The Hybrid Media System
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intermedia agenda setting, 63
internet. See also blogs; social media
advertising and, 53
allopoietic nature of, 47–48
archival aspects of, 48
breaking news and, 51–52, 188–89, 202
Conservative Party and, 90, 187, 226–30
hybridity and, 16, 45–48
hypermediacy and, 30
interactivity of, 46–47, 51, 63, 66, 92, 202–3
investigative journalism and, 54
Labour Party and, 187–88, 197, 226, 230
metadata and, 48
mobile access and, 50–51, 57–59, 65, 176
news aggregation sites and, 62, 188
versus newspapers, 51–54
Obama for America’s strategies for, 130–45, 147–48, 155–56, 160–69, 174–76, 287
paywalls and, 53
penetration rates of, 50
political candidates’ websites and, 62, 176
political fundraising innovations of, 143–45
print culture and, 45–46
real-time nature of, 47–48, 189
versus television, 51–52, 58–60
transmediality and, 66–68
trends in Great Britain, 49–57
trends in the United States, 57–65
U.S. presidential elections and, 60–63
video and, 59–60, 62–63, 66, 166–69
Westminster lobby journalism and, 186–91
Internet Relay Chat (IRC) channels, 124
iPhone. See mobile devices
iPlayer (BBC), 49, 52, 57, 200, 202
Ipsos MORI, 93
Iraq Body Count, 105, 112
Iraq war, 104–5, 112, 119, 199, 208
Isaby, Jonathan, 226
Israel, 105
Issenberg, Sasha, 269
ITN (Independent Television News), 81–82
ITV
audience of, 51
Bullygate and, 80–82
Kuenssberg and, 190
Marsh and, 202
prime ministerial debate and, 87–90, 92–95, 99
Straw and, 196
Ivory Coast, 116, 221
Iyengar, Shanto, 57
Jackson, Lucas, 243, 249
Janack, James, 159
“Jay” (former OFCOM official), 211
Jefferson, Thomas, 11
Jenkins, Charles, 30, 44
Jenkins, Henry, 66–67
“Jim” (former senior journalist at the BBC), 214–16
“Joe the Plumber” (Joe Wurzelbacher), 138, 140, 142–43
Johansson, Scarlett, 169, 244
“John” (senior official in the Foreign Office), 232
Johnson, Alan, 79
Johnson, Boris, 192–93
Johnson, Lyndon B., 155
Jones, David, 80
Jónsdóttir, Birgitta, 113, 123
Judd, Ashley, 244
Kaplan, Jordan, 280
Karpf, David, 238
“Kate” (former official from Prime Minister’s Office), 232–34
Kay, John, 86
Kearney, Martha, 86
Keller, Bill, 116, 118–19, 121–22, 125, 129
Kellner, Peter, 196
Kelly, Gavin, 78
Kelly, Megyn, 257
Kennedy, John F., 88, 163–64
Kenya, 114
Keohane, Robert, 20
Kerry, John, 133, 141, 155, 175
Kessler, Glenn, 247–48
Killough, Ashley, 247
Kinder, Donald, 57
King, Larry, 178
King, Oliver, 77
Knight Foundation, 108
Koh, Harold, 120
Kraidy, Marwan, 18
Kreiss, Daniel, 151–52
Kuenssberg, Laura
BBC and, 189–90
Bullygate and, 84, 86
internet and, 51, 189–90
prime ministerial debate and, 92
Twitter and, 86, 186, 189–90
Kurtz, Howard, 178
Labourlist (blog), 95
Labour Party. See also Brown, Gordon
blogs and, 231
Bullygate and, 76, 78–79, 81, 83–86
campaign field operations and, 230–31, 236, 238
e-mail and, 236
general election campaign (2010) and, 230–32, 235–39
Hain scandal and, 56
hybrid media strategies of, 230–32, 235–38
internet and, 187–88, 197, 226, 230
Left Foot Forward and, 195–96
press officers and, 232–35
prime ministerial debate (2010) and, 96–97, 99
social media and, 90, 186, 231–32, 235–36
Twitter and, 90, 186–87, 236–38
YouTube and, 232–34
Lamo, Adam, 110
Landale, James, 82
Latour, Bruno, 16–17, 29
Laughlin, Joe, 64–65
Left Foot Forward (blog), 95, 195–99
Legend, John, 169
Leigh, David, 103, 110, 119–22, 127, 208
Le Monde (French newspaper), WikiLeaks and, 105, 117, 121–22, 209
Leveson Inquiry, 211, 213
Levitsky, Stephen, 12
Lewis, Julian, 198–99
Lewis, Paul, 206
Liberal Democrats. See also Clegg, Nick
coalition government and, 1, 3, 223
post-debate surge and, 95–96
social media and, 71, 96–97, 99
Liberal Democrat Voice (blog), 95
Libraries of the Future (Licklider), 45
Libya, 106, 281
Licklider, Joseph, 45, 48
Liddle, Rod, 212
Lieberman, Joe, 106, 123
Lippmann, Walter, 35
“liveness,” 3, 48, 90–91, 139
Livingstone, Ken, 192
Loach, Ken, 127
London Assembly, 192–93
London riots (2011), 210
Lott, Trent, 63
Louis XIV (king of France), 34
Lownsbrough, Hannah, 218, 221–24
Lubbers, Eric, 271
Luhmann, Niklas, 48
Lukes, Steven, 19
Lumière brothers, 30, 46
Luntz, Frank, 95
Luther, Martin, 33
“Macedonian news factory” (Veles, Macedonia), 272–74
Machlup, Fritz, 45–46
Macrory, Henry, 227
Maguire, Kevin, 99
Mail on Sunday (British newspaper), 75
mainstream media, evolving nature of, 69
Mair, Eddie, 203
Mandelson, Peter, 78–79, 82, 85–86, 92, 191, 230
Mann, Michael, 22
Manning, Bradley, 110, 117
Manning, Lucy, 80–82
Manovich, Lev, 46–47
Margolis, Jim, 134, 139
Marsh, Kevin, 202–3
Marshall, Gordon, 12
Marvin, Carolyn, 28–29
“Mary” (senior campaign official for Labour), 217, 230–31, 235–37
Mascolo, Georg, 120
MasterCard, 123–24
Matrix film trilogy, 66
Mawer, Philip, 85
Mayorwatch (blog), 192
McBride, Damian, 56, 234
McCain, John
“Bomb Iran” video and, 168
Bush and, 137
campaign autobiography by, 159
campaign finance and, 134–35, 138, 155–56
CNN and, 178
internet campaigning and, 139–40
“Joe the Plumber” and, 142–43
Obama “celebrity” ad and, 164–65
Palin vice-presidential selection and, 177–78
Republican Party convention (2008) and, 141
Republican primary (2000) and, 145
McCann, Madeleine, 215
McCarthy, Kerry, 78–79, 84
McCarthy, Smári, 113
McCord, Ethan, 113
McCrory, Henry, 187
; McDonald, Terry, 13
McLuhan, Marshall, 28
McNair, Brian, 20
McQuail, Denis, 5, 19
media. See also media systems; specific media
commercialism and, 25, 34–35
definition of, 29
entertainment functions of, 34–35
genres in, 15–16
government regulation of, 210–13
information functions of, 34–35
newness and, 29–31
older and newer as relative terms and, 4
political systems and, 23–26
professionalization of journalism and, 34–35
public monopoly model of, 35
social responsibility theory of, 35
media logics,
concept of, 4, 22–26
broadcast media and, 95–96, 263
campaigns and, 6–7, 96, 140-41, 151–52, 154, 156-57, 170, 181–83, 256, 263
digital media and, 119-20
mass audience and, 25
Trump’s campaign and, 270
vs. media logic, 22–26
mediamorphosis, 31
Media Performance (McQuail), 5
MediaQuant, 259
Media Research Center, 164
media systems
actors within, 183–85
definition of, 19
Great Britain and, 4, 26, 49–56, 185–213
media logic and, 23–25
norms in, 183–85
political systems and, 23–26
power relations within, 23, 183
United States and, 4, 26, 35, 57–65
Westminster Lobby journalism and, 186–92, 213
megaplatforms, 275, 289
Meek, James, 120
Meet the Press (NBC program), 137, 159, 248
Méliès, George, 30
memes, 64, 168, 276
memetic metaphor claiming, 242, 246, 284
Membersnet, 231
Mercer, Robert, 265–66
Messner, Marcus, 63
Microsoft, 61–62
“Mike” (director of the London office of an international public relations agency), 237–38
Miliband, Ed, 186, 235
Minitel (France), 42
Miranda, Luis, 280
Mitchell, Greg, 103
mobile devices
British political class and, 235
campaigns and, 167–69, 176–77, 182
Camp Obama and, 149–51
internet access and, 50–51, 57–59, 65, 176
multiple functions of, 29
news and, 69
penetration rates for, 50, 57–58
Twitter and, 191
video streaming and, 2, 49–50, 59
WikiLeaks and, 109, 120
Moir, Jean, 212–13
Montgomerie, Tim
Bullygate and, 76, 80, 85
general election campaign (2010) and, 226–27
prime ministerial debate and, 92
Moore, Michael, 127
Moreno, Javier, 106
Morning Edition (NPR program), 165
Motion Pictures Association of America, 124
Mottola, Chris, 140
MoveOn (American political movement), 2, 18, 140, 168, 217–18
Moyers, Bill, 171
MSN, 60–62, 89
MSNBC, 61, 137, 139, 165
Munday, Rod, 11
Murdoch, James, 3, 223
Murdoch, Rupert, 3, 53, 207
Muybridge, Eadweard, 46
MyBarackObama.com, 135, 145, 148–49, 228
MyConservatives.com, 228
myPersonality Project (University of Cambridge study), 265
MySpace, 148
Nagourney, Adam, 154
National Bullying Helpline, 70, 79–87, 194
National Organization of Women, 244
National Security Agency (United States), 104
Natural History (Pliny the Elder), 10
Nayak, Navin, 279
NBC (National Broadcasting Company), 43–44, 59, 251
Nederveen Pieterse, Jan, 18
Neij, Fredrik, 109
“Neil” (former official from the Prime Minister’s Office), 232–33
Nelson, Fraser, 198
Netvibes, 232
networked activism, 64, 214
network power
theory of, 20–21
campaign videos and, 182–83
media logics and, 285
“newer media.” See also internet; social media
hypermediacy and, 30
immediacy of, 29–30
interactivity and, 46–47
media and political elites’ relations in, 24–25
media logic and, 4–5, 26, 57, 74, 96, 101, 126, 136, 171, 215, 286–89
real-time aspects of, 47
relationship with older media and, 4–6, 8, 18–19, 40, 42–43, 53–54, 56–57, 63, 66–69, 131, 181–83, 190, 199, 202, 214–15, 285–86
social norms in, 29, 37, 42
technological aspects of, 37, 42
Newman, Cathy, 199–201
News at Ten (ITV program), 202
News Corporation (Murdoch), 3, 53, 207, 211. See also specific media outlets
news cycles, 72–73, 76, 101
news frames, 71, 74, 94–95, 101, 128, 197
Newsnight (BBC program), 94–95, 98
News Now (ABC program), 169
News of the World (British newspaper), 3, 207, 211, 215
newspapers. See also print media; specific newspapers
bloggers and, 63
Bullygate and, 70, 75–78, 81–85
campaign news and, 60
campaigns and, 142, 161, 171
competition with television news, 30
electric light and, 39–40
versus internet, 51–54
local, 161
MPs’ expenses scandal and, 54–55
“phone broadcasting” and, 40
Prestel and, 42
radio and, 31, 41
regulation of, 210–213
Smeargate and, 56
social media and, 55
as source of information, 31, 51
Trump and, 250–263
U.S. presidential campaign (2008) and, 61
U.S. presidential election (1892), 39
user comments and, 55
News That Matters (Iyengar and Kinder), 57
News World Communications, 174
The New Yorker (U.S. magazine), 175, 182
New York Post (U.S. newspaper), 164, 250
The New York Times (U.S. newspaper)
campaign autobiographies and, 159–60
coverage of U.S. presidential election (2016) and, 282
Democratic primary (2008) and, 132
inauguration crowd stories (2017) and, 243, 248
McCain and, 178–79
Obama campaign and, 154, 170, 172
Palin and, 179, 182–83
U.S. presidential campaign coverage (2008) and, 61–62
Vietnam War and, 114
WikiLeaks and, 104–5, 109, 115–22, 125, 128–29
Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis, 73, 143
Nixon, Richard, 88
nonlinearity, 13, 290
norms. See also hybrid norms; 20–21, 22–24, 28–29, 100, 118, 128, 129, 146
North Korea, 106
NPR (National Public Radio), 165
Nuttall, Sarah, 80–81
Nye, Joseph, 20
O, the Oprah Magazine, 133
Obama, Barack. See also Obama for America
autobiographies of, 158–60, 250
Berlin speech (2008) by, 163–64
CNN-YouTube debate and, 166–67
Democratic Convention speeches by, 161, 164–65, 171
Democratic primary and, 131
foreign tour (2008) by, 163–64
fundraising and, 132, 133–35
general election campaign of, 131
“Joe the Plumber” exchange and, 142
>
Muslim rumor regarding, 174–75, 182
National Constitution Center speech and, 171–72, 182
presidential inauguration (2009) of, 243, 246, 248
presidential inauguration (2013) of, 240–41, 247–48
Obama for America
American Stories, American Solutions (documentary-infomercial) and, 139
Bittergate and, 172–74, 182
campaign events and, 160–62, 165–66, 246
campaign outcomes and, 7, 154–56
campaign war room of, 131–32, 145–50, 153, 156–58
Camp Obama gatherings and, 149–51
celebrity endorsements and, 133, 169
community organizing principles and, 150–51
data analytics and, 148, 152–53
Democratic Party convention and, 141–42, 162, 164–66, 171
Democratic primary campaign and, 132, 135–36, 140–41, 147, 152–54, 160–62
early voting and, 152
e-mail strategies of, 147–48, 152–53, 155, 160, 174–75
focus groups and, 132
fundraising and, 132–36, 138, 144–45, 153, 155, 160, 173, 176, 264
Hispanic voter registration and, 150–51
internet advertising and, 138
internet strategies of, 130–45, 147–48, 155–56, 160–69, 174–76, 287
journalists and, 153–54
McCain’s “celebrity” ad and, 164–65
new media staff and, 147
online video and, 161
opposition research and, 132
phone banking and, 151, 162
“press ads” and, 139–40
press office of, 147
radio and, 134, 136
re-election campaign (2012) and, 259, 267
SMS text messages and, 176–77
social media and, 147–48, 155, 176, 256
television advertising and, 134–36, 138, 146, 156
television strategies of, 130–46, 155–56, 160–69, 172, 181–82
visual art and, 159, 168
volunteers and, 136, 146–51, 153
voter turnout and, 155, 268–69
Wright affair and, 132, 169–72
YouTube and, 139–41, 156, 160, 170–71
Obama Minute campaign, 162
The Obama Nation (Corsi), 175
The Observer (British newspaper), 55, 70, 75–79
Occupy movement, 64
O'Connor, Mary, 86
O'Donnell, Gus, 77–78, 82, 86
Office of Communications (Great Britain, OFCOM), 88, 185, 211, 214
“older media”
adaptation by, 16, 31, 52, 62, 75, 205–6, 215, 247, 286
fact-checking and, 247
media logic and, 4–5, 26, 74, 96, 126, 136, 151, 181, 288–89
relationship with newer media and, 4–6, 8, 18–19, 40, 42–43, 53–54, 56–57, 63, 66–69, 131, 181–83, 190, 199, 202, 214–15, 285–86
Oliver, Jamie, 16
O’Loughlin, Ben, 67, 69
On Expenses (BBC show), 16
online video, political campaigns and, 167–69, 180
ontology, definition of, 11