105–6.
17 WT 1020–1: ‘Regnante enim Deo amabili predicto imperatore, merito fidei et strenuitatis sue tantum Latinus populus apud eum reppererat gratiam, ut neglectis Greculis suis tanquam viris mollibus et effeminatis, ipse tanquam vir magnanimus et strenuitate incomparabilis solis Latinis grandia committeret negocia, de eorum fide merito presumens et viribus. Et quoniam apud eum optime habebantur et erga eos profusa liberalitate habundabat, ex omni orbe ad eum quasi ad benefactorem precipuum tam nobiles quam ignobiles concurrebant certatim, quorum exigentibus obsequiis magis et magis in nostrorum accen debatur amorem et eos amplius in statum promovebat meliorem. Unde Grecorum nobiles et maxime eius consanguinei, sed et reliquus populus odium insaciabile adversus nostros conceperant, accedente etiam ad indignationis cumulum et odiorum fomitem et incentivum ministrante sacramentorum inter nos et eos differentia. Arrogantes enim supra modum et a Romana ecclesia per insolentiam separati, hereticum omnem eum reputant qui eorum frivolas non sequitur traditiones.’ Translation from William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done beyond the Sea, E.A. Babcock and A.C. Krey (trs), 2, New York: Columbia University Press, 1943, II.461–2.
18 AA 82–3; OD 69–71.
19 GF 9–11, 16–17, 34–5; RA 38–42, 44–5, 54; GN 104–6, 128, 138–43, 182–4, 229–32, 313–14.
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20 Anna Komnene, Alexias, III.53–6, 79–80; OV III.182–3, V.70–3; J.G. Rowe, ‘Paschal II, Bohemund of Antioch and the Byzantines’, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 49, 1966–7, 165–202.
21 A.E. Laiou, ‘Byzantium and the crusades in the twelfth century: why was the Fourth Crusade late in coming?’, in A.E. Laiou (ed.), Urbs Capta: The Fourth Crusade and Its Consequences, Paris: Lethielleux, 2005, pp. 17–40 at 18–28.
22 D.M. Nicol, ‘Defenders of the Christian people: holy war in Byzantium’, in A.E. Laiou and R.P Mottahedeh (eds), The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World, Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2001, pp. 31–9; John Haldon, Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World 565–1204, London: University College Press, 1999, pp. 13–33; T.M. Kolbaba, ‘Fighting for Christianity: holy war in the Byzantine Empire’, Byzantion 68, 1998, 194–221; Hélène Ahrweiler, L’idéologie politique de l’Empire Byzantin, Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1975, pp. 78–9.
In the wake of the Fourth Crusade there was a momentary lapse in this tradition, as Patriarch Michael IV proclaimed absolution for imperial troops going into combat in a manner resembling the crusade indulgence, but this innovation was not repeated.
Dimiter Angelov, ‘Byzantine ideological reactions to the Latin conquest of Constantinople’, in Laiou (ed.), Urbs Capta, pp. 293–310 at 298.
23 Jonathan Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades, London: Continuum, 2002, pp. 60–71, 93–101, 132–41; Lilie, Crusader States, pp. 5–7, 38–51, 146–63, 230–42, 247–51; see also Shepard, ‘“Father” or “scorpion”?’, pp. 122–9.
24 Bernard Hamilton, The Latin Church in the Crusader States, London: Variorum, 1980, pp. 161–3, 172–81, 315–22; Cowdrey, ‘Gregorian papacy’, pp. 167–9.
25 AA 634–7; GN 313–14; WT 743–6; OD 82–3, 90–3, 98–9; Lilie, Crusader States, pp.
57–9.
26 Magnus of Reichersberg, Chronica 1084–1195, Wilhelm Wattenbach (ed.), MGH SS
XVII.511; Ansbert, ‘Historia de expeditione Friderici imperatoris’, Anton Chroust (ed.), Quellen zur Geschichte des Kreuzzugs Kaiser Friedrich I, MGH Scriptores Rerum Germanicum new series V.1–115 at 38–9, 48–9; Roger of Wendover, Libri qui dicit Flores Historiarum, Rolls Series 84, Henry Hewlett (ed.), 3, London: Longman, 1886–9, I.153–4; RH II.355–6; C.M. Brand, Byzantium Confronts the West 1180–1204, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968, pp. 176–94; C.M.
Brand, ‘The Byzantines and Saladin, 1185–1192: opponents of the Third Crusade’, Speculum 37, 1962, 167–81; Paul Magdalino, ‘Isaac II, Saladin and Venice’, in Jonathan Shepard (ed.), The Expansion of Orthodox Europe: Byzantium, the Balkans and Russia, Aldershot: Ashgate 2007, pp. 93–106. For more sceptical interpretations, see Lilie, Crusader States, pp. 230–42; Ralph-Johannes Lilie, Byzanz und die Kreuzzüge, Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2004, pp. 130–2; Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades, pp.
132–6; Hannes Mohring, Saladin und der Dritte Kreuzzug: aiyubidische Strategie und Diplomatie im Vergleich vornehmlich der arabischen mit den lateinischen Quellen, Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1980, pp. 171–84.
27 Ahrweiler, Idéologie Politique, pp. 136–47; Francis Dvornik, Early Christian and Byzantine Political Philosophy: Origins and Background,
2, Washington, DC:
Dumbarton Oaks, 1966, II.611–58; George Ostrogorsky, ‘The Byzantine Empire and the hierarchical world order’, Slavonic and Eastern European Review 35, 1956, 1–14; D.M. Nicol, ‘Byzantine political thought’, in J.H. Burns (ed.), The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought c.350–c.1450, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 51–79 at 51–3.
28 Haldon, Warfare, State and Society, pp. 15–27; Ahrweiler, Idéologie Politique, pp. 78–9.
29 Anna Komnene, Alexias, II.220–1: ‘Καd γaρ µbν ΠÛτρος ξ ατς ρχς ες
προσκυνησιν το γιου ταϕου τcν τοσαυτην δοιποριαν νεδÛξατο, ο δÛ γε λοιποd κÞµητες καd τουτων µαλλον Βαϊµοντος παλαιaν µνιν κατa το ατοκρατορος
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τρÛϕοντες καd εκαιριαν ξητοντες ντιποινα τοτÿω παρεσχε ν τς λαµρς κεινης
νικης, mν ρατο κατ’ατο πÞτε κατa τcν Λαρισσαν τeν µετ’ατο συνψε
πÞλεµον µογνωµονÜσαντες καd ατcν τcν µεγαλÞπολιν κατασχε ν νειρραττοντες
ες τcν ατcν ληλυθεισαν γνωµην (καd τουτου πολλακις µνηµονευσαµεν νωθεν), τÿ µbν ϕαινοµÛνÿω τcν πρeς τa ^ΙεροσÞλυµα δοιποριαν ποιουµενοι, τÿ δ’ληθεια
τeν ατοκρατορα τς ρχς παραλσαι καd τcν µεγαλÞπολιν κατασχε ν λθοντες.’
Translation from AC 319; see also Anna Komnene, Alexias, II.209.
30 JK 67: ‘Κελτοd γaρ καd Γερµανοd καd τe Γαλαττν θνος καd σα τcν παλαιaν
µϕινÛµονται ^Ρωµην, Βριττιοι τε καd Βρετανοd καd ±παν πλς τe σπÛριον
κεκινητο καρτος, λÞγÿω µÛν τÿ προχειρÿω ς ξ Ερωπης πd τcν Ασιαν διαβÜσονται
ΠÛρσαις τε µαχησÞµενοι το ς παρa πÞδας καd τeν ν Παλαιστινη καταληψÞµενοι
νεω
` ν τÞπους τε του`ς ερου`ς οτορÜσοντες, τÿ γε µcν ληθειÿα ς τÜν τε χωραν
^Ρωµαιων ξ ϕÞδου καθÛξοντες καd τa ν ποσd καταστρÛψοντες.’ Translation from John Kinnamos, Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus, C.M. Brand (tr.), New York: Columbia University Press, 1976, p. 58.
31 Elizabeth Jeffreys and Michael Jeffreys, ‘The “wild beast from the West”: immediate literary reactions in Byzantium to the Second Crusade’, in The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World, pp. 101–16 at 108.
32 Paul Magdalino, ‘Prophecies on the fall of Constantinople’, in Urbs Capta, pp. 41–53; Paul Magdalino, ‘Isaac II’, pp. 97–100.
33 NC 402–4, 407–12; Ansbert, pp. 27–72; ‘Historia Peregrinorum’, Anton Chroust (ed.), Quellen zur Geschichte des Kreuzzugs Kaiser Friedrich
I, MGH Scriptores, new series, 5, Berlin: Weidmann, 1928, I.116–72 at 131–53; Das Itinerarium Peregrinorum: Eine zeitgenössische englische Chronik zum dritten Kreuzzug in ursprünglicher Gestalt, H.E. Mayer (ed.), Stuttgart: A. Hiersemann, 1962, Schriften der MGH XVIII.291–5; E.N. Johnson, ‘The crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI’, in K.M. Setton (ed.), A History of the Crusades, 6, Philadelphia: University of Wisconsin Press, 1955–89, II.94–110.
34 Ansbert, pp. 42, 55, 58, 60–1, 68–9; ‘Historia Peregrinorum’, p. 149.
35 William Daly, ‘Christian fraternity, the crusades and the security of Constantinople: the precarious survival of an idea’, Medieval Studies 22, 1960, 43–91; Laiou, ‘Byzantium and the crusades’, 21–7, 32–3, 40.
36 Laiou, ‘Byzantium and the Crusades’, 37–40.
37 AA 82–3: ‘Audita hac Boemundi legatione dux omne responsum econtra fieri distulit, dum luce proxima exorta, ex consilio suorum, respondit se non causa questus aut pro dstructione Christianorum e terra et cognatione sua exisse, sed in Christi nomine uiam Ierusalem institisse, et hanc velle perficere et amiplere consilio imperatoris, si eius gratiam et bonam uoluntatem recuperare et observare possit.’
38 OD 69–71: ‘Visitare sepulcrum Domini cognovimus nos et ipse et nostra crimina, praecepto summi pontificis, paganorum sanguine vel conversione delere. Nunc autem urben Christianorum ditissimam expugnare possumus et ditari, sed caedendum est et cadendum. Si ergo caedes Christianorum peccata diluit, dimicemus. Item si nostris mortuis non nocet ambitio, si tantum valet in itinere pro adquirenda pecunia interire quantum summi pontificis oboedentiae et voto nostro intendere, placent divitiae; sine timore mortis discrimina subeamus.’ See also Daly, ‘Christian fraternity’, 61–9.
39 NC 410–2; Ansbert 68–72; ‘Historia Peregrinorum’, pp. 149–53; Daly, ‘Christian fraternity’, 75–8.
40 Die Register Innocenz III, Othmar Hageneder et al. (eds), 10, Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1964–2007, VI.388–9 (no. 229
(230)), VII.36–8 (no. 18).
41 Geoffrey of Villehardouin, La conquête de Constantinople, Edmond Faral (ed. and tr.), Paris: Belles Lettres, 1938, pp. 50–7, 100–13; Gunther of Pairis, Hystoria 78
I M P A C T O F T H E C R U S A D E S O N B Y Z A N T I U M
Constantinopolitana, Peter Orth (ed.), Hildesheim and Zurich: Weidmann, 1994, pp.
121–3; Donald Queller, ‘The Fourth Crusade: the neglected majority’, Speculum 49, 1974, 441–65 at 443–58; Donald Queller and T.F. Madden, The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997, pp. 44–8.
42 Villehardouin, La conquête de Constantinople, pp. 120–1, 200–3.
43 Villehardouin, La conquête de Constantinople, pp. 30–1, 96–7; Queller and Madden, The Fourth Crusade, pp. 16, 46–7, 61–3.
44 Villehardouin, La conquête de Constantinople, pp. 96–7, 200–3; Robert of Clari, La conquête de Constantinople, pp. 38–41; Gunther of Pairis, pp. 137–8; A.J. Andrea, Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade, Leiden: Brill, 2000, pp. 187–9; Queller and Madden, The Fourth Crusade, pp. 82–9.
45 Villehardouin, La conquête de Constantinople, pp. 92–5, 190–3, 198–201; Robert of Clari, La conquête de Constantinople, pp. 38–9.
46 NC 475–80; Jean Richard, The Crusades, c.1071–c.1291, Jean Birrell (tr.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 231–7; Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades, pp. 148–9.
47 Norman Housley, ‘The thirteenth-century crusades in the Mediterranean’, The New Cambridge Medieval History, 7, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995–2005, V.569–89 at 586–9.
48 Register Innocenz III, VI.163–5, 388–9 (nos. 101, 229 (230)); VII.36–8 (no. 18).
49 Register Innocenz III, VII.264 (no. 154): ‘Hoc autem in regno Grecorum temporibus nostris videmus et gaudemus impleri, quoniam is, qui dominatur in regno hominum et, cui voluerit, dabit illud, Constantinopolitanum imperium a superbis ad humilis, ab inobedientibus ad devotos, a scismaticis ad catholicos, a Grecis videlicet transtulit ad Latinos. Sane a Domino factus est istud et est mirabile in oculis nostris. Hec est profecto dextere Excelsi mutatio, in qua dextera Domini fecit virtutem, ut sacrosanctam Romanum ecclesiam exaltaret, dum filium reducit ad matrem, partem ad totum et Membrum ad caput.’ Translation from Andrea, Contemporary Sources, pp. 116–17; see also Register Innocenz III, VII.262–70, 354–9 (nos. 153–4, 203).
50 Peter Lock, The Franks in the Aegean, 1204–1500, London: Longman, 1995, pp. 193–216.
51 K.M. Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, 4, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1976–84, I.50–3, 63–5, 99–105, 134–42, 164–5; Malcolm Barber, ‘Western attitudes to Frankish Greece in the thirteenth century’, in Benjamin Arbel, Bernard Hamilton and David Jacoby (eds), Latins and Greeks in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204, London: Routledge, 1989, pp. 111–28 at 113–21; Richard Spence, ‘Gregory IX’s attempted expeditions to the Latin Empire of Constantinople: the crusade for the Union of the Greek and Latin Churches’, Journal of Medieval History 5, 1979, 163–76.
52 Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, I.58–9, 70–1, 77, 99–102, 106–7, 110–20.
53 Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, I.106–33, 138; D.M. Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium 1261–1453, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993 [1972], pp. 48–71.
54 Barber, ‘Western attitudes to Frankish Greece’, pp. 113–14, 122, 125–6.
55 Antony Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land: The Crusade Proposals of the Late Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000, passim.
56 Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land, pp. 138–44; A.S. Atiya, The Crusade in the Later Middle Ages, London: Methuen & Co., 1938, pp. 66–7, 85, 103–7, 110, 147; Felicitas Schmieder, ‘Enemy, obstacle, ally? The Greek in western crusade proposals (1274–1311)’, in Balázs Nagy and Marcell Sebok (eds), The Man of Many Devices, who Wandered Full Many Ways: Festschrift in Honor of János M. Bak, Budapest: Central European University Press, 1999, pp. 357–71.
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57 Atiya, The Crusade in the Later Middle Ages, pp. 283–6; Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, I.163–9; Norman Housley, The Later Crusades, 1274–1580: From Lyons to Alcazar, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992, pp. 53–5.
58 Diplomatarium Veneto-Levantinum, sive acta et diplomata res Venetas, Graecas atque Levantis illustrantia, G.M. Thomas (ed.), 2, Venice: Sumptibus Societatis, 1880–99, I.225–9 (no. 116); Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, I.179–82; Norman Housley, The Avignon Papacy and the Crusades, 1305–1378, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986, pp. 24–6, 216–17; Housley, Later Crusades, pp. 57–61.
59 Atiya, The Crusade in the Later Middle Ages, pp. 330–78, 380–6; Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, I.241–87, 291–2, D.J. Geanakoplos, ‘Byzantium and the crusades, 1354–1453’, in Setton (ed.), A History of the Crusades, III.69–103 at 74–6; Nicol, Last Centuries, p. 265; E.L. Cox, The Green Count of Savoy: Amadeus VI and Transalpine Savoy in the Fourteenth Century, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967, pp.
204–11.
60 Jehan Servion, Gestez et chroniques de la maison de Savoye, Frederic-Emmanuel Bollati (ed.), 2, Turin: Casanova, 1879, II.133–48; Atiya, The Crusade in the Later Middle Ages, pp. 387–94; Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, I.292–307; Nicol, Last Centuries, pp. 265–6; Cox, The Green Count of Savoy, pp. 211–30.
61 Housley, Avignon, pp. 215–22.
62 Atiya, The Crusade in the Later Middle Ages, p. 382; Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, I.287.
63 Servion, Gestez et chroniques, pp. 151–5; S.P. Lampros, ‘ΑτοκρατÞρων το
Βυζαντιου χρυσÞβουλλα καd χρυσ γραµµατα ναϕερÞµενα ες τcν ενωσιν τν
κκλησιων’, Ν Ûος Ελληνοµν ܵων 11, 1914, 241–54 at 249–53; Atiya, The Crusade in the Later Middle Ages, pp. 394–6; Setton, The Papacy
and the Levant, I.309–15; Geanakoplos, ‘Byzantium and the crusades’, pp. 76–9; Oskar Halecki, Un empereur de Byzance à Rome: vingt ans de travail pour l’union des églises et pour la défense de l’empire d’Orient, 1355–1375, Warsaw: Nakładem Towarzystwa naukowego warszawskiego, 1930, pp. 48–62, 188–212, 378–9; Nicol, Last Centuries, pp. 266–71.
64 Le livre des fais du bon Messire Jehan le Maingre, dit Bouciquaut, Mareschal de France et Gouverneur de Jennes, Denis Lalande (ed.), Geneva: Droz, 1985, pp. 132–51; Joseph Delaville le Roulx, La France en Orient au XIV siècle: expeditions du Maréchal Boucicaut, 2, Paris: E. Thorin, 1886, I.358–79; Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, I.370–1; Geanakoplos, ‘Byzantium and the crusades’, 85–6; Nicol, Last Centuries, pp.
307–8; J.W. Barker, Manuel II Palaeologus (1391–1425): A Study in Late Byzantine Statesmanship, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1969, pp. 160–4.
65 Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, I.341–55; Housley, Later Crusades, pp. 72–6.
66 Housley, Later Crusades, pp. 80–150; Norman Housley, Religious Warfare in Europe, 1400–1536, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002, pp. 130–7.
67 Atiya, The Crusade in the Later Middle Ages, pp. 435–7; Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, I.341–5; Nicol, Last Centuries, p. 305; see also, however, Geanakoplos,
‘Byzantium and the crusades’, 81–3.
68 Nicol, Last Centuries, pp. 351–64; Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, II.75–93; Martin Chasin, ‘The crusade of Varna’, in Setton (ed.), A History of the Crusades, VI.276–310; Geanakoplos, ‘Byzantium and the crusades’, pp. 95–8; Housley, Later Crusades, pp. 84–9.
69 Alexander Kazhdan, ‘Latins and Franks in Byzantium: perception and reality from the eleventh to the twelfth century’, in Laiou and Mottahedeh (eds), The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World, pp. 83–100 at 84–91; Johannes Koder,
‘Latinoi – the image of the other according to Greek sources’, in C.A. Maltezou and Peter Schreiner (eds), Bisanzio, Venezia e il mondo franco-greco (XIII–XV secolo), Venice: Helle
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