23. Ibid.
24. Julia Kristeva, “Women, Psychoanalysis, Politics,” in The Kristeva Reader, ed. Toril Moi, trans. Seán Hand and Leon S. Rudiez (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), 297–98.
25. Mark Stevens and Annalyn Swan, De Kooning: An American Master (New York: Knopf, 2004), 515.
Anselm Kiefer: The Truth Is Always Gray
1. Anselm Kiefer, quoted in Mark Rosenthal, Anselm Kiefer (Chicago and Philadephia: Prestal Verlag, 1987), 17.
2. Pauli Pylkkö, The Aconceptual Mind: Heideggerian Themes in Holistic Naturalism (Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1998), xviii.
3. Anselm Kiefer, quoted in Michael Auping, “Heaven Is an Idea: An Interview with Anselm Kiefer,” in Heaven and Earth (Fort Worth: Prestal Verlag, 2004), 39.
4. Rosenthal, 26.
5. Sabine Eckmann, “I Like America and America Likes Me: Responses from America to Contemporary German Art in the 1980s,” in Jasper Johns to Jeff Koons: Four Decades of Art from the Broad Collections (Los Angeles: Harry N. Abrams, 2002), 175.
6. Heinrich Heine, Almansor: Eine Tragödie (North Charleston: Create Space Independent Publishing Platform, 2013), 12.
7. Lisa Saltzman, Anselm Kiefer and Art After Auschwitz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 17–47.
8. Gerhard Richter, quoted in Robert Storr, “Interview,” in Gerhard Richter: Forty Years of Painting (New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2002), 303.
9. Paul Celan, quoted in Pierre Joris, “Celan/Heidegger: Translation at the Mountain of Death,” wings.buffalo.edu/epc/authors/joris/todtnauberg.html.
10. James K. Lyon, Paul Celan and Martin Heidegger: An Unresolved Conversation, 1951–1970 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 97.
11. John Felstiner, Paul Celan: Poet, Survivor and Jew (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), 56.
12. Paul Celan, Selected Poems and Prose, trans. John Felstiner (New York: Norton, 2001), 30.
13. Ibid., 31.
The Writing Self and the Psychiatric Patient
1. Studies on Hysteria (1893–1895) vol. 1 in The Standard Edition of the Complete Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1966), 160.
2. Henrik Walter, “The Third Wave of Biological Psychiatry,” Frontiers in Psychology 4 (2013): 582.
3. Ibid., 588.
4. Ibid., 590.
5. Wilhelm Griesinger, Mental Pathology and Therapeutics, 2d ed., trans. C. Lockhardt Robertson and James Rutherford (London: New Sydenham Society, 1867), 4.
6. See Katherine Arens, “Wilhelm Griesinger: Psychiatry Between Philosophy and Praxis,” Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychology 3 (1996): 147–63.
7. Griesinger, 130.
8. Walter, 592.
9. Karen A. Baikie and Kay Wilhelm, “Emotional and Physical Health Benefits of Expressive Writing,” Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 11 (2005): 338.
10. Ibid., 342.
11. Stanislas Dehaene et al., “Illiterate to Literate: Behavioral and Cerebral Changes Induced by Reading Acquisition,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 16 (2015): 234–44.
12. See Mariana Angoa-Pérez et al., “Mice Genetically Depleted of Brain Serotonin Do Not Display a Depression-Like Behavioral Phenotype,” ACS Chemical Neuroscience 5, no. 10 (2014): 908–19; David Healy, “Serotonin and Depression: The Marketing of a Myth,” British Medical Journal (2015): 350:h1771.
13. Quoted in Nathan P. Greenslit and Ted J. Kaptchuk, “Antidepressants and Advertising: Psychoparmaceuticals in Crisis,” The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 85 (2012): 156. For a theory of placebo as relational, see Richard Kradin, “The Placebo Response: An Attachment Strategy that Counteracts the Effects of Stress-Related Dysfunction,” Perspectives in Biological Medicine 54, no. 4 (2011): 438.
14. Irving Kirsch and Guy Saperstein, “Listening to Prozac but Hearing Placebo: A Meta-Analysis of Antidepressant Medication,” Prevention and Treatment 1 (1998): Article 0002a, http://journals.apa.org/pt/prevention/volume1/pre00110002a.html.
15. M. M. Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, ed. Michael Holquist, trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981), 280.
16. Robert J. Campbell, Campbell’s Psychiatric Dictionary, 8th ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 697.
17. Kraepelin’s patient, quoted in Peter McKenna and Tomasina Oh, Schizophrenic Speech: Making Sense of Bathroots and Ponds That Fall in Doorways (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 2.
18. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, trans. Colin Smith (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1962), 193.
19. Linda Hart, Phone at Nine Just to Say You’re Alive (London: Pan Books, 1997), 352–53.
20. Siri Hustvedt, “Three Emotional Stories,” in Living, Thinking, Looking (New York: Picador, 2012), 175–95.
21. Joe Brainard, I Remember, ed. Ron Padgett (New York: Granary Books, 2001).
22. Siri Hustvedt, The Shaking Woman or A History of My Nerves (New York: Henry Holt, 2009), 62.
23. Jared Dillian, Street Freak: Money and Madness at Lehman Brothers (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 275–76.
24. Ibid., 274.
25. Ibid., 279.
26. Ernst Kris (in collaboration with Abraham Kaplan), “Aesthetic Ambiguity,” in Psychoanalytic Explorations in Art (New York: International Universities Press, 1952), 254.
II
THE DELUSIONS OF CERTAINTY
1. Anca M. Pasca and Anna A. Penn, “The Placenta: The Lost Neuroendocrine Organ,” NeoReviews 11, iss. 2 (2010): e64–e77, doi: 10.1542/neo.11-2-e64.
2. Samuel Yen, “The Placenta as the Third Brain,” Journal of Reproductive Medicine 39, no. 4 (1994): 277–80.
3. Neil K. Kochenour, “Physiology of Normal Labor and Delivery,” lecture, Library.med.utah.edu/kw/human_reprod/lectures/physiology/labor.
4. René Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy, trans. and ed. John Cottingham, in Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 12.
5. Ibid., 44.
6. René Descartes, quoted in Daniel Garber, Descartes’ Metaphysical Physics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 122.
7. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. C. B. Macpherson (London: Penguin, 1981), 111.
8. Ibid., 115.
9. Ibid.
10. Margaret Cavendish, Observations upon Experimental Philosophy, ed. Eileen O’Neill (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 158.
11. Panpsychists include the seventeenth-century philosophers Baruch Spinoza (1632–77) and Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716), the eighteenth-century English philosopher George Berkeley (1685–1753), the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860), the nineteenth-century physicist and philosopher Gustav Fechner (1801–87), the physician, philosopher, and physiologist Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920), the American Pragmatist philosophers Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) and William James (1842–1910), Alfred North Whitehead (1861–1947), the physicist David Bohm (1917–92), the French philosopher Gilles Deleuze (1925–95), and the contemporary analytical philosopher Galen Strawson (1952–). For an overview of the question, see David Skrbina, Panpsychism in the West (Cambridge, MA: MIT University Press, 2007).
12. Cavendish, Observations upon Experimental Philosophy, 135.
13. Margaret Cavendish, quoted in Anna Battigelli, Margaret Cavendish and the Exiles of the Mind (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky), 101.
14. Denis Diderot, Rameau’s Nephew/D’Alembert’s Dream, trans. Leonard Tancock (London: Penguin, 1976), 181.
15. Denis Didierot, quoted in Michael Moriarty, “Figures of the Unthinkable: Diderot’s Materialist Metaphors,” in The Figural and the Literal: Problems of Language in the History of Science and Philosophy, 1630–1800, ed. Andrew E. Benjamin, Geoffrey N. Cantor, and John R. R. Christie (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987), 167.
16. Princess Elisabeth to Descartes, June
10, 1643, The Hague, in The Correspondence between René Descartes and Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia, trans. Lisa Shapiro (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 68.
17. Ibid.
18. Giambattista Vico, The New Science: Unabridged Translation of the Third Edition (1744) with the Addition of “Practic of the New Science,” trans. Thomas Goddard Bergin and Max Harold Fisch (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1968), 331.
19. Ibid., 338.
20. Ibid., 311.
21. René Descartes, quoted in Geneviève Rodin-Lewis, Descartes: His Life and Thought, trans. Jane Marie Todd (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995), 6.
22. Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958), 10.
23. “Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression,” WebMD, www.webmd.com/depression/guide/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-for-depression.
24. John Searle, Minds, Brains, and Science: 1984 Reith Lectures (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984), 17.
25. Alfred North Whitehead, Science and the Modern World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), 55.
26. Ibid., 17.
27. Ibid.
28. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, quoted in Eva-Maria Simms, “Goethe, Husserl, and the Crisis of the European Sciences,” Janus Head 8 (2005): 166.
29. Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 4.
30. Ibid., 5.
31. Katherine Brooks, “It Turns Out Your Brain Might Be Wired to Enjoy Art, So You Have No Excuses,” The Huffington Post, last modified June 20, 2014 www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/20/brain-and-art_n_5513144.html; Megan Erickson, “Is the Human Brain Hardwired for God?” Big Think, bigthink.com/think-tank/is-the-human-brain-hardwired-for-religion; “Male and Female Brains Wired Differently, Scans Reveal,” The Guardian, December 2, 2013.
32. Evelyn Fox Keller, The Mirage of a Space Between Nature and Nurture (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2010), 23.
33. Ibid.
34. See Petter Portim, “Historical Development of the Concept of the Gene,” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 27, no. 3 (2002): 257–86.
35. “Without the highly structured cellular environment which is itself not constructed by DNA, DNA is inert, relatively unstructured, non-functional and so not ontogenetically meaningful.” Jason Scott Robert, Embryology, Epigenesis and Evolution: Taking Development Seriously (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 52.
36. “We have learned, for instance, that the causal interactions between DNA, proteins, and trait development are so entangled, so dynamic, and so dependent on context that the very question of what genes do no longer makes much sense.” Evelyn Fox Keller, The Mirage of a Space Between Nature and Nurture, 50.
37. Mary Jane West-Eberhard, Developmental Plasticity and Evolution (New York: Oxford University Press), 158.
38. Ibid., vii.
39. C. H. Waddington, “The Basic Ideas of Biology,” in Towards a Theoretical Biology, vol. 1, ed. C. H. Waddington (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1968), 1–32.
40. “By extending Waddington’s epigenetic landscape metaphor . . . we can appreciate that an epigenetic landscape underlies each level of organismal organization.” Heather A. Jamniczky et al., “Rediscovering Waddington in a Post-Genomic Age: Operationalizing Waddington’s Epigenetics Reveals New Ways to Investigate the Generation and Modulation of Phenotypic Variation,” Bioessays 32, iss. 7 (2010): 553–58.
41. Michael Meaney, “Environmental Programming of Stress Responses Through DNA Methylation: Life at the Interface Between a Dynamic Environment and a Fixed Genome,” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 7 (2005): 103–23.
42. François Jacob, The Logic of Life, trans. Betty E. Spillman (New York: Pantheon, 1976), 9.
43. Evelyn Fox Keller, A Feeling for the Organism: The Life and Work of Barbara McClintock (New York: Macmillan, 1984), 6.
44. Siri Hustvedt, “Borderlands,” in American Lives (Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag, 2013), 111–35.
45. John Dowling, The Great Brain Debate: Nature or Nurture (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), 85.
46. Rick Hanson, Hardwiring Happiness: The Practical Science of Reshaping Your Brain (New York: Harmony, 2013). Although the book’s text is identical, Hanson’s subtitle changed at some point between its publication and June 2015; Hardwiring Happiness acquired the far less bold subtitle The New Brain Science of Contentment, Calm, and Confidence. Whether this was due to criticism of the notion of “reshaping” one’s own brain, I have no idea, but it is a plausible explanation.
47. Laurence Tancredi, Hardwired Behavior: What Neuroscience Reveals About Morality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 29.
48. Ibid.
49. David Derbyshire, “Scientists Discover Moral Compass in the Brain Which Can Be Controlled by Magnets,” The Daily Mail, last modified March 30, 2010, www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1262074/Scientists-discover-moral-compass-brain-controlled-magnets.html. The article describes a study at MIT. After transcranial magnetic stimulation (a noninvasive stimulus) was applied to the subjects in the study, their moral judgments were altered. See Liane Young et al., “Disruption of the Right Temporoparietal Junction with Transcranial Stimulation Reduces the Role of Beliefs in Moral Judgments,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no.15 (2010): 6753–58.
50. For the role of the temporo-parietal junction in perception and attention, see L. C. Robertson, M. R. Lamb, and R. T. Knight, “Effects of Lesions of Temporo-Parietal Junction on Perceptual and Attentional Processing in Humans,” The Journal of Neuroscience 8 (1988): 3757–69; Johannes Rennig et al., “The Temporo-Parietal Junction Contributes to Global Gestalt Perception—Evidence from Studies in Chess Experts,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7 (2013): 513. For RTPJ and memory, see J. J. Todd, D. Fougnie, and R. Marois, “Visual Short-Term Memory Load Suppresses Temporo-Parietal Junction Activity and Induces Inattentional Blindness,” Psychological Science 12 (2005): 965–72. For its role in self-other relations, see Jean Decety and Claus Lamm, “The Role of the Right Temporoparietal Junction in Social Interaction: How Low-level Computational Processes Contribute to Metacognition,” The Neuroscientist 13, no. 6 (2007): 580–93. See also Sophie Sowden and Caroline Catmur, “The Role of the Temporoparietal Junction in the Control of Imitation,” Cerebral Cortex (2013), doi: 10.1093/cercor/bht306. For theory of mind, see R. Saxe and A. Wechsler, “Making Sense of Another Mind: The Role of the Right Temporo-Parietal Junction,” Neuropsychologia 43, no. 10 (2005): 1391–99. In a later paper, however, an author questions whether “theory of mind” can be localized: J. P. Mitchell, “Activity in Right Temporo-Parietal Junction Is Not Selective for Theory of Mind,” Cerebral Cortex 18, no. 2 (2008): 262–71. In hysteria or conversion disorder, there is evidence that the RTPJ is less active or hypoactive; see V. Voon et al., “The Involuntary Nature of Conversion Disorder,” Neurology 74, no. 3 (2010): 223–28. Finally, the temporo-parietal junction has been implicated in out-of-body experiences. It is hypothesized that this experience may be the result of a person’s failure to integrate multiple-sensory information about his or her body state in the TPJ. See O. Blanke and S. Arzy, “The Out of Body Experience: Disturbed Self-Processing at the Temporo-Parietal Junction,” Neuroscientist 11 (2005): 16–24.
51. The role of memory in Broca’s area remains controversial. Some scientists believe it plays a role in working memory and others don’t. See C. J. Fiebach et al., “Revisiting the Role of Broca’s Area in Sentence Processing: Syntactic Processing Versus Syntactic Working Memory,” Human Brain Mapping 24 (2005): 79–91. For its role in music, see L. Fadiga, L. Craighero, and A. D’Ausilio, “Broca’s Area in Language, Action, and Music,” The Neurosciences and Music III—Disorders and Plasticity 1169 (2009): 448–58. See also Ferdinand Binkovski and Giovanni Buccino, “Motor Functions of Broca’s Region,” Brain and Language 89 (2004): 362–69, as well as Emeline Clerget, Aline W
inderickx, Luciano Fadiga, and Etienne Olivier, “Role of Broca’s Area in Encoding Sequential Human Actions: A Virtual Lesson Study,” Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychology 20 (2009): 1496–99.
52. John Hughlings Jackson, “On Aphasia and Affections of Speech,” in Brain: A Journal of Neurology 38, ed. Henry Head (New York: Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1915), 81.
53. Karl Friston, “Functional and Effective Connectivity: A Review,” Brain Connectivity 1, no. 1 (2011): 13.
54. Aleksandr Romanovich Luria, Higher Cortical Functions in Man, 2nd ed., trans. Basil Haigh (New York: Basic Books, 1966), 20.
55. Ibid.
56. For a recent paper on the subject, see Eve G. Spratt et al., “The Effects of Early Neglect on Cognitive, Language, and Behavioral Functioning in Childhood,” Psychology 3, no. 2 (2012): 175–82.
57. Jonah Lehrer, Proust Was a Neuroscientist (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2007), 140.
58. Ibid., 141.
59. M. Nitsche et al., “Dopaminergic Impact on Neuroplasticity in Humans: The Importance of Balance,” Klinische Neurophysologie 40, doi:1055/s-0029-1216062.
60. See Oliver D. Howes and Shitij Kapur, “The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: Version III—The Final Common Pathway,” Schizophrenia Bulletin 35, no. 3 (2009): 549–62. The authors point out that there is strong evidence that no single gene is involved in schizophrenia, and it has been linked to environmental factors including social isolation: “While further work is clearly needed to investigate the nature and extent of all these possible interactions, the evidence indicates that many disparate, direct and indirect environmental and genetic, factors may lead to dopamine dysfunction and that some occur independently while others interact.” They also write, “Because so much is unknown, it is a given that the hypothesis will be revised as more data become available.” For glutamate research, see Bita Moghaddam and Daniel Javitt, “From Revolution to Evolution: The Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia and Its Implication for Treatment,” Neuropsychoparamacology 37, no. 1 (2012): 4–15. For serotonin research, see Herbert Y. Meltzer et al., “Serotonin Receptors: Their Key Role in Drugs to Treat Schizophrenia,” Progress in Neuro-Pharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 27, no. 7 (2003): 1159–72. And for a follow-up to suspicions about birth trauma, see P. B. Jones et al., “Schizophrenia as a Long-Term Outcome of Pregnancy, Delivery, and Perinatal Complications: A 28-Year Follow Up of the 1966 North Finland General Population Birth Cohort,” American Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 3 (1998): 355–64. For the involvement of the insula, see Korey P. Wylie and Jason R. Tregallas, “The Role of the Insula in Schizoprenia,” Schizophrenia Research 123, nos. 2–3 (2010): 93–104. For gray matter loss, see A. Vita et al., “Progressive Loss of Cortical Gray Matter in Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression of Longitudinal MRI Studies,” Translational Psychiatry 2 (2012), doi: 10.1038/tp.2012.116.
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