by S. C. Gwynne
chiefs of, 7–11, 51–52, 70–77, 83–88, 91–96, 98, 100, 107–8, 115, 116, 143, 147, 151–52, 168, 170–71, 176–77, 199, 212, 214, 220, 226–28, 229, 242, 251, 256–57, 263, 264, 267, 272, 273, 277, 278, 279, 281, 283, 284–85, 290, 298–99, 304, 311, 328n, 337n, 339n; see also specific chiefs
children of, 57, 81, 84, 86, 105–7, 117, 121, 151, 152, 167, 168, 176, 194–99, 216, 220, 221, 245, 255, 256–57, 276, 286, 302–3, 313, 318, 319
civil chiefs of, 50–51, 91–92
clothing of, 89–90, 91, 92, 96, 111, 179, 185, 198, 199, 232
council houses of, 42–43
cruelty of, 5, 6, 17, 22, 25–26, 28, 37, 41, 42, 43–46, 52, 56, 57, 62–69, 75, 84, 85, 87–88, 95, 96, 106, 134, 156, 173–74, 197, 202, 211, 257, 272, 280
culture of, 27–28, 31–32, 41–43, 47–51, 90–92, 102–7, 110–11, 116–17, 142–43, 151–53, 164, 181–82, 191, 192–99, 205–6, 226–30, 233, 258–60, 281, 289–90, 313–14, 319
dances of, 27, 41–42, 47, 49, 52, 95, 197, 199, 201, 202, 206, 215, 216, 224, 227, 229–30, 259, 266, 286
decapitations by, 43–44, 66
decline of, 23, 94, 96–100, 109–18, 158, 201–2, 204, 209–10, 224, 250–60, 267–87
defeats of, 94, 96–100, 111–16, 158, 250–57, 267–87
descriptions of, 32–33, 47, 59–60, 90–91, 92, 97, 98, 109, 116, 155, 161, 171, 178–79, 181, 183–84, 186, 221, 224, 225, 281–82, 317–18
diet of, 48, 52
dominance of, 28–35
elders of, 58
empire of, 23–24, 61, 110–11, 202
encampments of, 79–82
epidemics suffered by, 6, 54, 89, 91, 92, 103, 112–13, 116, 126, 164
ethnography of, 6, 41–42, 45, 49, 104, 162, 205, 314, 328n
extermination of, 1–2, 73–77, 273, 274–87, 319
families of, 21–22, 37, 51, 104, 105–7, 151–53, 168–69, 194–99, 205–6, 216–17, 256–57, 280, 281, 284, 302–3
federal policy on, 82–88, 159–65, 208–9, 218, 220, 221, 224–34, 240–41, 255, 256–57, 309
fertility rates of, 37, 104
French contact with, 60, 63, 68, 69, 159
gambling by, 34–35, 48
games played by, 52
genetic makeup of, 104
government-sanctioned violence against, 73–77
headdresses of, 57, 259, 319
headmen of, 49, 50–52, 84–88, 91–92, 107–8, 113–16, 142, 229
historical evaluation of, 23–35, 99–100, 102, 110–11, 162, 208–9, 337n, 339n
horse culture of, 6, 9–10, 26–35, 37, 48, 51, 55, 56, 62, 72, 78, 80–81, 91, 96–99, 105–6, 110–11, 114, 115, 122, 132–34, 137, 140, 141, 142, 148, 162, 177, 197, 198, 205–6, 215, 255, 256, 258, 262, 282
horses stampeded by, 10, 243–44, 256, 276, 279
horses stolen by, 9–10, 19, 33, 61, 66, 94–95, 96, 99–100, 119–20, 142, 143, 152–53, 154, 155, 171, 231, 241
hunting grounds of, 6, 25–26, 44, 58, 59, 71, 85, 91, 93, 111, 112, 114, 194–95, 197–98, 230, 232–33, 275, 284, 297
Koh-mats (Komantcia) as name for, 35
lances used by, 17, 31, 66, 132, 133, 147, 156, 160, 168, 177, 204
language of, 24, 27, 34, 42, 48–49, 84, 92, 93, 103, 106, 117, 178, 184, 187–89, 191, 258, 264
leadership of, 7–11, 12, 13, 21, 42–43, 49, 50–52, 84–88, 91–92, 107–8, 113–16, 142, 229; see also specific headmen and chiefs
lodges of, 7, 88, 100–101, 108, 111, 167, 193, 216–17, 219, 225, 242, 245, 255, 276, 281
looting by, 66–67, 95–96, 99, 136–37
“loved captives” of, 102–7
marriage of, 1–2, 41, 51, 109–11, 117, 151–53, 205–6
massacres of, 82–88, 91, 92, 100–101, 111–12, 120, 164–81, 219–21, 223, 224, 238, 255
medicine of, 47, 92, 94, 112, 143, 168, 199, 203, 224, 233, 264–72, 281, 286
Mexican conflicts with, 19, 24, 82, 83, 91, 104, 108, 110, 114, 115, 122, 131–32, 159, 160, 162, 201–2, 204, 224, 241, 263
middle tribes of, 37–38, 114–18, 229–30
migrations of, 56–57, 109–12, 115, 116–17, 196–97
mounted attacks by, 96–99, 132–34, 141, 142, 148, 162
muskets and rifles used by, 33, 133, 160, 168, 204, 217, 223, 232–33, 245, 269
national confederation of, 59–60, 114–16, 131–32, 208–9, 265
navigational prowess of, 58–59, 78
Nermernuh (People) as name of, 27, 28, 35, 48, 92, 96, 113, 131, 152, 209, 213, 215–16, 256, 258, 259, 263
as nomads, 5–6, 21, 24–25, 27, 35, 46, 56–57, 78, 105–17, 152, 164, 195–97, 198, 233, 259–60, 318
northern tribes of, 65, 93, 164, 279
Comanches (cont.)
Padouca as name for, 25, 323n
paraibos of, 91–92, 107, 266, 318
peace negotiations with, 82–88, 218, 220, 221, 222–34, 240–41, 255, 257, 309
personal names of, 47, 84, 117, 264
photographs of, 92, 199, 300
physical appearance of, 27, 48–49, 57, 83, 89–91, 92
polygamy of, 41, 300–302
population of, 37, 60, 104, 204, 251, 258–60, 274, 339n
powwows (councils) of, 42, 203, 229, 266–67, 293
press accounts of, 90–91, 109, 116, 155, 161, 171, 178–79, 181, 183–84, 186, 221, 224, 225, 317–18
“primitive” state of, 5, 27–28, 62, 78, 102–7, 113, 181–82, 289–90, 319
as prisoners, 57, 86–88, 101, 177, 254–57
punitive expeditions against, 2–11, 62–72, 78–88, 100–101, 151–59, 165–72, 180–81, 207–21, 235–57, 258, 263, 267–87, 289, 290–91, 303, 304–7, 317
raids by, 3–4, 8, 9–22, 24, 30, 34, 50, 56, 61, 62–69, 72, 74, 77–78, 87–88, 91–101, 108, 109, 115–16, 131, 141, 151–56, 157, 158, 164, 166, 171–74, 207–23, 231, 232–33, 250–53, 263, 266–73
ransoms paid to, 19, 37, 85, 102–18, 120–23, 179
rape by, 17, 19, 37, 43, 44–45, 56, 84, 85, 104, 106, 120–21, 124, 156, 173, 184, 202, 211, 272
Red River sanctuary of, 275, 276–83, 294–96
religious beliefs of, 27, 41–42, 45, 87, 91–93, 94, 95, 98, 181–82, 184, 198–99, 264–72, 281, 285, 286, 289, 290, 299–300, 303, 313–14
reputation of, 5–7, 23–25, 43–45, 49, 57, 78, 106–7
on reservations, 204, 226–33, 241, 251, 252, 256, 257, 266–67, 273, 274–75, 284–319, 339n
rites of passage in, 198–99
scalping by, 17, 22, 43–44, 94, 104, 156, 197, 231, 232, 296
shields of, 98, 132, 175
slaves of, 40–52, 121
social structure of, 24, 27–28, 31–32, 41–43, 48–51, 110–11, 151–53, 222–23, 328n
songs of, 28, 47, 197
southern tribes of, 109–17, 229–30, 339n
Spanish conflicts with, 2, 10, 19, 23–25, 26, 28–29, 49, 53–72, 75–78, 82, 83, 89, 104, 131–32, 159, 160, 325n, 326n
starvation of, 164
striking range of, 24–25, 31–32, 58–59
surrender of, 158, 274, 283–87
taboos of, 42
territory of, 5–7, 9, 23–25, 38–40, 47–50, 58–69, 71, 74–78, 80, 83, 85, 92, 93, 100, 110, 114, 115, 118, 122, 123, 129–30, 151–53, 157, 158–59, 163–70, 175–76, 201–2, 213, 229–31, 239–40, 249, 250–57, 263, 275, 280–81, 308–10, 312, 313, 319
Texan conflicts of, 6, 25–26, 57–68, 73–78, 82–88, 91–111, 113, 115, 130, 131–50, 202–4, 228, 241, 250–53, 267–72, 295
tipis used by, 47, 80, 96, 101, 171, 196, 215, 239, 240, 254, 255, 290, 291, 301, 303
torture used by, 17, 22, 37, 43–44, 52, 56, 57, 66–67, 84, 85, 88, 106, 173, 272
trading by, 6, 9, 40–41, 50, 52, 59, 60–61, 71, 72, 83–84, 89, 94–95, 122, 133, 197, 222–23
treaties with, 6, 24, 49, 59, 66, 69, 71–72, 74, 82–88, 107, 114–15, 133, 159–65, 170–71, 209, 224–34, 240–41, 283, 295–96, 309
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br /> tribal alliances of, 24, 59, 67, 71–72, 93, 215–19, 261, 262, 263, 267–72, 274–75
tribal bands of, 3, 37–38, 48–51, 61, 65, 70, 85, 87, 88, 89–91, 93, 107–18, 158, 164, 203, 209, 229, 241, 251, 255, 256, 266–67, 279, 290; see also specific bands
tribal enemies of, 24, 28, 43–46, 47, 51, 55–58, 59, 62–66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 79, 80, 89, 98, 100, 104, 108, 114, 134, 196–97, 231, 267
villages of, 74–78, 92, 100–101, 111, 117, 142, 152–53, 159, 167–70, 174–76, 202, 215–21, 242–49, 254–57, 276–77, 280–82
visions of, 91–93, 95, 199, 264–72, 285, 289, 290, 300, 314
war chiefs of, 50–51, 91–92, 151–56, 157, 197, 203, 328n, 337n
warfare by, 1–11, 18, 42, 43–44, 50–72, 78–82, 83, 95, 98, 114–16, 142–44, 165–72, 206, 240–44, 258, 259, 319
war regalia of, 18, 57, 66, 83, 206, 244, 258, 259, 319
warrior culture of, 58–59, 66, 84, 95, 98, 114–16, 132–34, 143–44, 197–98, 226–31, 240–44, 259, 264–66, 289
war whoops by, 66, 95, 98, 243–44
water sources of, 34, 201–2, 252–54, 280
white prejudice against, 91, 106–7, 120, 261
women of, 8, 17, 19, 21–22, 34, 36–52, 81, 84, 86, 87, 97, 104, 111, 151–53, 167, 168–69, 176, 177–93, 216–17, 221, 243–44, 245, 255, 256–57, 261, 276, 281, 299
see also specific individuals and tribes
Comanches of the Woods, 91
Comanche Springs, 201–2
Comanche Trace, 115, 202
Concho, Fort, 204, 240, 257, 275, 277–78, 284
Congress, U.S., 163, 209, 224, 231, 233–34, 308
Congressional Medal of Honor, 10–11, 244, 270
conquistadors, 28–29, 53–54
Cooper, Fort, 174, 178–79
Cooper, James Fenimore, 51, 91
Cornett, Edward, 165
Corning, A. F., 190, 316
Coronado, Francisco V´squez de, 6, 29, 246
Cortés, Hern´n, 29, 54, 55, 67
Council House Fight (1840), 84–88, 91, 92, 94, 107, 111, 114
council houses, 42–43
Court of Indian Offenses, 299
Coushattas, 77
cowboys, 204, 262
Cox, Emmet, 318
Cox, Mike, 81
Crazy Horse, 44, 305
Creeks, 5, 75, 77, 209, 210, 211, 228
Crook, George, 79
Crosby, Nancy, 95, 99
Crosbyton, Tex., 249
Cross Timbers, 36, 157
Crowell, Tex., 153
Crows, 31, 45
Cuartelejo Apaches, 56
Cuerno Verde, Chief, 69–71, 122, 208
Custer, George Armstrong, 1–2, 79, 236, 237, 238, 239–40, 242, 282, 304, 305
Dakotas, 32, 211–12
see also Sioux
Dallas, Tex., 14, 36, 39, 78, 108, 287, 316, 317
Dallas Morning News, 317–18
dances, Indian, 27, 199, 201, 202, 215, 216, 224, 227, 259, 266, 286, 299–300
Davidson, John W. “Black Jack,” 273, 275, 277
Davis, “Alligator,” 138
Davis, Jefferson, 164, 170
Dawes Act (1887), 308–10
Decatur, Tex., 104
Delawares, 5, 75, 77, 120, 122, 209, 228
Dennison, Tex., 286–87
Deno, Lottie, 261–62
Denver, Colo., 212, 220, 295
Department of Texas, 305–6
DeShields, James T., 109, 300
Dickson, J. A., 269
disease, 6, 54, 89, 91, 92, 103, 112–13, 116, 126, 164
District of the Black Hills, 304–5
Dixon, Billy, 269, 270, 271
Dodge, Fort, 276
Dodge, Richard Irving, 26, 32, 47, 132, 133, 245
Dodge City, Kans., 260–61, 270, 296
dog-travois, 27, 110–11
Donoho, Mary, 123
Donoho, William, 123
Douglass, Kelsey, 77
dragoons, 26, 55, 56, 160–61
drums, 92, 199, 266
Dubbs, Emmanuel, 261
Dull Knife, Chief, 305
Durango, Mex., 25
Dwight, G. E., 16–17
Eagle Dance, 199
Eckitoacup, 205, 206
Edwards Plateau, 157
Eighth Cavalry, U.S., 275, 277
Eleventh Infantry, U.S., 2, 275
Elk Creek, 13
Elliot, Joel, 239, 242
Elliott, Samuel, 4
Elm Creek Raid (1864), 212–13
El Paso, Tex., 165, 201
epidemics, 6, 54, 89, 91, 92, 103, 112–13, 116, 126, 164
Erath County, Tex., 166
Eries, 59
“Evening on the Banks of the Chattahoochee, An” (Lamar), 73
Faraone Apaches, 58
Fehrenbach, T. R., 76
Ferguson, Arthur, 247
Fetterman, William, 238–39, 240, 242,
243
Fifth Infantry, U.S., 276, 277
Fisher, William, 85–86
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 304
“Five Civilized Tribes,” 76–77, 90, 162, 209–11, 230–31
“Flat, The,” 261–62
Floydada, Tex., 284
Foley, Tucker, 94
Ford, Henry, 312
Ford, John, 120
Ford, John Salmon “Rip,” 48, 154, 165–71, 185, 208
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 155
Fort Bascom, 214, 275
Fort Belknap, 154, 165, 170, 174, 178, 182, 212, 213
Fort Chadbourne, 34–35, 204
Fort Cobb, 165, 230–31
Fort Concho, 204, 240, 257, 275, 277–78, 284
Fort Cooper, 174, 178–79
Fort Dodge, 276
Fort Gibson, 123
Fort Griffin, 261
Fort Houston, 18–19
Fort Leavenworth, 294
Fort Milam, 137
Fort Murrah, 213
Fort Phil Kearney, 238
Fort Richardson, 203
Fort Sill, 249, 256–57, 273, 274, 275, 283, 284, 285–304, 305, 306–7
Fort Stockton, 115, 201–2
Fort Worth, 1, 68, 153, 154, 183, 190, 203, 241, 251, 311
Forty-first Infantry, U.S., 238
Foster Cemetery, 192
Fourth Cavalry, U.S., 2, 8, 238, 242–57, 258, 261, 263, 275, 277–83, 304
Fox Indians, 210
Frederick, Okla., 312–13
Fredericksburg, Battle of, 236
Fredericksburg, Tex., 164
Frémont, John C., 214
French traders, 3, 38, 59, 60, 63, 68, 69, 159
Freshwater Fork, 9, 252, 275, 278
Friend, Temple, 106
frontier, western:
Anglo-European civilization on, 4–5, 6, 8, 13–14, 25–26, 44, 46, 60, 81, 92, 122–23, 130, 224
balance of power on, 53–54
boundaries of, 75–77, 82
climate of, 39–40, 143, 175, 196, 247–49
closing of, 276
expansion of, 75–77, 82, 128–29, 276
forts on, 8, 34–35, 55, 56, 62–67, 74, 137, 157, 161, 162, 201–2, 208, 272; see also specific forts