the university dispatched Lynn Feekin: Lynn Feekin, Ron Teninty, Bucknum, Hammond, Franzen, interviews by author, 2017; descriptions of union hall meeting room from notes and photos taken inside the room during a reporting trip, 2017; Joseph A. McCartin, Collision Course: Ronald Reagan, the Air Traffic Controllers, and the Strike That Changed America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011); Stanley Aronowitz, The Death and Life of American Labor (Brooklyn, NY: Verso, 2014).
The first negotiating meeting was held: Hammond, Bucknum, Franzen, Ken Harrison, interviews by author, 2017; IBU labor contracts, 1975, 1978, 2000, 2005, 2010; internal IBU memos and negotiation proposals from the 2010 period, including nearly twenty IBU bargaining proposals.
Don Barnard reported . . . to a man named Ken Harrison: Harrison, Hammond, Bucknum, interviews by author, 2017.
Harrison earned degrees . . . career at Georgia-Pacific: Harrison, interview by author, 2017; Pohlman, interview by author, 2013. Pohlman, a former Koch Industries HR executive, confirmed that Koch’s use of a “caucus” room and deep data analysis during labor union negotiations dated back to at least the 1990s.
IBU set up a large stage . . . in downtown Portland: Hammond, Bucknum, Franzen, McKinney, Harrison, interviews by author, 2017; descriptions of the rally and its attendees are taken from dozens of photos provided by the IBU.
The rally . . . stoked energy: Hammond, Bucknum, Franzen, McKinney, Harrison, interviews by author, 2017; descriptions of union hall taken from notes and photos during reporting trip, 2017.
Winn put the final touches on his study: Winn, interviews by author, 2013; Parente and Winn, “Bargaining Behavior.”
IBU workers faced outside competition: Trimm, Hammond, Bucknum, Franzen, McKinney, interviews by author, 2017.
This is what the IBU would get: Teninty, Hammond, Bucknum, Franzen, Smith, Dodge, McKinney, interviews by author, 2017; IBU labor contracts, 2005, 2010, 2014; internal IBU memos and negotiation proposals from the 2010 period, including nearly twenty IBU bargaining proposals.
Franzen . . . ready to encourage his coworkers to go on strike: Hammond, Bucknum, Franzen, Smith, Dodge, McKinney, Alan Cote, Harrison, interviews by author, 2017.
IBU’s struggle was not for nothing: This passage is based on an analysis of IBU labor contracts between 1975 and 2016 conducted by Ron Teninty, who does similar analysis for clients who engage him to help in labor negotiations. He compiles pay and benefit figures from the contracts, adjusts for inflation and other factors, and collates it into a unified spreadsheet for analysis.
Franzen went back to driving a forklift: Franzen, Harrison, interviews by author, 2017.
Charles Koch had been disturbed . . . ascendancy of progressive politics: Former senior political operatives with Koch Industries speaking on background, interviews by author, 2014–17; Wilson and Wenzl, “Kochs’ Quest.”
CHAPTER 19: WARMING
Charles Koch hosted a private party at his home: This event was described by two former senior political operatives with Koch Industries speaking on background, who attended the annual party; Koch PAC spending figures from the Center for Responsive Politics database.
There was a belief . . . could put the company out of business: Hoffmann, two former senior political operatives with Koch Industries speaking on background, interviews by author, 2014–17.
Koch was caught unprepared when the US Senate investigated oil theft: Koch lobbying expenditures compiled from Koch Industries quarterly lobbying disclosures, Office of the Clerk, US House of Representatives; Koch Industries lobbying database, the Center for Responsive Politics.
Even these expenditures . . . Koch’s political machine: Charles G. Koch Charitable Foundation, Claude R. Lambe Charitable Foundation, 990 Disclosure Forms from the IRS, 2001–10.
Phillips could have ended up as a Koch Industries employee: Jonathan Phillips (former US Senate senior staffer), Jeffrey Sharp (former congressional staffer), speaking on background, interviews by author, 2017; description of Longworth Building and committee offices taken from notes and photos during reporting trips to the office, 2017.
The Committee on Global Warming . . . one of Nancy Pelosi’s first official acts: Phillips, Sharp, interviews by author, 2017; analysis of Congress based on interviews with lobbyists, congressional staffers, political scientists, and previously cited books on politics; John Heilprin, “Pelosi Shaking Up House Fiefdoms to Draft Global Warming Proposal,” Associated Press, January 17, 2007; “Speaker Pelosi Announces Creation of Select Committee on Energy Independence, and Global Warming,” US Fed News, January 18, 2007; Darren Samuelsohn, “Climate: Pelosi to Create Special House Committee for Global Warming,” Environment and Energy Daily, January 17, 2007; Cathy Cash, “Key Lawmakers See Reasons to Push for Vote on Climate Bill in ’08; Will ‘Work It One-on-One,’ ” Electric Utility Week, December 24, 2007; “Pelosi Creating Global Warming Panel; Dingell Shrugs,” National Journal’s Congress Daily, January 17, 2007; Susan Davis, “Dingell Gives Warming Panel Tepid Reception,” Roll Call, January 18, 2007; John Dingell, US House of Representatives, financial disclosure statement for calendar year 2005.
Ed Markey built a team . . . bank heist: Phillips, Sharp, interviews by author, 2017.
began to smolder sometime around the year 1800: This account is based on multiple sources about climate change and energy. Two of the most valuable sources were Bill McKibben, ed., The Global Warming Reader (New York: Penguin Books, 2011); and Joseph Romm, Climate Change: What Everyone Needs to Know (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016). Also Daniel Yergin, The Quest: Energy, Security and the Remaking of the Modern World (New York: Penguin Press, 2011), 426–504.
Carbon is a curiously durable element: Nicola Jones, “How the World Passed a Carbon Threshold and Why It Matters,” Yale Environment 360, January 26, 2017.
When a barrel of crude oil . . . invisible carbon: Jim Bliss, “Carbon Dioxide Emissions per Barrel of Crude,” The Quiet Road (blog), March 20, 2008; Johannes Friedrich and Thomas Damassa, “The History of Carbon Dioxide Emissions,” World Resources Institute online, last modified May 21, 2014; carbon, parts per million in atmosphere, taken from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration database.
In 1988 . . . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Reports available at IPCC online, www.ipcc.ch.
Koch Industries, ExxonMobil, and other firms . . . “alternative” view: Koch Industries: Secretly Funding the Climate Denial Machine (Washington, DC: Greenpeace, March 2010); Connor Gibson, “Koch Industries, Still Fueling Climate Denial,” PolluterWatch.com, last modified May 9, 2011; Seminar Agenda for “Global Environmental Crises: Science or Politics?” June 5–6, 1991, Cato Institute.
ExxonMobil eventually abandoned this strategy, but Koch Industries persevered: Ellender, interviews by author, 2014–17; Steve Coll, Private Empire: ExxonMobil and American Power (New York: Penguin Press, 2012), 534–56.
Koch Industries officials were even more dismissive: Former senior Koch Industries executive speaking on background, Hoffmann, interviews by author, 2017.
This is what lent the sense of desperation: Phillips, Sharp, interviews by author, 2017.
Markey’s committee realized . . . a more provocative step: Ibid.; “Rep. Markey Announces Revolutionary Global Warming Bill,” press release, May 28, 2008; “Rep. Edward J. Markey Delivers Remarks on Global Warming Legislation at the Center for American Progress,” press release, May 28, 2008; “Rep. Markey: G8 Global Warming ‘Goal’ Doesn’t Reach the Goal Line,” press release, July 8, 2008; information on George H. W. Bush and cap-and-trade law for acid rain, Yergin, The Quest, 476–79.
Koch Industries’ lobbying office . . . majestic stone building: Hoffmann, interviews by author, 2016–17; descriptions of Koch Industries’ lobbying office from notes taken during tour of office and interview of Ellender in its conference room, 2014.
Koch’s lobbying efforts had been fragmented: Former senior Koch Industries political operatives speaking on background, interviews by author, 2014–1
7; Koch Industries and related companies Lobbying Disclosure Reports, Office of the Clerk, US House of Representatives, 2005–10.
Hoffmann led an internal committee at Koch: Hoffmann, interviews by author, 2016–17.
Koch’s team of lobbyists gathered: Ellender, Hoffmann, Kelly Bingel, former senior Koch Industries political operatives speaking on background, interviews by author, 2014–17; descriptions of meeting room taken from notes, 2014.
For all the talk about ideological purity, Ellender’s operation reflected a more complicated reality: Ellender, Hoffmann, Bingel (speaking on background), Phillips, Sharp, Lee Drutman, interviews by author, 2013–17; Drutman, The Business of America Is Lobbying: How Corporations Became Politicized and Politics Became More Corporate (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015) 4–40; Koch lobbying expenditures drawn from Koch Companies Public Sector Lobbying Disclosure Reports, Office of the Clerk, US House of Representatives; Koch lobbyist database, Center for Responsive Politics.
Ellender’s team was small, considering the size of their job: Koch Industries and related companies Lobbying Disclosure Reports, Office of the Clerk, US House of Representatives, 2005–10; Koch Lobbyist database, Center for Responsive Politics.
One of the lobbyists . . . Kelly Bingel: Bingel, Alex Vogel (former senior Koch Industries political operative speaking on background), interviews by author, 2016–17; Koch Industries expenditures to Mehlman Vogel Castagnetti drawn from Koch Companies Public Sector Lobbying Disclosure Reports, Office of the Clerk, US House of Representatives; Koch lobbyist database, Center for Responsive Politics.
There were two ways . . . attention of a politician: Bingel, former congressional staffers speaking on background, two former senior Koch Industries political operatives speaking on background, interviews by author, 2015–17.
David Hoffmann worked for months: Hoffmann, interviews by author, 2016–17.
The meeting convened: Ibid.; chart on “carbon allotments” under Waxman-Markey entitled “Allocation of Cumulative Pollution Allowances in ACES Cap and Trade Program 2012–2025,” produced by the Breakthrough Institute, 2009.
the carbon allotment provision . . . was written by Jonathan Phillips: Phillips, interviews by author, 2017.
the long-held liberal dream . . . starting to look like a reality: Phillips, Sharp, interviews by author, 2017; John M. Broder, “Waxman Advances in Struggle to Wrest Committee from Dingell,” New York Times, November 19, 2008; John M. Broder, “Obama Urges Passage of Climate Bill,” New York Times, June 23, 2009; Teryn Norris and Jesse Jenkins, “Climate Bill Analysis, Part 1: Waxman-Markey Gives Nearly 5 Times More to Polluters Than to Clean Energy,” Breakthrough Institute, May 15, 2009; John M. Broder, “House Republicans Draft Energy Bill with Heavy Focus on Nuclear Power,” New York Times, June 10, 2009.
The committee invited conservative Democrats to negotiate: Phillips, Sharp, interviews by author, 2017; Norris and Jenkins, “Climate Bill Analysis, Part 1.”
His view was not shared by Koch Industries’ lobbyists: Hoffmann, two former senior Koch Industries political operatives speaking on background, interviews by author, 2014–17.
Inglis was a reliably conservative Republican: Bob Inglis, former senior Koch Industries political operative, interviews by author, 2017; Louise Radnofsky and Michael M. Phillips, “As US Political Divide Widened, a Friendship Fell into the Rift,” Wall Street Journal, November 9, 2010; “Raise Wages, Cut Carbon Act of 2009,” text of bill H.R. 2380.
Inglis was closely aligned with Koch Industries: Inglis, speaking on background, interviews by author, 2017; Koch Industries expenditures to Inglis drawn from Koch Industries campaign finance database, Center for Responsive Politics.
The pressure intensified . . . Waxman-Markey bill was passed: Inglis, Phillips, interviews by author, 2017.
Inglis raised cash . . . office on Capitol Hill: Inglis, interviews by author, 2017.
Jonathan Phillips stood in the gallery: John M. Broder, “House Backs Bill, 219–212, to Curb Global Warming,” New York Times, June 27, 2009; vote tally details from “H.R. 2454 (111th): American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009,” GovTrack.us; Ed Markey and Mike Pence comments during vote taken from C-Span archival footage.
Koch held meetings in the company boardroom: Former senior Koch Industries political operative speaking on background, interviews by author, 2017.
Phillips and the other members of the Global Warming Committee: Phillips, Sharp, interviews by author; quotes from Mike Castle town hall event taken from “Mike Castle Confronts Right Wing Hatred,” video, 5:33, uploaded to YouTube by climatebrad on July 21, 2009, www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbQKry5Z_ok.
CHAPTER 20: HOTTER
Inglis was standing in an auditorium: Inglis, interview by author, 2017; footage of Inglis town halls taken from “US Congressman Bob Inglis Questioned at Tea Party,” video, 9:50, uploaded to YouTube by ElectionFastFacts on April 25, 2010, www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_OHCGnZZAo; and “Healthcare Bill to Put Embedded Chips in Everyone?,” video, 2:24, uploaded to YouTube by Jonathon Hill on August 25, 2009, www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Ots4zUQZg8.
heated protests . . . Fourth of July weekend of 2009: Steve Lonegan, former senior Koch Industries political operatives speaking on background, interviews by author, 2017; footage of Fourth of July Americans for Prosperity rally taken from “Taxpayer Tea Parties Sponsored by Americans for Prosperity New Jersey,” video, 4:09, uploaded to YouTube by trinnj on July 6, 2009, www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSM2rD0alMo; Americans for Prosperity financial details and state chapter listings taken from Americans for Prosperity, 990 Disclosure Forms with the IRS, 2003–10.
Bob Inglis’s congressional district . . . Boiling Springs: Maria Brady, Inglis, interviews by author, 2017.
Tea Parties . . . national conversation: Maria Brady, interview by author, 2017; Rick Santelli, archival CNBC footage, www.youtube.com/watch?v=zp-Jw-5Kx8k.
Maria and Michael Brady . . . helped form the Boiling Springs Tea Party: Description of Michael Brady’s costume taken from photo of Boiling Springs Tea Party rally.
This time Maria and Michael had help: Archival Americans for Prosperity websites taken from the Internet Archive; Michael Brady’s contact information from AFP South Carolina blog: “July 4th Tea Party Rallies in South Carolina,” July 1, 2009; address and time of Bob Inglis town hall taken from AFP page “Visit Your Representatives and Senators!,” September 1, 2009.
disagreement between Tea Party activists and . . . Charles Koch: Maria Brady, interview by author, 2017; Vanessa Williamson, Theda Skocpol, and John Coggin, “The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism,” Perspectives on Politics, March 2011.
Glenn Beck was the most prominent voice: Nellie Andreeva, “Is Glenn Beck’s Popularity Fading?,” Deadline online, last modified February 2, 2011; Dana Milbank, Tears of a Clown: Glenn Beck and the Tea Bagging of America (New York: Doubleday, 2010); Glenn Beck, “The world is on fire;” from “Glenn Beck: The Antichrist Revealed,” clip, www.youtube.com/watch?v=gpWPfY9hYC8; clips of Beck doubting climate change and criticizing the Obama administration’s renewable-energy programs, www.youtube.com/watch?v=xquohKzR8QI; www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJwmi9IqUyg; www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZKlfXtqnG_w; www.youtube.com/watch?v=I4HdyRovA1o.
Americans for Prosperity helped promote this point of view: Phil Kerpen, guest appearance on Glenn Beck, www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJpPktn4f0M.
Beck’s show informed Maria Brady’s self-education: Maria Brady, interview by author, 2017.
When Bob Inglis . . . Brady and her compatriots were prepared: Inglis, Maria Brady, interviews by author, 2017; exchange about Glenn Beck from “Crazy Teabaggers & Retirees Boo Rep. Bob Inglis (R-SC) for Suggesting They ‘Turn Glenn Beck Off,’ ” video, 1:15, uploaded to YouTube by chinacreekpj on August 8, 2009, www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPbs0ozEVBc.
Koch Industries’ activities . . . one piece of a broader strategy: Lonegan, Hoffmann, former senior Koch Industries political operative speaking on background, interviews by
author, 2017.
Republican lawmakers who voted for the Waxman-Markey bill: Lonegan, interviews by author, 2017; Jim Lockwood, “N.J. Activists Protest Against ‘Cap-and-Trade’ Law Aimed at Fighting Global Warming,” Star-Ledger (NJ), July 20, 2010; Paul Mulshine, “Here’s the Lonegan Letter,” Star-Ledger (NJ), July 13, 2009; Matt Friedman, “Von Savage Calls Shaftan ‘Reckless’: Lonegan Backs Primary Challenges to Three Congressmen,” New York Observer, June 30, 2009; Derek Harper, “Energy Vote Has the Right Angry with LoBiondo: Republican Voted for Cap-and-Trade Bill,” Press of Atlantic City (NJ), July 3, 2009.
Harry Reid . . . manipulating the political process: Phillips, speaking on background, interviews by author, 2017; quotes and descriptions of US Senate hearings taken from archival C-Span footage; Ryan Lizza, “As the World Burns,” New Yorker, October 11, 2010; “Democrats Feel the Heat from the Heartland, Push Back Timeline on Global Warming Legislation,” Congressional Documents and Publications, Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, July 9, 2009; Darren Samuelsohn, “Boxer, Baucus Headed for Turf War over Cap-and-Trade Bill,” Environment & Energy Daily, August 7, 2009; “Hunt for Health Compromise Continues as Deadline Looms,” National Journal’s Congress Daily, July 20, 2009, accessed 2018; Josef Hebert and Dina Cappiello, “Senate Climate Bill Tougher Than House Version,” Associated Press, September 29, 2009; “Boxer Readies Carbon Bill Amid Competitive Issues,” Electric Power Daily, July 17, 2009; Darren Samuelsohn, “Dems Want Global Warming Law by December,” Environment & Energy Daily, July 9, 2009; “Senate Democrats Further Delay Climate Bill,” Clean Air Report, September 3, 2009.
The strategy originated . . . Koch had been building for almost forty years: Two former senior Koch Industries political operatives speaking on background, interviews by author, 2014–17; Koch Industries: Secretly Funding the Climate Denial Machine.
In 2007, for example, Koch Industries quietly funded . . . Third Way: This account is based on two sources with direct knowledge of the transaction between Koch Industries and Third Way, speaking on background, interviews by author, 2017. The sources spoke independently and represented both sides of the transaction. A third source, a former Koch political operative who was not directly involved with the transaction, confirmed the broad outlines of the incident. Also Anne Kim, John Lageson, and Jim Kessler, “Why Lou Dobbs Is Winning,” Third Way report, November 2007.
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