by Walter Cisco
6. Burton, Siege, 258-59.
7. Phelps, Bombardment, 151.
8. OR., ser. 1, vol. 44, 741, 797, 799.
Chapter 12
1. John D. Winters, The Civil War in Louisiana (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1963), 235-36.
2. David C. Edmonds, ed., The Conduct of Federal Troops in Louisiana During the Invasions of 1863 and 1864. Official Report Compiled from Sworn Testimony Under the Direction of Governor Henry W. Allen Shreveport, April 1865 (Lafayette, La.: Acadiana Press, 1988), 22-23, 97.
3. David C. Edmonds, Yankee Autumn in Acadiana (Lafayette, La.: Acadiana Press, 1979), 181-83.
4. Edmonds, Conduct, 58-59.
5. Ibid., 28-33, 36-37, 39.
6. Ibid., 5, 63.
7. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 15, 373.
8. Cecil D. Eby, Jr., ed., A Virginia Yankee in the Civil War. The Diaries of David Hunter Strother (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1961), 169; Edmonds, Conduct, 40.
9. Edmonds, ed., Conduct, 51, 57.
10. Ibid., 86, 90-92.
11. Edmonds, Yankee Autumn, 348-49; Edmonds, Conduct, 3940, 42-43.
12. Edmonds, Conduct, 48-49, 51, 198; O.R., ser. 2, vol. 6, 710.
13. Winters, Louisiana, 236.
14. Edmonds, Conduct, 34, 79-81, 89.
15. Ibid., 82-85, 88-89.
16. Ibid., 55-57, 60-61, 63-64, 66.
17. Edmonds, Yankee Autumn, 248-50, 317.
18. Winters, Louisiana, 335.
19. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 34, pt. 3, 307.
20. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 34, pt. 1, 581.
21. Edmonds, Conduct, 174-76.
22. Ibid., 162.
23. Ibid., 151, 159, 178-79, 182-83; Winters, Louisiana, 373-74. 24. Winters, Louisiana, 387.
Chapter 13
1. Articles of War, U.S. Statutes at Large, 2 (1789-1848). Ninety-first Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Web site: http://freepages.military.rootsweb.com/-pa9l/cfawar.html (accessed 12 May 2005).
2. Articles of War for the Government of the Armies of the Confederate States (Charleston: Evans & Cogswell, 1861). Smithsonian National Museum of American History Web site: http://americanhistory.si.edu/miIitaryhistory/collection/object.asp?ID=77 (accessed 12 May 2005).
3. Daniel Walker Hollis, South Carolina College, vol. 1 of The University of South Carolina (Columbia: The University of South Carolina Press, 1951), 180, 192; Richard Shelly Hartigan, Lieber's Code and the Law of War (Chicago: Precedent Publishing, 1983), 5-6, 83.
4. Hartigan, Lieber's Code, 8, 13; The Lieber Code of 1863. The Home of the American Civil War Web site: http://www.civilwarhome.com/liebercode.htm (accessed 17 May 2005).
5. Hartigan, Lieber's Code, 109.
6. John F. Marszalek, Commander of All Lincoln's Armies: A Life of General Henry W. Halleck (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2004), 3, 193.
7. Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field (Lieber Code), 24 April 1863. International Committee of the Red Cross Web site: http://www.icrc.org (accessed 2 March 2005).
8. Hartigan, Lieber's Code, 120-21.
9. Instructions for the Government of Armies.
Chapter 14
1. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 38, pt. 5, 68; Michael D. Hitt, Charged with Treason: Ordeal of 400 Mill Workers During Military Operations in Roswell, Georgia, 1864-1865 (Monroe, N.Y.: Library Research Associates, 1996), 120.
2. Hitt, Charged, 17, 39.
3. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 38, pt. 5, 76-77.
4. Hitt, Charged, 50, 89.
5. Dale L. Walker, Mary Edwards Walker: Above and Beyond (New York: Tom Doherty Associates, 2005), 158; Hitt, Charged, 114, 123.
6. Hitt, Charged, 96, 114, 129.
7. Frances Thomas Howard, In and Out of the Lines: An Accurate Account of Incidents During the Occupation of Georgia by Federal Troops in 1864-65 (Cartersville, Ga.: Etowah Valley Historical Society, 1998), 43-44.
8. Hitt, Charged, 121.
9. Walker, Mary Edwards Walker, 158.
10. Howard, In and Out, 44, 47-48.
Chapter 15
1. OR., ser. 1, vol. 38, pt. 5, 409, 452.
2. Milo M. Quaife, ed., From the Cannon's Mouth: The Civil War Letters of General Alpheus S. Williams (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1959), 335-36.
3. A. A. Hoehling, Last Train from Atlanta (New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1958), 213, 238-39, 263-64.
4. OR., ser. 1, vol. 38, pt. 5, 408-9, 419.
5. James Lee McDonough and James Pickett Jones, War So Terrible: Sherman and Atlanta (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1987), 269, 275.
6. Hoehling, Last Train, 362.
7. McDonough, War So Terrible, 271.
8. Hoehling, Last Train, 354.
9. McDonough, War So Terrible, 271, 275.
10. Hoehling, Last Train, 277, 317.
11. Robert G. Athearn, "An Indiana Doctor Marches with Sherman: The Diary of James Comfort Patten," Indiana Magazine of History 49, no. 4 (December 1953): 410.
12. Memoirs of General William T Sherman, vol. 2 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1957), 120.
Chapter 16
1. Hoehling, Last Train, 455.
2. OR., ser. 1, vol. 27, pt. 2, 140-41.
3. John Y. Simon, ed., The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1967), vol. 5, 238 and vol. 7, 50.
4. Memoirs of General William T. Sherman, 118; Hoehling, Last Train, 456.
5. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 24, pt. 2, 356; Memoirs of General William T. Sherman, 118-20, 122, 124-26, 128.
6. Franklin M. Garrett, Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events, vol. 1 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1982), 642.
7. Hoehling, Last Train, 468-69.
8. John M. Gibson, Those 163 Days (New York: Bramhall House, 1961), 21-23.
9. Athearn, "An Indiana Doctor," 412-13.
10. Gibson, Days, 23.
11. Hoehling, Last Train, 455; Garrett, Atlanta, 643; John T. Trowbridge, The Desolate South 1865-1866. A Picture of the Battlefields and of the Devastated Confederacy, ed. Gordon Carroll (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1956), 238; Gibson, Days, 29.
Chapter 17
1. John Scott, Partisan Life with Col. John S. Mosby (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1867), 227.
2. Cecil D. Eby, Jr., ed., A Virginia Yankee in the Civil War: The Diaries of David Hunter Strother (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1961), 235-36.
3. Scott, Partisan Life, 229.
4. Eby, Virginia Yankee, 237.
5. Ibid., 241.
6. Scott, Partisan Life, 228-29.
7. Eby, Virginia Yankee, 241.
8. Marshall Moore Brice, Conquest of a Valley (Verona, Va.: McClure Press, 1974), 100, 104-5, 107, 124.
9. Staunton Vindicator, 8 July 1864.
10. Ibid.; Brice, Conquest, 115.
11. Gary C. Walker, Hunter's Fiery Raid through Virginia Valleys (Roanoke, Va.: A&W Enterprise, 1989), 204; Brice, Conquest, 116.
12. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 37, pt. 1, 97.
13. Eby, Virginia Yankee, 256.
14. Ibid., 262-63, 269-70.
15. Brice, Conquest, 131.
16. Eby, Virginia Yankee, 263.
17. Brice, Conquest, 131.
18. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 37, pt. 2, 592.
19. Jubal A. Early, A Memoir of the Last Year of the War for Independence in the Confederate States of America (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2001), 72, 74; Charles C. Osborne, Jubal: The Life and Times of General Jubal A. Early, C.S.A., Defender of the Lost Cause (Chapel Hill, N.C.: Algonquin Books, 1992), 268, 302, 304, 306.
20. Staunton Vindicator, 8 July 1864.
Chapter 18
1. Staunton Vindicator, 21 October 1864.
2. OR., ser. 2, vol. 43, pt. 2, 698.
3. Ibid., 202.
4. Jeffry D. Wert, From Winchester to Cedar Creek: The Shenandoah Campaign of 1864 (Carlisle, Pa.: South Mountain Press, 1987), 159.
5. Thomas A. Ashby, The Valley Campaigns (New York: The Neale Publishing Co., 1914), 293; Virgil Carrington Jones, Ranger Mosby (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1944), 209-10.
6. "Hanging of Mosby's Men in 1864," Southern Historical Society Papers 24 (January 1896): 109.
7. J. H. Kidd, Riding with Custer.- Recollections of a Cavalryman in the Civil War (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997), 398-99.
8. George E. Pond, The Shenandoah Valley in 1864 (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1883), 192.
9. Kidd, Custer, 399-400.
10. Aldace F. Walker, The Vermont Brigade in the Shenandoah Valley, 1864 (Burlington, Vt.: The Free Press Association, 1869), 128-29.
11. Richard R. Duncan, ed., Alexander Neil and the Last Shenandoah Valley Campaign: Letters of an Army Surgeon to his Family, 1864 (Shippensburg, Pa.: White Mane Publishing Co., Inc., 1996), 68.
12. Samuel Horst, Mennonites in the Confederacy: A Study in Civil War Pacifism (Scottsdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1967), 17, 102- 3, 105.
13. Wert, Shenandoah Campaign, 145; Thomas F. Wildes, Record of the One Hundred and Sixteenth Regiment Ohio Infantry Volunteers in the War of the Rebellion (Sandusky, Ohio: I.F. Mack & Bro., Printers, 1884), 190; John W. Wayland, Virginia Valley Records: Genealogical and Historical Materials of Rockingham County, Virginia and Related Regions (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 1978), 188-89.
14. Louis N. Boudrye, Historic Records of the Fifth New York Cavalry (Albany, N.Y.: S.R. Gray, 1865), 176.
15. Horst, Mennonites, 101-2.
16. Frank M. Myers, The Comanches: A History of White's Battalion, Virginia Cavalry (Baltimore: Kelly, Piet & Co., Publishers, 1871), 335-36.
17. John Scott, Partisan Life with Col. John S. Mosby (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1867), 376.
18. Ibid., 281-82.
19. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 43, pt. 2, 308.
20. Staunton Vindicator, 21 October 1864.
Chapter 19
1. A. A. Hoehling, Last Train from Atlanta (New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1958), 529.
2. OR., ser. 1, vol. 44, 8, 56.
3. Hoehling, Last Train, 522-24, 529.
4. Richard Harwell and Philip N. Racine, eds., The Fiery Trail: A Union Officer's Account of Sherman's Last Campaigns (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1986), 52.
5. Hoehling, Last Train, 531, 533, 537; E. R. Carter, The Black Side: A Partial History of the Business, Religious and Educational Side of the Negro in Atlanta, Ga. (Atlanta: n.p., 1894), 14-15.
6. W. C. Johnson, "The March to the Sea," in The Atlanta Papers, comp. Sydney C. Kerksis (Dayton, Ohio: Morningside Bookshop, 1980), 809.
7. Hoehling, Last Train, 533-34.
8. Robert G. Athearn, "An Indiana Doctor Marches with Sherman: The Diary of James Comfort Patten," Indiana Magazine of History 49, no. 4 (December 1953): 417.
9. Franklin M. Garrett, Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1982), 655, 658.
10. Hoehling, Last Train, 538.
Chapter 20
1. OR., ser. 1, vol. 30, pt. 3, 697-98.
2. Report of Major General William T. Sherman (Millwood, N.Y.: Kraus Reprint Co., 1977), 236, 256.
3. Charles W. Wills, Army Life of an Illinois Soldier, comp. Mary E. Kellogg (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1996), 313.
4. James A. Padgett, ed., "With Sherman Through Georgia and the Carolinas: Letters of a Federal Soldier," Georgia Historical Quarterly 33, no. 1 (March 1949): 49.
5. Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938, Georgia, vol. 4, pt. 1, 275. Library of Congress Web site: http://memory.loc.gov/ammen/ snhtml/snhome.html. All quotations recorded in dialect have been rendered here in standard English.
6. Memoirs of General William T. Sherman, vol. 2 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1957), 179-80.
7. James I. Robertson, Jr., ed., The Diary of Dolly Lunt Burge (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1962), 93.
8. John M. Gibson, Those 163 Days (New York: Bramhall House, 1961), 39-40.
9. Slave Narratives, Georgia, vol. 4, pt. 3, 274, 276-77.
10. Slave Narratives, Georgia, vol. 4, pt. 2, 282-83.
11. Slave Narratives, Georgia, vol. 4, pt. 2, 278-79.
12. Slave Narratives, Georgia, vol. 4, pt. 1, 161, 167.
13. Slave Narratives, Georgia, vol. 4, pt. 1, 239, 248.
14. Slave Narratives, Georgia, vol. 4, pt. 3, 247, 255-56.
15. John T. Trowbridge, The Desolate South 1865-1866. A Picture of the Battlefields and of the Devastated Confederacy, ed. Gordon Carroll (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1956), 259-60.
16. Louise Carolina Reese Cornwell, "General Howard Came at Tea Time," in Katharine M. Jones, When Sherman Came: Southern Women and the "Great March, " (Indianapolis: BobbsMerrill Company, 1964), 20.
17. Burke Davis, Sherman's March (New York: Random House, 1980), 66.
18. Gibson, Days, 46-47; O.R., ser. 1, vol. 34, pt. 3, 713.
19. Gibson, Days, 56.
20. Columbia Daily South Carolinian, 2 December 1864.
21. Nora M. Canning, "General Slocum's Headquarters Were a Short Distance from the House," in Jones, Sherman, 52-54, 57.
22. Gibson, Days, 84.
23. Cornelia E. Screven, "The Army Encamped at Midway Church," in Jones, Sherman, 73.
24. Davis, March, 99.
25. Eliza Frances Andrews, The War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl 1864-1865, ed. Spencer Bidwell King, Jr. (Macon, Ga.: The Ardivan Press, 1960), 32, 38.
26. Gibson, Days, 83.
27. Wills, Army Life, 326.
28. Gibson, Days, 60.
29. Ibid., 85.
30. Padgett, "With Sherman," 57-58.
31. Gibson, Days, 84.
32. Ibid., 85.
33. Ibid., 74.
34. O.R., ser. 1, vol. 47, pt. 2, 36-37.
35. William T. Sherman to William M. McPherson, ca. 8 September 1864 (Sherman Papers, Huntington Library).
36. Richard Harwell and Philip N. Racine, eds., The Fiery Trail.- A Union Officer's Account of Sherman's Last Campaigns (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1986), 35, 47.
37. Gibson, Days, 113.
38. Memoirs of General William T. Sherman, 182-83.
Chapter 21
1. OR., ser. 1, vol. 44, 743.
2. Ibid., 799.
3. John Herr to his sister, 5 February 1865 (Special Collections Library, Duke University).
4. John K. Mahon, ed., "The Civil War Letters of Samuel Mahon, Seventh Iowa Infantry," Iowa Journal of History 51 (July 1953): 258, 262.
5. Nora M. Canning, "General Slocum's Headquarters Were a Short Distance from the House," in Jones, Sherman, 57.
6. Harwell, Fiery Trail, 102.
7. Edward G. Longacre, ed., "`We Left a Black Track in South Carolina': Letters of Corporal Eli S. Ricker, 1865," South Carolina Historical Magazine 82, no. 3 (July 1981): 215.
8. Burke Davis, Sherman's March (New York: Random House, 1980), 145-46.
9. Nancy Bostick DeSaussure, "Sherman's Army Was Crossing Savannah River," in Jones, Sherman, 112.
10. Gibson, Days, 146.
11. Oscar L. Jackson, The Colonel's Diary (Sharon, Pa.: privately published, 1922), 192.
12. Margaret Crawford Adams, "Army in Winnsboro ... A Horrible Nightmare," in Jones, Sherman, 222.
13. Mrs. E. A. Steele, "Sherman's Fire Fiends," in Jones, Sherman, 133.
14. John T. Trowbridge, The Desolate South 1865-1866. A Picture of the Battlefields and of the Devastated Confederacy, ed. Gordon Carroll (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1956), 303.
15. Mrs. Alfred Proctor Aldrich, "Barbarians in Barnwell," in Jones, Sherman, 120.
16. Mrs. "S.B.," "We Were Surprised by the Civility of their Manner," in Jones, Sherman, 130-31.
17. Sarah Jane Graham Sams, "I Felt as if the Lower Regions Had Been Turned Inside Out," in Jones, Sherman, 128.
18. Davis,
March, 149; Gasper Loren Toole, 11, Ninety Years in Aiken County: Memoirs of Aiken County and Its People (Charleston: Walker Evans & Cogswell, 1958), 357.
19. Harwell, Fiery Trail, 122.
20. James A. Padgett, ed., "With Sherman Through Georgia and the Carolinas: Letters of a Federal Soldier," The Georgia Historical Quarterly 53, no. 1 (March 1949): 72.
21. Janet Correll Ellison, ed., On to Atlanta: The Civil War Diaries of John Hill Ferguson, Illinois Tenth Regiment of Volunteers (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001), 102, 108.
22. Davis, March, 151-52.
23. George Ward Nichols, The Story of the Great March from the Diary of a Staff Officer (New York: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 1865), 207.
24. Mary A. McMichael, "Recollections of Sherman's Raid," in South Carolina Division United Daughters of the Confederacy, Recollections and Reminiscences 1861-1865 through World War I, vol. 4 (n.p.: United Daughters of the Confederacy, 1990-2000), 267.
25. Bessie C. Stribling, "Touching Loyalty-A Reminiscence of Mrs. Mary Bellinger Fishburne," in UDC, Recollections, vol. 4, 227.
26. Gibson, Days, 141.
27. Mrs. Orrie Sease Quattlebaum, "In Sherman's Wake," in UDC, Recollections, vol. 1, 646-47.
28. Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938, South Carolina, vol. 14, pt. 2, 209-11. Library of Congress Web site: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/ snhome.html. All quotations recorded in dialect have been rendered here in standard English.
29. Slave Narratives, South Carolina, vol. 14, pt. 1, 75, 77.
30. Ellison, Atlanta, 105.
31. Memoirs of General William T. Sherman, 275.
32. H. W. Halleck, Elements of International Law and Laws of War (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1866), 198-99.
33. Anonymous Girl, "The Streets Were Filled with Homeless Families," in Jones, Sherman, 224-25.
34. Gibson, Days, 172.
35. Adams, "Nightmare," in Jones, Sherman, 222.
36. Slave Narratives, South Carolina, vol. 14, pt. 1, 51, 53.
37. Slave Narratives, South Carolina, vol. 14, pt. 3, 1, 3.
38. Slave Narratives, South Carolina, vol. 14, pt. 2, 242-43.
39. Miss Lutie Durham, "Incidents of Sherman's Raid in Fairfield County," in UDC, Recollections, vol. 3, 261, 263-64.
40. Mary Elinor Bouknight Poppenheim, "Burning Houses Light Their March," in Jones, Sherman, 244.
41. Anonymous Mother, "General Atkins and Staff," in Jones, Sherman, 236-37.