years Among the Indians, pp. 185–86; Lehmann also notes that Batsena had been using a Spencer carbine, which suggests that the Comanches were finally beginning to trade for some of these weapons. By 1874 they would have many more of them.
11. R. G. Carter, The Old Sergeant’s Story, p. 84.