T H E C R U S A D E S A N D
T H E N E A R E A S T
The crusades are often seen as epitomising a period when hostility between the Christian West and the Muslim Near East reached an all-time high. As this edited volume reveals, however, the era was one which saw both conflict and cohabitation.
Tackling such questions as whether medicinal and architectural innovations came to Europe as a direct result of the crusades, and why and how peace treaties and intermarriages were formed between the different cultures, a distinguished group of contributors reveals how the Holy Wars led on the one hand to a reinforcement of the beliefs and identities of each side, but on the other to a growing level of cultural exchange and interaction. This volume breaks new ground in exploring not only the conflict between the Christian and the Muslim worlds, but the impact of this conflict on the cultural evolution of European and Near Eastern thought and practices. Utilising the latest scholarship and original studies of the sources, this survey sheds new light on the cultural realities of East–West relations and marks a new departure for studies of the crusades.
Contributors include Léan Ní Chléirigh, Susan B. Edgington, John France, Yehoshua Frenkel, Yvonne Friedman, Bernard Hamilton, Natasha Hodgson, Sini Kangas, Jürgen Krüger, Alan V. Murray and Chris Wright.
Conor Kostick teaches on the crusades at Trinity College Dublin. A former winner of the Dublinia Medieval Essay Competition and holder of a Trinity College Gold Medal, his historical works include The Social Structure of the First Crusade (2008) and The Siege of Jerusalem ( 2009).
T H E C R U S A D E S A N D
T H E N E A R E A S T
Edited by
Conor Kostick
First published 2011
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
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© 2011 Conor Kostick for selection and editorial matter;
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All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
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ISBN 0-203-84197-2 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN13: 978–0–415–58040–3 (hbk)
ISBN13: 978–0–415–58041–0 (pbk)
ISBN13: 978–0–203–84197–6 (ebk)
C O N T E N T S
List of illustrations
vii
List of contributors
ix
Acknowledgements
xiii
List of abbreviations
xv
Introduction
1
C O N O R K O S T I C K
1
Warfare in the Mediterranean region in the age of the crusades,
1095–1291: a clash of contrasts
9
J O H N F R A N C E
2
Muslim responses to the Frankish dominion in the Near East,
1098–1291
27
Y E H O S H U A F R E N K E L
3
On the margins of Christendom: the impact of the crusades
on Byzantium
55
C H R I S W R I G H T
4
Conflict and cohabitation: marriage and diplomacy between
Latins and Cilician Armenians, c.1097–1253
83
N A T A S H A H O D G S O N
5
National identity, language and conflict in the crusades to the
Holy Land, 1096–1192
107
A L A N V . M U R R A Y
v
C O N T E N T S
6
Inimicus Dei et sanctae Christianitatis? Saracens and their Prophet in twelfth-century crusade propaganda and western travesties of
Muhammad’s life
131
S I N I K A N G A S
7
The impact of the First Crusade on Western opinion towards
the Byzantine Empire: the Dei Gesta per Francos of Guibert of Nogent and the Historia Hierosolymitana of Fulcher of Chartres
161
L É A N N Í C H L É I R I G H
8
Oriental and occidental medicine in the crusader states
189
S U S A N B . E D G I N G T O N
9
Architecture of the crusaders in the Holy Land: the first European
colonial architecture?
216
J Ü R G E N K R Ü G E R
10
Peacemaking: perceptions and practices in the medieval Latin East
229
Y V O N N E F R I E D M A N
Afterword
258
B E R N A R D H A M I L T O N
Index
263
vi
I L L U S T R AT I O N S
Figures
4.1 Marital alliances between Rupenids and Frankish settlers
87
9.1 Plan of the church of the Holy Sepulchre, alterations of the
twelfth century
217
9.2 Roman capital, remodelled in early Gothic style, on the terrace
of the church
220
9.3 Capitals of the façade of the church
221
9.4 Capital in the north aisle of the church, perhaps done by the
‘Plaimpied-Master’
222
9.5 So-called Refectory of the Knights of St John in Acco
223
9.6 Figured sculpture from the portal of the lost church of S. Maria in the Muristan; now in the Museum of the Greek Patriarchate
224
10.1 The pattern of initiative-taking in peace treaties between Muslims and Christians, 1098–1290
233
Maps
1.1 The political boundaries of the Eastern Mediterranean c.1090,
shortly before the arrival of the First Crusade
7
1.2 The political boundaries of Christian territories in the era of the crusades
8
5.1 Languages of the medieval Kingdom of France and neighbouring
regions
108
vii
C O N T R I B U T O R S
Léan Ní Chléirigh is currently researching the collective and ethnic terminology of the early Latin chronicles of the First Crusade. The Irish Research Council for Humanities and Social Sciences funds this doctoral research. She has recently published a chapter entitled ‘Anti-Byzantine polemic in the Dei Gesta per Francos of Guibert, Abbot of Nogent-sous-Coucy’ in Savvas Neocleous (ed.), Sailing to Byzantium (Newcastle: CSP, 2009).
Susan B. Edgington teaches Latin and medieval history at Queen Mary College, University of London, where she is an honorary research fellow. She has a BA and Ph.D. from the University of London, and recently added a postgraduate Dip
loma in the History of Medicine. Her magnum opus, an edition and translation of the crusade history of Albert of Aachen, was published in 2007
(Oxford: Clarendon Press), and she is also the co-author of Walter the Chancellor’s Antiochene Wars (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999) and co-editor of Gendering the Crusades (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2002), as well as the author of many articles and essays on aspects of the crusades and the history of medicine.
John France is Professor Emeritus, Swansea University and former director of the James Callaghan Institute for Conflict Studies. His main works are The Crusades and the Expansion of Catholic Christendom 1000–1714 (London: Routledge, 2005); Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades 1000–1300
(London: UCL Press, 1999); and Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
Yehoshua Frenkel is Senior Lecturer at the University of Haifa, teaching medieval history of the Arab Middle East. His recent publications include:
‘Piety and Charity in Late Medieval Egypt and Syria’, in Miriam Frenkel and Yaacov Lev (eds), Charity and Giving in Monotheistic Religions (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2009); ‘Dream Accounts in the Chronicles of the Mamluk Period’, in Louise Marlow (ed.), Dreaming across Boundaries: The Interpretation of Dreams in Islamic Land
(Cambridge, MA: Ilex Foundation/Harvard
University Press, 2008); and ‘Public Projection of Power in Mamluk Bilad al-Sham’, Mamluk Studies Review, 11.1 (2007).
ix
C O N T R I B U T O R S
Yvonne Friedman of Bar-Ilan Unversity was recently Visiting Fellow, Lucy Cavendish College, Cambridge. Her many publications include the monograph Encounter between Enemies: Captivity and Ransom in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Leiden: Brill, 2002); as co-editor, Medieval Studies in Honour of Avrom Saltman (Jerusalem: Bar-Ilan Press, 1995); ‘Captivity and Ransom: The Experience of Women’ in S.B. Edgington and S. Lambert (eds), Gendering the Crusades ; and ‘Gestures of Conciliation: Peacemaking Endeavours in the Latin East’ in Iris Shagrir, Ronnie Ellenblum and Jonathan Riley-Smith (eds), In Laudem Hierosolymitani (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007).
Bernard Hamilton is Professor Emeritus of Crusading History, University of Nottingham. He is president of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East. His publications include The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Religion in the Medieval West (London: Arnold, 2003 [1986]); and The Latin Church in the Crusader States: The Secular Church (London: Variorum, 1980). A collection of his articles is available in Monastic Reform, Catharism, and the Crusades (900–1300) (London: Variorum, 1979).
Natasha Hodgson is Senior Lecturer in Medieval History in the Department of History, Heritage and Geography at Nottingham Trent University. Her Ph.D.
thesis considered the perception of women in the narratives of crusade and settlement, and led to the publication of a number of articles. Her monograph was published in 2007 as Women, Crusading and the Holy Land in Historical Narrative (Woodbridge: Boydell). Her current research focuses the relationship between crusading and ideals of masculinity and chivalry, and she is currently working on a book-length study entitled Gender and the Crusades.
Sini Kangas is a research fellow at the Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki. Her present research project concerns the role of children within the crusading movement between the years 1100 and 1300.
Her publications include the forthcoming monograph The Concept of Crusader Violence (Leiden: Brill 2011); and as co-editor: Sini Kangas, Marjatta Hietala and Heikki Ylikangas (eds), Historia eilen ja tänään. Historiantutkimuksen ja arkeologian suunnat Suomessa 1908-2008 (Helsinki: Suomen Tiedeseura, 2009).
Conor Kostick teaches on the subject of the crusades at Trinity College Dublin.
His publications include the monographs The Siege of Jerusalem: Conquest and Crusade in 1099 (London: Hambledon, 2009) and The Social Structure of the First Crusade (Leiden: Brill, 2008), as well as the anthology, as editor, Medieval Italy, Medieval and Early Modern Women: Essays in Honour of Christine Meek (Dublin: Four Courts, 2010). His most recent crusade-related article is ‘Social Unrest and the Failure of Conrad III’s March through Anatolia’, German History 28.2 (2010).
x
C O N T R I B U T O R S
Jürgen Krüger is Professor of Art History at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT. His publications include, as co-editor, Transfer: Innovationen in der Zeit der Kreuzzüge (Speyer: Pfälzischen Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften, 2006); Die Dormitio-Basilika in Jerusalem: Dormitio Beatae Mariae Virginis, Benediktinerabtei
(Karlsruhe: Arte Factum, 2007);
Klosterlandschaft Maulbronn (Karlsruhe: Arte Factum, 2008). His most recent article is ‘The Crown Prince and His Ambassador: Two Individuals in the Service of Roman Archaeology’, in Nathalie de Haan, Martijn Eickhoff and Marjan Schwegman (eds), Archaeology and National Identity in Italy and Europe 1800–1950 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2008).
Alan V. Murray studied History, German Language and Literature, and Folk Studies at the universities of St Andrews, Salzburg and Freiburg, and received his Ph.D. for a dissertation on the origins of the nobility of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. He is currently Senior Lecturer in Medieval Studies at the University of Leeds and editorial director of the International Medieval Bibliography. He has written numerous studies on the Latin states of Outremer, crusade and mission in the Baltic region, and the historiography and literature of the crusades. He is author of the monograph The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History (Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, 2000) and editor of the four-volume reference work The Crusades: An Encyclopedia (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2006), as well as of several collections of essays on the crusades.
Chris Wright received his Ph.D. in History from the University of London in 2006, for a thesis on the history of the Genoese Gattilusio dynasty of Lesbos in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. A chapter of this dissertation, examining the Gattilusio lordships’ interaction with the crusades, was awarded the Norman Hepburn Baynes Essay Prize for 2006. He is currently adapting his doctoral thesis for publication by Cambridge University Press, while teaching at Royal Holloway, University of London.
xi
A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S
This book has its origins in a research programme for 2008–2012 by the Centre for Mediterranean and Near Eastern Studies at Trinity College Dublin. One of the questions raised by the programme was that of how the phenomenon of crusading, through both conflict and cohabitation, influenced the creation of Mediterranean identities. I am very grateful for the support of the Centre – and Professor Brian McGing in particular – which allowed me to travel to conferences where papers relevant to the themes of this book were being read, in search of possible contributors.
Funding from the Centre also allowed me to invite Professor John France to Trinity College Dublin, where he delivered the talk which now forms Chapter 1
of this book to a packed audience. Trinity Long Room Hub also supported the visit of Professor France to Trinity College and in addition provided funding for me to obtain professionally drawn maps and diagrams. I am very appreciative of the award from Trinity Long Room Hub and – once more – of the efforts of the staff at Freeline Graphics for their compositions. Copyright to the maps and figures resides with the respective contributors.
xiii
A B B R E V I AT I O N S
AA
Albert of Aachen, Historia Ierosolimitana – History of the
Journey to Jerusalem, Susan B. Edgington (ed. and tr.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2007
AC
Anna Comnena, The Alexiad, E.R.A. Sewter (tr.), Middlesex:
Penguin, 2003 [1979]
BD
Baldrici episcopi Dolensis Historia Jerosolimitana, RHC Occ.
IV.1–111
BEO
Bulletin
d’Etudes Orientales de l’Institut Français de Damas
BnF
Bibliothèque nationale de France
BSOAS
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
CCCM
Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaevalis
EA
Ekkehard of Aura, ‘Chronica’, Frutolfs und Ekkehards
Chroniken und die Anonyme Kaiserchronik, Franz-Josef
Schmale and Irene Schmale-Ott (eds), Darmstadt:
Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1972
EHR
English Historical Review
Fath
Imad al-Din al-Isfahâni, Kita
¯b al-Fath al-Qussi fi’ l-Fath
al-Qudsi, H. Massé (tr.), as Conquête de la Syrie et de la Palestine par Saladin, Paris: Paul Geuthner, 1972
FC
Fulcher of Chartres, Historia Hierosolymitana (1095–1127),
H. Hagenmeyer (ed.), Heidelberg: Winter, 1913
GF
Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolimitanorum, R. Hill (ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962
GN
Guibert of Nogent, Dei Gesta per Francos, R.B.C. Huygens
(ed.), Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Medievalis 77a,
Turnhout: Brepols, 1996
JK
John Kinnamos, Epitome rerum ab Ioanne et Alexio Comnenis
gestarum, Augustus Meineke (ed.), Corpus Scriptorum
Historiae Byzantinae 28, Bonn, 1836
JSAI
Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam
xv
A B B R E V I A T I O N S
ME
Matthew of Edessa, ‘Chronicle’, in Armenia and the Crusades:
Tenth to Twelfth Centuries, A.E. Dostourian (ed. and tr.),
Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1993
MGH SS
Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptores, Scriptores in Folio, 32, Berlin: Weidmann, 1826–1934
NC
Niketas Choniates, Nicetae Choniatae Historia, Jan Louis van Dieten (ed.), Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae, 11, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1975
OD
Odo of Deuil, The Journey of Louis VII to the East, V.G. Berry (ed.), New York: W.W. Norton, 1948
OV
Orderic Vitalis, The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis, Marjorie Chibnall (ed.), 6, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
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