by David Isaacs
Pierre Bretonneau: Rolleston JD. Bretonneau: his life and work. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, Section of the History of Medicine, 1924: 18, journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/003591572501801701.
Edwin Klebs and Friedrich Löffler: Gleason WS. The antitoxin treatment of diphtheria. BMJ 1894; 2: 931–3, www.jstor.org/stable/20230288.
William H Park: Oliver WW. The Man Who Lived for Tomorrow: A Biography of William Hallock Park, MD. New York: EP Dutton, 1941.
1990s diphtheria outbreak: Vitek CR, Wharton M. Diphtheria in the former Soviet Union: reemergence of a pandemic disease. Emerg Infect Dis 1998; 4: 539–50, wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/4/4/98–0404_article.
Diphtheria in the United States: WHO vaccine-preventable diseases: monitoring system. 2018 global summary, World Health Organization, apps.who.int/immunization_monitoring/globalsummary/incidences?c=United States.
Australian diphtheria case, January 2018: McCosker R. Cairns man dies from diphtheria. Brisbane Times, 8 February 2018, www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/cairns-man-dies-from-diphtheria-20180208-p4yzo2.html.
CHAPTER 7: The golden age of immunisation
Immunisation in Australia: History of vaccination in Australia. National Centre for Immunisation Research & Surveillance, www.ncirs.edu.au/provider-resources/vaccination-history/.
Edwin Smith Papyrus: van Middentrop JJ, Sanchez GM, Burridge AL. The Edwin Smith papyrus: a clinical reappraisal of the oldest known document on spinal injuries. Eur Spine J 2010; 19: 1815–23, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2989268/; jnnp.bmj.com/content/63/6/758
Arthur Nicolaier: Schagen U. Arthur Nicolaier. Charité Memorial Site, 2013, gedenkort.charite.de/en/projects/people/arthur_nicolaier/.
Whooping cough: Kuchar E, Karlikowska-Skwarnik M, Han S, Nitsch-Osuch A. Pertussis: history of the disease and current prevention failure. Adv Exp Med Biol 2016; 934: 77–82; TEC Jr. A novel Irish cure for whooping cough and chickenpox (1898). Pediatrics 1978; 61: 251, pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/61/2/251; Dr Leila Denmark. Obituary. Daily Telegraph, 6 June 2018, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/medicine-obituaries/9190936/Dr-Leila-Denmark.html.
Hib: Watt JP, Wolfson LJ, O’Brien KL. Burden of disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b in children younger than 5 years: global estimates. Lancet 2009; 374: 903–11, www.who.int/immunization/diseases/hib/GBD_Hib.pdf.
Hib immunisation: Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), World Health Organization, www.who.int/immunization/topics/hib/en/.
Pneumococcus immunisation: Pneumococcal disease, World Health Organization, www.who.int/immunization/topics/pneumococcal_disease/en/.
Meningococcal meningitis: Patel MS. Australia’s century of meningococcal disease: development and the changing ecology of an accidental pathogen. Med J Aust 2007; 186: 136–41.
Hepatitis B and sport: Kordi R, Wallace WA. Blood borne infections in sport: risks of transmission, methods of prevention, and recommendations for hepatitis B vaccination. Br J Sports Med 2004; 38: 678–84, bjsm. bmj.com/content/38/6/678#ref-23; Ringertz O, Zetterberg B. Serum hepatitis among Swedish track finders – an epidemiologic study. N Engl J Med 1967; 276: 540–6, www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM196703092761003; Kashiwagi S et al. An outbreak of hepatitis B in members of a high school sumo wrestling club. JAMA 1982; 248: 213–4, jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/vol/248/pg/213; Tobe K et al. Horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus among players of an American football team. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 2541–5, jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/485418.
Rotavirus: Immunization, vaccines and biologicals: rotavirus. World Health Organization, www.who.int/immunization/diseases/rotavirus/en/.
Arrival of measles in Australia: Paterson BJ, Kirk MD, Cameron AS, D’Este C, Durrheim D. Historical data and modern methods reveal insights in measles epidemiology: a retrospective closed cohort study. BMJ Open 2013; 3: e002033, bmjopen.bmj.com/content/3/1/e002033
Measles vaccines: Demicheli V, Rivetti A, Debalini MG, DiPietrantonj C. Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012; 2: CD004407; Peltola H, Heinonen OP. Frequency of true adverse reactions to measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial in twins. Lancet 1986; 1: 939–42.
Measles statistics: Measles. World Health Organization, www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles.
2014 Ohio measles outbreak: Gastañaduy PA et al. A measles outbreak in an underimmunized Amish community in Ohio. N Engl J Med 2016; 375: 1343–54.
Congenital rubella: Khandaker G et al. Surveillance for congenital rubella in Australia since 1993: cases reported between 2004 and 2013. Vaccine 2014; 32: 6746–51.
Chickenpox: Aronson J. Chickenpox. BMJ 2000; 321: 682, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1118558/; TEC Jr. A novel Irish cure for whooping cough and chicken pox (1898). Pediatrics 1978; 61: 251, pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/61/2/251; Ozaki T, Asano Y. Development of varicella vaccine in Japan and future prospects. Vaccine 2016; 34: 3427–33.
HPV vaccine: Cervical cancer statistics. Cancer Australia, cervical-cancer. canceraustralia.gov.au/statistics; National cancer control indicators: HPV vaccination uptake, Cancer Australia, ncci.canceraustralia.gov.au/prevention/hpv-vaccination-uptake/hpv-vaccination-uptake; Hall MT et al. The projected timeframe until cervical cancer elimination in Australia: a modelling study. Lancet Public Health 2018. Published online 2 October 2018, dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30183-X.
CHAPTER 8: Vaccines and cancer
Bob Marley: Steffens R, Johnson LK. So Much Things to Say: The Oral History of Bob Marley. New York: WW Norton & Co, 2017.
Snuff and cancer: Morris AD. ‘Sir’ John Hill, MA, MD (1706–1775): apothecary, botanist, playwright, actor, novelist, journalist. Proc Roy Soc Med 1960; 53: 55–60, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1870866/.
Soot and cancer: Kipling D, Waldron HA. Percivall Pott and cancer scroti. Br J Indust Med 1975; 32: 244–50, oem.bmj.com/content/oemed/32/3/244.full.pdf.
Hepatitis B statistics: D’Souza R, Foster GR. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic hepatitis B J Roy Soc Med 2004; 97: 318–21, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1079522/; Chang MH, Chen CJ, Lai MS et al. Universal hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1855–9, www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM199706263362602.
Baruch Blumberg: Alter H. Baruch Blumberg (1925–2011): obituary. Nature 2011; 473: 155, www.nature.com/articles/473155a; Schütte K et al. Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastrointest Tumors 2016; 3: 37–43, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5040884/.
George Papanicolaou: Carmichael DE. The Pap Smear: Life of George N Papanicolaou. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas, 1973; Papanicolaou G. New Cancer Diagnosis. CA Cancer J Clin 1973; 23: 174–9 (presented at the Third Race Betterment Conference, Battle Creek, Michigan, 2 to 6 January 1928, and first published in the proceedings of the conference).
Harald zur Hausen: Gasparini R, Panatto D. Cervical cancer: from Hippocrates through Rigoni-Stern to zur Hausen. Vaccine 2009; 27(Suppl 1): A4–A5.
Suzanne Garland: Garland SM et al. Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent anogenital diseases. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 1928–43, www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa061760.
Cost of HPV vaccines: Clendinen C et al. Manufacturing costs of HPV vaccines for developing countries.Vaccine 2016; 34: 5984–9, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X16308568?via%3Dihub.
HPV vaccine statistics: Bruni L et al. Global disparities in HPV vaccination. Lancet Global Health 2016; 4: e453-e463, www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(16)30107-3/fulltext.
Helicobacter pylori: Warren JR, Marshall B. Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis. Lancet 1983; 321: 1273–5.
BCG vaccine and bladder cancer: Chou R et al. Intravesical therapy for the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a systematic
review and meta-analysis. J Urol 2017; 197: 1189–99.
Sipuleucel-T: Kantoff PW et al. Sipuleucel-T immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 411–22, www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1001294.
CHAPTER 9: Vaccines and pregnancy
Riley Hughes: Stein S. Riley Hughes: parents of newborn who died from whooping cough release video of his final moments. ABC News, 14 January 2016, www.abc.net.au/news/2016–01–14/parents-share-video-of-baby-rileys-final-moments/7087434.
Neonatal tetanus on St Kilda: Woody RC, Ross EM. Neonatal tetanus (St Kilda, 19th century). Lancet 1989; i: 1339, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067368992744X.
Maternal and neonatal tetanus statistics: Thwaites CL et al. Maternal and neonatal tetanus. Lancet 2015; 385: 362–70; Maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination (MNTE). World Health Organization, www.who.int/immunization/diseases/MNTE_initiative/en/.
Influenza and heart attack: Barnes M et al. Acute myocardial infarction and influenza: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. Heart 2015; 101: 1738–47, heart.bmj.com/content/101/21/1738; Caldeira D et al. Influenza vaccination and prevention of cardiovascular disease mortality. Lancet 2018; 391: 427–8, www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)30143-0/fulltext.
Maternal influenza immunisation: Mertz D et al. Pregnancy as a risk factor for severe outcomes from influenza virus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Vaccine 2017; 35: 521–8, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5359513/; Nunes MC et al. The effects of influenza vaccination during pregnancy on birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Perinatol 2016; 33: 1104–14, www.thieme-connect.com/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0036–1586101; Perrett K, Nolan T. Immunization during pregnancy: impact on the infant. Pediatr Drugs 2017; 19: 313–24, link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40272–017–0231–7; Thompson MG et al. Effectiveness of seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine for preventing influenza virus illness among pregnant women: a population-based case-control study during the 2010– 2011 and 2011–2012 influenza seasons. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58: 449–57; Zaman K et al. Effectiveness of maternal influenza immunization in mothers and infants. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 1555–64, www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa0708630; Madhi SA et al. Influenza vaccination of pregnant women and protection of their infants. N Engl J Med 2014; 371: 918–31, www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMc1412050; Bratton KN et al. Maternal influenza immunization and birth outcomes of stillbirth and spontaneous abortion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60: e11–9, academic.oup.com/cid/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/cid/ciu915.
Influenza vaccine myths: Misconceptions about seasonal flu and flu vaccines. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/misconceptions.htm.
Cocooning: Healy CM et al. Evaluation of the impact of a pertussis cocooning program on infant pertussis infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2015; 34: 22–6.
Maternal pertussis immunisation: Vitek CR, Pascual FB, Baughman AL, Murphy TV. Increase in deaths from pertussis among young infants in the United States in the 1990s. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003; 22: 628–634. Amirthalingam G et al. Effectiveness of maternal pertussis vaccination in England: an observational study. Lancet 2014; 384: 1521–8; Amirthalingam G et al. Sustained effectiveness of the maternal pertussis immunization program in England 3 years following introduction. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63(Suppl 4): S236–43; Dabrera G et al. A case-control study to estimate the effectiveness of maternal pertussis vaccination in protecting newborn infants in England and Wales, 2012–2013. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60: 333–7.
Norman Gregg: Lancaster PAL. Gregg, Sir Norman McAlister (1892–1966). Australian Dictionary of Biography, adb.anu.edu.au/biography/gregg-sir-norman-mcalister-10362; Gregg NM. Congenital cataract following German measles in the mother. Trans Ophthalmol Soc Austr 1942; 3: 35–46.
Maternal rubella immunisation: Plotkin SA. The history of rubella and rubella vaccination leading to elimination. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43(Suppl 3): S164–8, academic.oup.com/cid/article/43/Supplement_3/S164/288915; Rubella in the US. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. www.cdc.gov/rubella/about/in-the-us.html; Keller-Stanislawski B et al. Safety of immunization during pregnancy: a review of the evidence of selected inactivated and live attenuated vaccines. Vaccine 2014; 32: 7057–64; DeSilva M et al. Congenital anomalies: case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data. Vaccine 2016; 34: 6015–26, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5139892/.
CHAPTER 10: Vaccines for the elderly
Shingles and the elderly: Thomas SL et al. Contacts with varicella or with children and protection against herpes zoster in adults: a case-control study. Lancet 2002; 360: 678–82, www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140–6736(02)09837–9.pdf; Chapman RS et al. The incidence of shingles and its implications for vaccination policy. Vaccine 2003; 21: 2541–7.
Shingles statistics: McIntyre R et al. Increasing trends of herpes zoster in Australia. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0125025; Brisson M et al. Exposure to varicella boosts immunity to herpes-zoster: implications for mass vaccination against chickenpox. Vaccine 2002; 20: 2500–7, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X02001809?via%3Dihub; Kawai K et al. Increasing incidence of herpes zoster over a 60-year period from a population-based study. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63: 221–6, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4928389/.
Shingles vaccines: Gagliardi AMZ et al. Vaccines for preventing herpes zoster in older adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016, 3: CD008858, cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008858.pub3/pdf; Grupping K et al. Immunogenicity and safety of the HZ/su adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in adults previously vaccinated with a live attenuated herpes zoster vaccine. J Infect Dis 2017; 216: 1343–51, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5853346/; Amirthalingam G et al. Evaluation of the effect of the herpes zoster vaccination programme 3 years after its introduction in England: a population-based study. Lancet Public Health 2018; 3: e82-e90, www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468–2667(17)30234–7/fulltext.
Influenza and the elderly: Darvishian M et al. Effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination in community-dwelling elderly people: an individual participant data meta-analysis of test-negative design case-control studies. Lancet Respir Med 2017; 5: 200–11, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213260017300437.
CHAPTER 11: The tragedies and the frauds
History of vaccine tragedies: Vaccine timeline. Immunization Action Coalition, www.immunize.org/timeline/; Bren L. The road to the biotech revolution: highlights of 100 years of biologics regulation, FDA 2006, United States Food and Drug Administration, www.fda.gov/downloads/AboutFDA/WhatWeDo/History/ProductRegulation/UCM593490.pdf.
St Louis tragedy: DeHovitz RE. The 1901 St Louis incident: the first modern medical disaster. Pediatrics 2014; 133: 964, pediatrics. aappublications.org/content/133/6/964.full.pdf
Lübeck tragedy: Fox GJ, Orlova M, Schurr E. Tuberculosis in newborns: the lessons of the ‘Lübeck disaster’ (1929–1933). PLoS Pathog 2016; 12: e1005271, journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005271.
Bundaberg tragedy: Akers HF, Porter SAT. Bundaberg’s Gethsemane: the tragedy of the inoculated children. RHSQ 2008; 20: 7, espace.library.uq.edu.au/data/UQ:152716/UQ_PV_152716.pdf; Immunisation inoculation proves fatal: twelve local children die after treatment on Friday. Bundaberg Daily News and Mail, 30 January 1928, www.halenet.com.au/~jvbryant/Bundseru.html.
South Sudan tragedy: Fortin J. Mishandled measles vaccine kills 15 children in South Sudan. New York Times, 2 June 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/06/02/international-home/vaccines-south-sudan.html.
Thiomersal: Baker JP. Mercury, vaccines and autism: one controversy, three histories. Am J Public Health 2008; 98: 244–53, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2376879/.
Aluminium: Mitkus RJ et al. Updated aluminum pharmacokinetics following infant exposures through diet and vaccination
. Vaccine 2011; 29: 9538–43, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X11015799?via%3Dihub; Jefferson T, Rudin M, Di Pietrantonj C. Adverse events after immunisation with aluminium-containing DTP vaccines: systematic review of the evidence. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2004; 4: 84–90, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1473309904009272?via%3Dihub.
New adjuvants: Stassinjs J et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the safety of newly adjuvanted vaccines among children. Vaccine 2016; 34: 714–22, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X1501796x?via%3Dihub.
Yellow fever: Frierson JG. The yellow fever vaccine: a history. Yale J Biol Med 2010; 83: 77–85, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2892770/; Emergencies preparedness, response: yellow fever. World Health Organization, www.who.int/csr/disease/yellowfev/en/.
Cutter Incident: Offit P. The Cutter Incident: How America’s First Polio Vaccine Led to the Growing Vaccine Crisis. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005; Goldacre B. Bad Pharma: How Drug Companies Mislead Doctors and Harm Patients. London: 4th Estate, 2012; Langmuir A, Nathanson N, Hall WJ. The Wyeth Problem: An Epidemiological Analysis of the Occurrence of Poliomyelitis in Association with Certain Lots of the Wyeth Vaccine. Poliomyelitis Surveillance Unit, Epidemiology Branch, Communicable Diseases Center, Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1955; Bazin H. Vaccination: A History from Lady Montagu to Genetic Engineering. Esher, Surrey: John Libbey Eurotext, 2011; Oshinsky D. Polio: An American Story. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Andrew Wakefield: Wakefield AJ, Murch SH, Anthony A et al. Ileal lymphoid nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children (retracted). Lancet 1998; 351: 637–41; Elliman D, Bedford H. Hear the silence. BMJ 2003; 327: 1411; Deer B. Andrew Wakefield – the fraud investigation. Brian Deer Award-Winning Investigations, briandeer.com/mmr/lancet-summary.htm; Godlee F. Wakefield’s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent. BMJ 2011; 342: c7452, www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7452; Ruling on doctor in MMR scare. NHS, 29 January 2010, www.nhs.uk/news/medical-practice/ruling-on-doctor-in-mmr-scare/; Murch SH, Anthony A et al. Retraction of an interpretation. Lancet 2004; 363: 750; Deer B. How the case against the MMR vaccine was fixed. BMJ 2011; 342: c5347, www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c5347; Deer B. How the vaccine crisis was meant to make money. BMJ 2011; 342: c5258, www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c5258; Deer B. Wakefield accused of fraud in US trial. Brian Deer Award-Winning Investigations, briandeer.com/solved/cedillo-wakefield.htm; Glenza J. Disgraced anti-vaxxer Andrew Wakefield aims to advance his agenda in Texas election. Guardian, 26 February 2018, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/feb/26/texas-vaccinations-safety-andrew-wakefield-fear-elections.