by Gurbir Singh
[372]. Ibid.
[373]. Massey, Sir Harrie Stewart Wilson and Malcolm Owen Robins. 1986. History of British Space Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. P168.
[374]. The Indian engineer was R. Aravamudan. He concludes that “without Sarabhai, India’s space program might have ended in the same doldrums as Pakistan’s”. Aravamudan, R.; Aravamudan, Gita. ISRO: A Personal History (Kindle Location 248). HarperCollins Publishers India.
[375]. The complete memorandum of understanding is relocated in Annex 13. Massey, Sir Harrie Stewart Wilson and Malcolm Owen Robins. 1986. History of British Space Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. P1488.
[376]. Massey, Sir Harrie Stewart Wilson and Malcolm Owen Robins. 1986. History of British Space Science. Cambridge University Press. P168
[377]. Crilly, Rob. 2012. Why Abdus Salam, Pakistan’s Great Physicist, Has Been Written Out of History by His Own Country. Retrieved from http://timesofahmad.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/why-abdus-salam-pakistans-great.html/
[378]. Interview with Professor U.R. Rao. 16 August 2013.
[379]. 2004, Dyson, Freeman. A special publication to mark the 40th anniversary of the “Abdus Salam international centre for theoretical research. Retrieved form http://users.ictp.it/~pub_off/books/100_reasons.pdf P81
[380]. This article also discusses the role of ISRO’s IRNSS and other satellites for national defence. Zahid, Ahsan Ali. 27 May 2016. Indian Space Odyssey. Modern Diplomacy. Retrieved from http://moderndiplomacy.eu/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1451:indian-space-odyssey&Itemid=723.
[381] Vladimir points out in his chapter "Evolution of India-Russia Partnership Vladimir" that the UK and Canada became space nations in 1962, Italy in 1964, France in 1965, Australia in 1967 and West Germany in 1969. Rajagopalan, Rajeswari Pillai and Narayan Prasad. 2017. Space India 2.0: Commerce, Policy, Security and Governance Perspectives. Observer Research Foundation. P250
[382]. Although India became independent in 1947 when the British left, the city of Pondicherry and several other regions on the South Coast that had been French remained under French control until the treaty of cession was signed by the two countries in May 1956 and subsequently ratified in 1963. The city of Pondicherry and the other enclaves of Karika (Karaikal), Mahé and Yanam (Yanaon) came to be administered as the Indian Union Territory of Puducherry from 1 July 1963.
[383]. Telephone conversation with Jacques Blamont. 19 April 2013. Interestingly, he also said that he was not present for the launch on 21 November 1961 and arrived in India for the first time only in January 1964. Other sources indicate that he was present. For example, Doraisamy, Ashok Maharaj. 2011. Space for Development: US-Indian Space Relations 1955 -1976. Retrieved from https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/45973/Maharaj_Ashok_201112_Phd.pdf. P73
[384]. Apparently, the mobile radar unit used to measure altitude, half a century ago, was still in operational service in VSSC. Author’s conversation with U. R. Rao. 19 April 2013.
[385]. Baskaran, A. 2000. Technology Accumulation in India’s Space Programme Ground Systems: The Contributions of Foreign and Indigenous Input. Discussion Paper Series: Economics. Middlesex University Business School. Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Angathevar_Baskaran/publication/223389783_Technology_accumulation_in_the_ground_systems_of_India%27s_space_program_the_contribution_of_foreign_and_indigenous_inputs/links/00463524d27640a4eb000000.pdf
[386]. These statistics come from the 14th January entry in NASA’s Astronautics and Aeronautics. 1963. Chronology on Science, Technology and Policy. Washington, DC: NASA
[387]. Wallace, Harold D., Jr. 1997. Wallops Station and the Creation of an American Space Program. NASA History Series. P105. Retrieved from http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19970037643.pdf. Starting 1961, Wallops hosted training courses for engineers and researchers for many years in many countries including Japan, Sweden and Pakistan.
[388]. ISRO. 2016. From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India’s Space Journey. Noida, Uttar Pradesh: Harper Collins India. P74.
[389]. Kalam, A. P. J. Abdul and Arun Tiwari. 1999. Wings of Fire: An Autobiography. Hyderabad: Universities Press. P25.
[390]. Numerous Nike Ajax surface to air missiles were recommissioned as the first of two stage sounding rockets. Details here come from Crough, R. A. and H. L. Galloway. 1966. Nike Apache Performance Handbook. NASA. Retrieved from https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19670015760.
[391]. Crough, R. A. and H. L. Galloway. 1966. Nike Apache Performance Handbook. NASA. Retrieved from http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19670015760. One of the authors, Howard Galloway, later became NASA’s representative in India for the duration of the SITE programme.
[392]. Astronautics and Aeronautics. 1963. Chronology on Science, Technology and Policy. Washington, DC: NASA. P336.
[393]. ISRO. 2015. From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India’s Space Journey. Noida, Uttar Pradesh: Harper Collins India. P36.
[394]. Bhavsar, P. 2013. The First Rocket Launch from TERLs. Personal communication between Professor Bhavsar and the author.
[395]. Kalam, A. P. J. Abdul and Arun Tiwari. 1999. Wings of Fire: An Autobiography. Hyderabad: Universities Press. P26.
[396]. Raj, Gopal. 2003. Reach for the Stars: The Evolution of India’s Rocket Programme. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. P17.
[397]. Jenkins, Reed B. 1963. Nike Apache Performance Handbook. Washington, DC: NASA.
[398]. A recollection by K. Narayana Kurup on the 40th anniversary of the event on 21 November 2003. India’s Space Odyssey—Church to Chandrayaan. 22 October 2008. Retrieved from http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/India's+space+odyssey+-+church+to+Chandrayaan/1/18262.html
[399]. Sarabhai, Vikram. 1963. Significance of Sounding Rocket Range in Kerala. Reproduction of Nuclear India. Mumbai: Department of Atomic Energy (DAE).
[400]. Raj, Gopal. 2003. Reach for the Stars: The Evolution of India’s Rocket Programme. New Delhi: Penguin Books. P17.
[401]. ISRO. 2016. From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India’s Space Journey. Noida, Uttar Pradesh: Harper Collins India. P75.
[402]. The term non-alignment was coined by Indian diplomat V. K. Menon at the United Nations in 1953.
[403]. Personal communication between Jacques Blamont and the author. 19 April 2013.
[404]. ISRO. 2016. From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India’s Space Journey. Noida, Uttar Pradesh: Harper Collins India. P50.
[405]. Sarabhai, Mrinalini. 2004. The Voice of the Heart: An Autobiography. New Delhi: Harper Collins. P202.
[406]. Clarke, Arthur C. 1993. How the World Was One: Turbulent History of Global Communications. New edition. London: Gollancz. P216.
[407]. Clarke is credited with the idea of geostationary orbits for use by communication satellites. He acknowledged the pioneering work by Konstantin Tsiolkovskii and Hermann Oberth, but credited Hermann Noordung with the original idea. Noordung, Hermann and Ernst Stuhlinger. 2011. The Problem of Space Travel: The Rocket Motor. NASA History Series. Pxxi. Retrieved from https://wordery.com/the-problem-of-space-travel-hermann-noordung-9781780392745
[408]. A personal recollection by E. V. Chitnis in ISRO. 2016. From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India’s Space Journey. Noida, Uttar Pradesh: HarperCollins India. P53.
[409]. Clarke, Arthur C. 1993. How the World Was One: Turbulent History of Global Communications. New edition. London: Gollancz. P218.
[410]. Ibid.
[411]. Wales, O. Robert and NASA Scientific and Technical Information Branch. 1981. ATS-6 Final Engineering Performance Report. Washington, DC: NASA.
[412]. ISRO. 2016. From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India’s Space Journey. Noida, Uttar Pradesh: HarperCollins India. P53.
[413]. Harvey, Brian, Henk H. F. Smid, and Theo Pirard. 2011. Emerging Space Powers: The New Space Programs of Asia, the Middle East and South-America. Springer Science & Business Media. P149.
[414]. Wales, O. Robert and NASA Scientific and Technical Information Branch. 198
1. ATS-6 Final Engineering Performance Report. Washington, DC: NASA. P41.
[415]. Dick, Steven J. 2009. NASA’s First 50 Years: Historical Perspectives. Washington, DC: NASA. P134.
[416]. Arnold Frutkin, the Deputy Director at NASA for International Affairs, had determined that India would be best placed to participate in what became the SITE programme. The US State Department prevented Frutkin from making the offer, lest the US was once more snubbed by India as it had been when requesting that Voice of America transmitters be set up in India. Frutkin had already been in contact with Sarabhai and knew about India’s positive desire to engage. Frutkin’s solution was to get India to make the initial request. This he did but not without a slight misunderstanding on Sarabhai’s part as recalled by Frutkin in this lovely exchange “So I said, ‘Write me a letter proposing Indian participation in the SITE programme which is being prepared.’ He said, ‘Sure.’ So, he wrote me a letter and said, ‘In accordance with your suggestion, we would like.’ I called him up and said, ‘No, Vikram. Write another letter that doesn’t refer to my phone call.’ So, he wrote another letter.” ISRO. 2016. From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India’s Space Journey. Noida, Uttar Pradesh: Harper Collins India. P354.
[417]. NASA. 1970. Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1970. Washington, DC: NASA. P245. Retrieved from http://history.nasa.gov/AAchronologies/1970.pdf
[418]. Shah, Amrita. 2007. Vikram Sarabhai: A Life. Illustrated edition. New Delhi: Viking (India). P178.
[419]. Raman, Srinivasan. No Free Launch: Designing the Indian National Satellite. P6. In Beyond the Ionosphere: The Development of Satellite Communications. NASA History Series. Retrieved from http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4217/ch16.htm
[420]. Wales, O. Robert and NASA Scientific and Technical Information Branch. 1981. ATS-6 Final Engineering Performance Report. Washington, DC: NASA. P46. A slightly more detailed reference is included in Astronautics and Aeronautics. 1975. Chronology on Science, Technology and Policy.
[421]. NASA. 1975. Apollo Soyuz Test Project Press Kit. Retrieved from http://history.nasa.gov/astp/documents/astp%20press%20kit%20(us).pdf.
[422]. Wales, O. Robert and NASA Scientific and Technical Information Branch. 1981. ATS-6 Final Engineering Performance Report. Washington, DC: NASA. P18. Retrieved from http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19820008274.pdf
[423]. Galloway, a rocket engineer, worked extensively on the Nike-Apache rocket and was probably involved with India in 1963 when the first Nike-Apache rockets were delivered from NASA to India. He died suddenly in India after he had been working in different Indian locations for 15 months monitoring the SITE programme. In the introduction to one of Galloway’s published reports, Dr. J. F. Clark, Director of the Goddard Space Flight Centre, pays a touching tribute to Galloway’s contribution. Galloway, H. L. 1976. Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) Reports from NASA Representative. Retrieved from http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19760024290_1976024290.pdf P ii
[424]. Planning Commission (PEO). 1981. Evaluation Report on Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE). Retrieved from http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/peoreport/cmpdmpeo/volume2/erosi.pdf.
[425]. Galloway, H. L. 1976. SITE Reports from the NASA Resident Representative in India. Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/publication/234310489_Satellite_Instructional_Television_Experiment_%28SITE%29_Reports_from_the_NASA_resident_representative_in_India
[426]. Rao, U.R. 2001. Space Technology for Sustainable Development. New Delhi: McGraw-Hill Education. P235.
[427]. Galloway, H. L. 1976. SITE Reports from the NASA Resident Representative in India. P68. Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/publication/234310489_Satellite_Instructional_Television_Experiment_%28SITE%29_Reports_from_the_NASA_resident_representative_in_India.
[428]. This paper discusses the impact of space communication experiments on social development in India. SITE is just one of the many experiments the author examines. Chitnis, E. V. 1983. The Role of Space Communication in Promoting National Development with Specific Reference to Experiments Conducted in India. Advances in Space Research 3 (7): 125–32. doi:10.1016/0273-1177(83)90156-4.
[429]. The Prime Minister of Sri Lanka insisted on ISRO providing him with a satellite system as a prerequisite for allowing one to be presented to Arthur C. Clarke. Interview with Professor U.R. Rao. August 2013.
[430]. Galloway, H. L. 1976. SITE Reports from the NASA Resident Representative in India. P3. Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/publication/234310489_Satellite_Instructional_Television_Experiment_%28SITE%29_Reports_from_the_NASA_resident_representative_in_India.
Chapter 8
[431]. ISRO's infrastructure is continuously evolving to meet the needs of the dynamic environment in which it operates. This chapter does not attempt to comprehensively cover all the activities undertaken by all ISRO centres across India. Instead, key activities of only a sample of the primary ISRO centres are covered. Other countries with an operational space programme include the US, Russia, Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea, Israel, Europe and Iran. Countries that are actively investing to develop a space industry include Brazil, Indonesia, Argentina and South Africa. Many other countries (around 70) are developing or already have some level of investment in space assets.
[432]. The interim Chairman M. G. K. Menon recalls during an interview on 27 February that the new ISRO structure (segregation from the AEC and Satish Dhawan being in-charge) was concluded during a meeting with the Indian Prime Minister a few days after Sarabhai had died. ISRO. 2016. From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India’s Space Journey. Noida, Uttar Pradesh: HarperCollins India. P45.
[433]. It was originally called the Indian Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) when founded in 1962 by Homi Bhabha. He immediately asked Vikram Sarabhai to lead INCOSPAR as Chairman. In 1966, Bhabha died suddenly. Sarabhai replaced him as the Chairman of AEC and also continued with his existing role as the Chairman of INCOSPAR.
[434]. Rao, U. R. 2013. India’s Rise as a Space Power. Delhi: Cambridge University Press India Pvt Ltd. P195.
[435]. Ibid. P86.
[436]. Ibid. P107.
[437]. Professor Roddam Narasimha, the longest serving member of the Space Commission (until 2012). In conversation with the author. 1 February 2015.
[438]. One of the early announcements from ISRO on its desire to outsource was made in 2009. Abrar, Peerzada. 3 November 2009. ISRO to Outsource Rocket-work to Private Companies. The Economic Times. Retrieved from http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-11-03/news/27655023_1_unmanned-lunar-mission-pslv-earth-observation-satellites
[439]. A series of ISRO chairmen have made announcements to the effect that greater private sector involvement is essential for ISRO to grow. Now, ISRO is considering outsourcing the production of PSLV in its entirety. In practice, ISRO’s engagement with the private sector remains lethargic. Saini, J. 30 June 2016. ISRO Throws Satellite Making Open to Private Sector. The Talking Indian. Retrieved from http://thetalkingindian.com/2016/06/isro-throws-satellite-making-open-to-private-sector/
[440]. Harvey, Brian, Henk H. F. Smid and Theo Pirard. 2010. Emerging Space Powers: The New Space Programs of Asia, the Middle East and South America. New York: Springer.
[441]. There are actually two tunnels a 1 m wind tunnel up to Mach 6 and a Shock tunnel up to Mach 8. http://www.vssc.gov.in/VSSC_V4/index.php/retired-employee-portal/58-infrastructure/1179-hypersonic-wind-tunnel-facility-2
[442]. Prior to his visit to Vienna, Sarabhai considered meteorology, communication and navigation as the primary satellite-based applications from which India could benefit the most. Joseph, George. 2016. India’s Journey Towards Excellence in Building Earth Observation Cameras. First edition. Chennai: Notion Press. P4.
[443]. Rocchio, Laura. 19 April 2006. Landsat Island. NASA Landsat Science. Retrieved from http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/?p=258
[444]. Joseph, George. 2016. India’s Journey Towards Excellence in Bui
lding Earth Observation Cameras. First edition. Chennai: Notion Press. P21.
[445]. One such experiment, Balloon Resources Inventory Development Experiment, nicknamed ‘BRIDE’, imaged the Earth from 27 km using a payload of 70 kg for 3 hours on 2 February 1975. Joseph, George. 2016. India’s Journey Towards Excellence in Building Earth Observation Cameras. First edition. Chennai: Notion Press. P23.
[446]. SAMIR provided information on the sea state and atmospheric water vapour content for use in meteorological studies. The charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, Side-Looking Radar and Colour Infrared (CIR) were developed by ISRO at SAC. When launched in 1995, IRS-1C provided the highest spatial resolution among civilian satellites. Joseph, George. 2016. India’s Journey Towards Excellence in Building Earth Observation Cameras. First edition. Chennai: Notion Press. P110.
[447].Some of these projects are already under way others have yet to start. Summary of all the 170 projects is available here. http://www.livemint.com/Politics/lP1TRsmiAhFaec0ouZdi2M/Govt-partners-Isro-on-170-projects-to-use-space-technology-f.html