A People’s History of the World
Page 89
Chu Yuan-chang 115–116
Churchill, Winston praises Mussolini 446 ; 465 ; in late 1930s 522 ; political career 524 ; and India 524 ; insistence on fighting in North Africa and Italy 525–526 ; danger of ‘Bolshevism’ in Italy at end of Second World War 535 ; on Greece (1944) 538 ; fear of revolution in Greece and Italy 1944–45 539 ; wants attack on Russia (1945) 543 ; Fulton speech 544
CIA coup in Guatemala 567 , 577 ; attempts to invade Cuba 569 ; works with Mafia 569 ; kills Che Guevara 570 ; in Indonesia (1965) 571 ; in Portugal (1975); and Islamists in Afghanistan 598
Cicero 77–78 ; on poor 81
Cinema 381 , 463
Cinna 77 , 80
Ciompi 151
Cities first 17 , 19 , 20 ; in Mogul India 226 ; Britain 319
City of London in Civil War period 207–209 , 211 , 214 ; 235 ; in eighteenth century 268
Civil War, Second in English Revolution 214–215
Civil wars in last years of Roman republic 77–78 , 80
Class divisions first evidence of 22 ; why arose 24–27 ; emergence in Africa 138
Class struggles in first civilisations 35–39 ; in ancient Greece 66–68 ; in Roman republic 76–77
Class societies spread of 31
Clemenceau, Georges 434
Clerico-fascism 509
Clive, Robert 356 , 357
Clodius 78
Clubs political in French Revolution 279 , 281 ; socialist in Paris (1830s and 1840s) 338 ; ‘Red’ in Paris in 1870–71 369 , 437 , 442 , 502 , 503 , 505 ; join governments 506 ; militia attacked 507
Coal use in smelting 111 ; output in Britain 234 , 318 ; mines 379
Cold War outbreak of 544–545 ; effects of 545–546 ; arms race 560
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor on storming of Bastille 303 ; turns against revolution 316
Coliseum Roman 83
Collectivisation, Spain (1936) 503 , 507
Collectivisation, Stalinist 476 , 524 ; deaths caused by 478
Collins, Michael 452 , 453
Coloni 84
Colonialism 1890s and 1900s 393–394 , 397 ; mythology of 394 ; repression (1940s to 1970s) 557 ; end of 556–558 ; not end of imperialism 558
Colonies ancient Greek 64
Columbus, Christopher 182 , 156 , 162–165 ; on gold 163 ; on Taino indigenous people 163 ; attempts at slavery 164 ; settler rebellion against 164–165 ; enslaves indigenous people 250 , 237
Committee of Privates 273
Committee of Public Safety election and powers of 293
Committees, revolutionary in American Revolution 270–271 , 273–274
Communal forms of economic organisation 15 , 28
Communalism, India 456 , 552 , 553 , 554
Commune Parisian of 1789–95 279
Communes medieval 146
Communism as human liberation 326 , 329 ; identified with Soviet Union 471 ; in West and Third World (early 1930s) 471 ; China (1920s) 458 , 459
Communist International foundation and second congress 442 ; conditions 442 ; third congress (1921) 447
Communist League 329
Communist Manifesto, The (Marx and Engels) 39 ; main points 326 , 330–334 , 368
Communist parties, Eastern Europe post-1945 544 , 545
Communist Party, Chile 585
Communist Party, France formation 442 ; Third Period policy 494 ; united front with Socialists 495 ; popular front with Radicals 495–498 ; stops strike wave 496 ; banned by popular front assembly 499 ; membership during 1933–36 499 ; 1939–41 435 ; in Resistance 456 ; post-1944 544–545 ; ends strikes (1968) 582
Communist Party, Germany 465 ; in early 1930s 481 ; disastrous policy in face of Nazis 488–489 ; readiness to fight Nazis 489 ; arrests under Nazis 489
Communist Party, Greece 533
Communist Party, Italy formation 442 ; underground 533 ; growth (1943–45) 535 , 544–545
Communist Party, India supports partition 552
Communist Party, Japan 547
Communist Party, Portugal 585–586
Communist Party, Soviet Union proportion of old Bolsheviks remaining in by mid-1930s 477
Communist Party, Spain 502 , 505–506
Communist Party, US 464 ; and New Deal 517 , 518
Companys, Lluis on power of armed workers in Catalonia 504 ; anarchists and his government 505
Compass invention of 111 , 179
Competitive sport rise of 381
Compton, Samuel 234
Comte, Auguste 385
Concentration camps British 557
Concessions in China 360 , 450 , 456
Concord shooting at 271
Condition of the Working Class in England, The (Engels) 327
Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) 400
Confederacy (see American Civil War )
Confédération générale du travail (CGT) 400
Confucianism 58 , 457 ; neo-Confucianism 113
Confucius 58 , 63
Congo-Zaire 570 ; landing of US troops in 571
Congress of Industrial Organisations formation 515–516 ; bureaucratisation 517 ; and black workers 515 ; politics of leaders 516
Connolly, James 451 ; executed by British government 453 ; on partition 453
Conscripts in First World War, attitudes 411
Conservative Party (Britain) ‘National Union’ founded 388
Constantine 98 , 99
Constantinople 117 , 120 , 121 , 122 (see also Byzantium )
Constantius 98
Constitutional Nationalism, Ireland 451
Consumption of tobacco and sugar in eighteenth century 255
Continental Congress 265 , 267 ; membership of 269 , 273
Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (Marx) 39
Convention (French Revolution) 284 , 291 ; decrees end of slavery 311
Conversos persecution of 175
Coolidge, Calvin 468
Copernicus 177
Copland, Aaron 518
Copper 17 , 34 , 45
Copper Age 17
Corday, Charlotte 293
Cordoba 117
Cordoba (Argentina) Uprising (1969) 584
Cordones 585
Cort, Henry 257
Cortés, Hernán 162–164 , 168 , 182 , 237 ; and African slaves 250
Cotton industry, Indian destruction of in early nineteenth century 357
Cotton spread of cultivation 129 ; output in US 346
Council of Trent 197
Councils, workers’ and soldiers’ 431 (see also Soviets, Cordones )
Counter-Reformation 197–198 , 208
Counter-revolution 1848–49 336 , 340–341
Countryman, Edward quoted on role of revolutionary committees in American Revolution 271
Cow worship origins of 50 , 51
Cracow October–November 1918 430
Craft workers in ancient Egypt 36–38
Cresson, Édith and astrology 241
Crete ancient 17 , 32 , 32
Crimean Tatars 524
Crises of ancient empires 103
Crisis of the fourteenth century 149–155 ; intellectual effects 176 ; different from previous crises 181
Crisis of seventeenth century roots of 183
Cromford Mill 257
Cromwell, Oliver 203 , 210–217 ; in defence of monarchy 293 ; for executing king 203 , 215 ; willingness to work with members of ‘middling classes’ 210 , 216 ; on need to break Levellers 215 , 237
Crop yields medieval Europe 142
Crops from Americas cultivation in rest of world 220 ; cultivation in Manchu China 224
Crosland, Anthony on end of poverty and economic crises 548
Crusades 134 , 147 , 148 ; Fourth seizes Byzantium 122 ; People’s, Children’s and Shepherds’ 151 , 154
Ctesiphon 125 , 129
Cuitláhuac 166
Cuba Columbus lands 162 , 566 ; under Batista 567 ; dependence on US 568 ; revolution 567–568 ; size of rebel army 568 , social composition of
568 ; clash with US business interests (1959–60) 568 ; attempted invasion of 1961 569
Cuban Missile Crisis 569
Cuno government fall of 443
Curragh Mutiny 451
Currency blocs and economic spheres of
influence in 1930s 520
Cusanus, Nicolas 238
Cuzco 170 ; Spanish description of 161
Czechoslovak troops attack Soviet state (1918) 427
Czechoslovakia formation 430 ; show trials 545 ; in the 1950s 578 , 579 ; 1968 578 ; after Russian occupation 589 ; 1989 592
d’Alembert, Jean le Rond 243
d’Holbach, Baron 243 , 244 , 245 , 258 ; influence of 327
Dagenham 549
Dail (Ireland), formation of 452
Daily Mail (newspaper) supports Blackshirts 483
Daladier, Eduard 494 , 497 , 499
Damascus 125
Dante 146 , 176
Danton 281 , 282–284 ; on revolutionary ‘audacity’ 284 , 288
Dark Age, First causes of 33–35 , 38 ; escape from in Egypt and Mesopotamia 40
Dark Ages European 104–105 , 140–141
Darwin, Charles 317 , 385
Darwin, Erasmus 317
Dawes Plan 465
Dawkins, Richard 3
De Gaulle, Charles 435 , 436 , 437 ; returns to power (1958) 557 , 578 , 581 , 582
De Maistre, Joseph 316
De Ste Croix, G E M on slavery in ancient Greece 65 ; Roman science and technology 71 ; on Roman tribunes 74
De Valera, Éamon 452 , 453
Death camps 529
Death toll in crushing of T’ai-p’ing rebellion 361 ; after smashing of Paris Commune 373–374 ; Finland in January 1918 428 ; German civil war (1919) 437 ; Germany (1919) 437 ; Shanghai (1927) 549 ; in Nazi-occupied Poland 529 ; Partition of India 530 , 553 ; Korean War 547 ; Vietnam (1945–73) 540 ; Indonesia (1965–66) 571 ; Argentina in late 1970s 584 ; 1991 Gulf War and after 600
Debt slavery 67 , 250 , 251
Debt, Third World 599
Declaration of Independence 265 , 273 , 275 , 280
Declaration of Rights of Man of French Revolution 280
Defence of the Realm Act 409
Defenestration of Prague 198
Defoe, Daniel on Glasgow 234
Deir Yassin massacre 559
Delhi under Moguls 220 , 226 , 227 , 228
Demagogues in ancient Greece 67
Democracy anathema to mid-nineteenth-century ruling classes 386
Democracy in ancient Greece 67
Democracy, capitalist rise of 386–391
Democracy Wall Movement 575
Democratic Party, US at time of Civil War 348 , 349 , 352 ; character of 513 ; in long boom 548–549
Democritus 69
Deng Xiaoping 573 , 575–576
Descartes, René 240 , 242
Desmoulins, Camille 288
Dessalines, Jean-Jacques defeats French army in Saint-Domingue 312
Dētente US-Soviet 570
Detroit car industry 400
Dialectic 69 , 330
Diamond, Jared on geographical obstacles facing civilisations of Africa 130 ; of Americas 167–168
Diaz, Porfirio 460
Dickinson, Anna 349
Diderot, Denis 243
Dien Bien Phu French defeat at 571
Diet of Worms 184
Diocletian 98
Disabled people in death camps 532
Disappeared Argentina 584
Discipline factory 32 ; and limitation of poor relief 321
Diseases European impact in Americas 164 , 165 , 171
Divide and rule 356 , 358–359 , 528
Division of Europe (1944–48) 536–537
Division of labour, between sexes 8 ; in agricultural societies 18–19
Dobbs, Farrell 464
Doléances 290
Dollfuss, Englebert 492–493 , 501
Domestication of animals 10
Dominican Republic landing of US troops in 571
Dos Passos, John 436 , 467 , 471 , 517 , 566
Douglass, Frederick 345 , 349
Dreadnought 398
Dreiser, Theodore 385 , 471
Dresden bombing of 527
Dreyfus affair 389
Druze 133
Dual power 413 , 504
Dublin Lockout ( 1913 ) 402 , 451
Duby, Georges on medieval agriculture 142 ; on roots of crisis of fourteenth century 149
Duma Russia (1917) 413–415 ; Russia before First World War 419
Dumas, Alexandre 305
Dumouriez, Charles 292
Dung as fertiliser 18
Dunkirk British evacuation of 523
Durutti, Buenaventura 437 , 505
Dyer, General Reginald 454
EAM-ELAS (Greek National Liberation Front) 532–533 , 544 ; attacked by British troops (1944) 537 ; repressed 538
Earth measurement of 70 , 131 , 162 ; views on movement before Copernicus 238
East European regimes, fall of (1989) 589 , 592 ; roots of collapse 589–593 ; impact worldwide 593
East Germany uprising (1953) 563 ; demonstrations (1989) 592
East India Company 207 ; conquest of India 356–357 ; looting by officials 357 ; opium trade 359 ; displaced by British government 358
Easter Island statues 21
Easter Rising (1916) 425 , 449 , 450 , 451–452
Eastern Association 210
Eastern Europe instability in early 1919 434–435 ; West allows Stalin free hand in after war 540 ; Russian policy in 544 , 545 ; economic contraction in 1990s 594–595
Eastern Question 362–363
Eastern Roman Empire (see Byzantium )
Eban, Abba on Zionist backing for British Empire 558
Ebert, Friedrich 425 ; with Groener 431 , 440
Ebray, Patricia quoted on attitudes in Sung China 113
Economic advance Sung China 110–111 ; Manchu China 224 ; Ming China 221 ; England sixteenth century 204
Economic crisis early 1900s 400 ; Germany (1929–33) 482 , effect on middle class 483 (see also Great Depression )
Economic decline seventeenth to eighteenth centuries in eastern and southern Europe 236
Economic depression America (1760s) 267
Economic growth in England sixteenth to eighteenth centuries 218 ; 1920s 463 , 465 ; in Eastern Europe before and after Second World War 560 ; Soviet Union (1930s to 1970s) 560 ; rates (1960s and 1980s) 587 ; East Asia in 1990s 595–596
Economic stagnation Mongol China 115 ; after Thirty Years War 202
Eden, Anthony on US attitude to British colonies 525
Edo 365–366
Education in Sung China 111 ; in late nineteenth-century Britain 384 ; in 1940s 380–381
Egerton, Hugh 136
Egmont, Count of 195
Egypt ancient 17 , 27 , 29 , 34 , 40 , 45 ; crisis in 33 , 35 ; tools 33 ; early development 136 ; medieval 119 , 125 , 129 , 133 , 135 ; British occupation 396 ; anti-colonial agitation 449 , 450 , 460 ; 1940s 559 ; Nasser’s 562 ; embraces market 594 ; strikes (1977) 596–597
Ehrenburg, Ilya 527
Eisner, Kurt 431 , 440
El Salvador 566
Elections France (1848) 339 , 341 ; 1871 370 ; Germany (1907) 389
Electricity generation 379
Eliot, T S 467
Elizabeth I of England 204 , 205
Ellison, Ralph 517 , 519
Elton, G R on ‘restraint’ of German peasants 187 ; on slaughter of German peasants 188 ; on Müntzer 189
Empiricism English 243
Enclosures 175 , 208 , 234 , 319
Encomiendo 170
Encounter (magazine) 577
Encyclopédie (Diderot and d’Alembert) 243 , 245–246 ; impact 245–246 , 258
Engels, Frederick background 326–327 ; in Manchester 327 ; in south German revolution of 1849 341 ; and primitive communism 24 ; on women’s oppression 29 ; on German Peasants’ War 187 ; on fighting in Paris (Ju
ne 1848) 340 ; on example of SDP 391 (see also Communist Manifesto, The )
England late medieval cloth industry 156 ; growth in sixteenth century 181 ; population and industry in eighteenth century 236 (see also Revolution, English )
Enlightenment 242–246 ; precursors of 134 ; character of 242 ; influences on 242–243 ; audience for 243 , 245 , 273 ; influence of 327 , 457 ; Scottish 257
Equites 76 , 77
Erasmus 197
Eratosthenes 70
Eroica (symphony) 303
Eshnunna ancient 22
Essenes 90
Estates Bohemian 197 , 198–200 ; pre-revolutionary France 277
Estates General election of 1789 289–290
Ethiopia ancient alphabet 17 , 51 , 123 , 137 , 138 ; Mussolini’s invasion of 521 ; embraces market 594
‘Ethnic cleansing’ in Balkan Wars (1912–13) 403
Etruscans 72
Euclid 69
Eugenics 386
European empires demise of 551–554 , 556–558 , 599
European imperialisms late 1920s 462 ; and German expansionism in 1930s 522 (see Imperialism)
Evening Standard (newspaper) 523
Evolutionary theories 245
Examination system Chinese 107 , 112
Exchange value 180
Factories 257 , 319–321 , 325 ; Egypt in early nineteenth century 363 ; in long boom 549
Factory committees, Russia (1917–18) task facing 424
Factory workers in Italian Resistance 534–535
Falange, Spanish 502
Falangists, Lebanese massacres by (1982) 598
Family and rise of class society 30 ; and industrial revolution 322 , 381 ; middle class model of 382 , 390 ; transformation in long boom 550–551
Family wage 383
Famines in pre-class societies 18 ; Meso-America 18 , 105 , 149 , 150 , 167 , 190 , 222 , 168 , 227 ; Irish 324 ; British India 357 , 358 ; Tokugawa Japan 366 ; China (1959–60) 574 ; Ukraine and Kazakhstan in early 1930s 478 ; Bengal (1942) 537
Faraday, Michael 385
Farewell, My Concubine (film) 575
Farming, capitalist 157 , 182 , 233 , 235
Farrell, James T 471 ; on New Deal popular culture 518 , 566
Fascism, Italian rise of 443–446 ; class background of core supporters 444
Fatimid (Shi’ite) Caliphate 133–134
Favre, Jules 369
February Revolution (1917) 412–413
Fédérés 283
Ferdinand, Archduke 403
Ferdinand, King of post-Napoleonic Spain 312
Ferguson, Adam 245 , 257 , 317
Fermentation discovery of 34
Fertile Crescent 10 , 11 , 32
Fertility cults in Roman Empire 93
Festival of the Federation July 1790 280