152 A. V:77–78
153 Sn. 3:8(578) Salla Sutta: The Dart
154 A. VII:70
155 Dhp. verse 41
156 A. VIII:74
157 A. VIII:74; A. VI:19
158 A. V:57
159 A. X:48
160 A. VIII:73
161 A. IV:113
162 A. VIII:73
163 S. 36.7
164 S. 36.7
165 S. 36.7
166 M. 10:14 Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta: Foundations of Mindfulness; M. 119 Kāyagatāsati Sutta: Mindfulness of the Body
167 A. V:57
168 A. V:57
CHAPTER 10: ELEVEN SKILLS FOR JHĀNA MEDITATION
169 A. V:57
170 S. 34
171 S. 46.33
CHAPTER 11: CONCEPTS AND REALITY: PENETRATING THE ILLUSION OF COMPACTNESS
172 It. 3:63
173 M. 113 Sappurisa Sutta: The True Man
174 M. 140 Dhātuvibhanga Sutta: The Exposition on the Elements
175 See Pa-Auk Sayadaw’s The Workings of Kamma, chapter III. Page 93 includes a description of dissolving the compactness of materiality, and page 105 contains a description of dissolving the compactness of mentality.
176 S. 22:102
177 S. 5:10
178 S. 28:1
179 Ud. 6:6
180 Vism. XXI:4, note 3
CHAPTER 12: EXPLORATIONS OF MATTER: FOUR ELEMENTS MEDITATION
181 Ud. 3:5
182 Vimm. Fascicle VIII, chap. VIII, sect. V: The Determining of the Four Elements
183 An excellent description of the discernment of ultimate materiality can be found in Pa-Auk Sayadaw’s The Workings of Kamma, chapter III, pp. 90–102.
184 This list of twenty-eight materialities may be expanded to thirty with the addition of the material quality of torpor and the integration of matter; see Vimm. Fascicle X, chap. XI, sect. I: Sense Organ of Body
185 Vimm. Fascicle VIII, chap. VIII, sect. V: Four Ways of Grasping the Element of Fire and Six Ways of Grasping the Element of Air
186 M. 28:6 Mahāhatthipadopama Sutta: The Greater Discourse on the Simile of the Elephant’s Footprint
187 M. 28:11 Mahāhatthipadopama Sutta: The Greater Discourse on the Simile of the Elephant’s Footprint
188 M. 28:16 Mahāhatthipadopama Sutta: The Greater Discourse on the Simile of the Elephant’s Footprint
189 M. 28:21 Mahāhatthipadopama Sutta: The Greater Discourse on the Simile of the Elephant’s Footprint
190 It. 3:61. This brief discourse identifies three types of eyes: fleshy eye, divine eye, and wisdom eye.
191 D. 2:84 Sāmaññaphala Sutta: The Fruits of the Homeless Life
192 References to the space element are found in M. 62:12 Mahārāhulavāda: The Greater Discourse of Advice to Rāhula, and in M. 140:8–18 Dhātuvibhanga Sutta: The Exposition of the Elements
193 Vimm. Fascicle VII, chap. VIII, sect. IV: Thirty-Two Parts of the Body
194 Vism. XI: 117; Vimm. Fascicle VIII, chap. VIII, sect. V, The Determining of the Four Elements
195 Pa-Auk Sayadaw’s The Workings of Kamma, chapter III, p. 90
196 Definitions of these twenty-eight materialities (rūpas) can be found in the Vism. XIV:34–80
197 Serious practioners of this method will find Pa-Auk Tawya Sayadaw’s Knowing and Seeing to be a valuable resource for practical and detailed instructions.
198 Vism. XX:70
199 Pa-Auk Tawya Sayadaw’s Knowing and Seeing, revised edition II, p. 134–137
200 Vism. XI:115
201 Vism. XIV:226
CHAPTER 13: NATURE OF MIND: DISCERNING ULTIMATE MENTALITY
202 A. I, v,8
203 The Dispensation’s Usage, Pa-Auk Sayadaw, unpublished manuscript, p. 143
204 For further study, see Bhikkhu Bodhi, ed., A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma: The Abhidhammattha Sangaha of Acariya Anuruddha (Seattle: Buddhist Publication Society, 2000).
205 A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma, p. 76
206 Sam. 1:114
CHAPTER 14: A MAGIC SHOW: EMPTINESS OF THE FIVE AGGREGATES
207 S. III:140. In order to keep a consistent usage of the primary terms throughout this book, I have substituted “materiality” or “matter” for rūpa, rather than the translator’s original choice of “forms.”
208 The Dispeller of Delusion (Sammohavinodanī) includes chapters on each of these categories.
209 As an alternative to the five aggregate model, to practice according to the element model, you may follow the same instructions, but organize phenomena into the following five categories: (1) materiality, which would include all the rūpas in each sense door, e.g., the sixty-three rūpas of the eye-door; (2) object, e.g., color; (3) consciousness, e.g., eye-consciousness; (4) contact, e.g., eye-contact; (5) feeling, and along with feeling see the whole cognitive process with all the present mental factors. See S. 18 Rāhulasaṃyutta, and M. 147 Cūḷarāhulovāda Sutta: The Shorter Discourse of Advice to Rāhula.
210 Vism. XIV:224
211 Vism. XIV:224
212 Sam. 1:145–152
213 Vism. XIV:224
214 Sam. 1:145–152
215 Vism. XIV:224
216 Sam. 1:145–152
217 M. 38:8 The Mahātaṇhāsankhaya Sutta: The Greater Discourse on the Destruction of Craving
218 Vism. XIV:224
219 Sam. 1:145–152
220 M. 22:40 Alagaddūpama Sutta: The Simile of the Snake
221 S. 35:152; S. 45:5
222 M. 28:28 Mahāhatthipadopama Sutta: The Greater Discourse on the Simile of the Elephant’s Footprint
CHAPTER 15: CAUSES AND EFFECTS: TWELVE LINKS OF DEPENDENT ARISING
223 M. 98:61 Vāseṭṭha Sutta: To Vāseṭṭha
224 A. VI:63
225 A. V:57
226 A. VI:39; S. 14:12; M. 9 Sammādiṭṭhi Sutta: Right View
227 D. 15 Mahānidāna Sutta: The Great Discourse on Origination
228 M. 115:11 Bahudhātuka Sutta: The Many Kinds of Elements
229 Miln. abridged edition: part II, question 21, The Chicken and the Egg; Pali Text Society, Horner edition reference: III, ii.
230 A. X:61–62
231 Thānissaro Bhikkhu, The Shape of Suffering (Metta Forest Monastery, 2008)
232 S. 38:9
233 A. X:61–62
234 Vimm. Fascicle XI, chap. VII, section I: Differences between Name and Form
235 Sam. 6:917
236 M. 38:40 Mahātaṇhasankhaya Sutta: The Greater Discourse on the Destruction of Craving
237 Sam. 6:917
238 Sam. 6:917
239 M. 87 Piyajātika Sutta: Born from Those Who Are Dear
240 A. IV:77
241 For an examination of causation, see Noa Ronkin, Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition (London: Routledge Curzon Press, 2005, p. 193).
242 Sam. 6:749 ff.
243 Abhidhammattha Sangaha, p. 303
244 M. 38 The Mahātaṇhāsankhaya Sutta: The Greater Discourse on the Destruction of Craving includes most of these alternative methods. I have relied upon Venerable Pa-Auk Sayadaw’s unpublished training worksheets for the specifics and structure of these exercises.
245 Sam. 6:743
246 Sam. 6:743
247 Discern two aspects of contact as causes for five-door adverting consciousness: (1) since the arising of five-door adverting consciousness depends upon the ceasing of the previous mind-moment, discern the thirty-two to thirty-four mental factors associated with the preceding life-continuum consciousness; and (2) discern the eleven mental factors that compose the five-door adverting consciousness.
248 Discern two aspects of contact as causes for receiving consciousness: (1) since the arising of receiving consciousness depends upon the ceasing of the previous mind-moment, discern the eight mental factors associated with the preceding sense-door consciousness; and (2) discern the eleven mental factors that compose the receiving consciousness.
/> Discern three aspects of contact as causes for investigating consciousness: (1) since the arising of investigating consciousness depends upon the ceasing of receiving consciousness, discern the eleven mental factors associated with the preceding receiving consciousness; (2) discern the eight mental factors associated with the sense door; and (3) discern the eleven or twelve mental factors that compose the investigating consciousness.
249 Discern two aspects of contact as causes for the first impulsion consciousness: (1) the eight mental factors associated with the sense door, and (2) the appropriate quantity of mental factors that compose the impulsion consciousness that you are meditating upon. Note that the preceding mind-moment will be discerned when considering attention as a cause.
Discern three aspects of contact as causes for the second through seventh impulsion consciousnesses: (1) since the arising of each impulsion consciousness depends upon the ceasing of the previous mind-moment, discern the quantity of mental factors associated with the preceding impulsion consciousness; (2) discern the eight mental factors associated with the sense door; and (3) discern the appropriate quantity of mental factors that compose the impulsion consciousness that you are meditating upon.
250 Determining consciousnesses have three present causes (material base, object, and contact). Include three aspects of contact: (1) eight mental factors associated with the sense-door, (2) eleven or twelve mental factors associated with the preceding investigating consciousness, and (3) the twelve mental factors associated with that determining consciousness.
Registration consciousnesses have five past causes and three present causes. Include three aspects of contact: (1) eight mental factors associated with the sense-door, (2) the appropriate quantity of mental factors associated with the preceding mind-moment, and (3) the appropriate quantity of mental factors associated with that registration consciousness.
Mind-door adverting consciousness arising dependent upon a sense object has three present causes (material base, object, and contact). Here, contact includes three aspects: (1) eight mental factors associated with the sense-door, (2) thirty-two to thirty-four mental factors associated with the preceding life-continuum consciousness, and (3) twelve mental factors associated with that mind-door adverting consciousness.
Impulsion consciousnesses that arise within a mind-door process yet are dependent upon a sense object, have four present causes (material base, object, contact, and attention). Include three aspects of contact as causes for the arising of the first impulsion consciousness: (1) eight mental factors associated with the sense-door, (2) thirty-two to thirty-four mental factors associated with the previous life-continuum consciousness, and (3) the appropriate quantity of mental factors arising with this first impulsion consciousness. Discern four aspects of contact as causes for the arising of the second through seventh impulsion consciousnesses: (1) eight mental factors associated with the sense-door, (2) thirty-two to thirty-four mental factors associated with the previous life-continuum consciousness, (3) the appropriate quantity of mental factors arising with the preceding impulsion consciousness, and (4) the appropriate quantity of mental factors arising with impulsion consciousness that you are examining. To examine attention as a cause, discern the twelve mental factors in the preceding mind-door adverting moment.
251 Discern two aspects of contact as causes for mind-door adverting consciousness: (1) since the arising of mind-door adverting consciousness depends upon the ceasing of the previous mind-moment, discern the thirty-two to thirty-four mental factors associated with the life-continuum consciousness; and (2) discern the twelve mental factors that compose the mind-door adverting consciousness.
252 Discern two aspects of contact as causes for the first impulsion consciousness in mind-door processes: (1) thirty-two to thirty-four mental factors associated with the previous life-continuum consciousness; and (2) the appropriate quantity of mental factors arising in this first impulsion consciousness. Note that the twelve factors of the preceding mind-adverting moment are discerned when examining attention as a cause.
Discern three aspects of contact as causes for each subsequent impulsion consciousness in a mind-door process: (1) the appropriate quantity of mental factors arising in the preceding impulsion consciousness, (2) thirty-two to thirty-four mental factors associated with the life-continuum consciousness, and (3) the appropriate quantity of mental factors arising in the impulsion consciousness that you are examining. Note that mind-door is included as a cause for every impulsion consciousness through the discernment of life-continuum consciousness.
253 The meditation instructions are a simplified version extracted from the training exercises that Pa-Auk Sayadaw guided me through in 2008. More details about these traditional methods can be found in Dispeller of Delusion (Sam. 6:635 ff.).
CHAPTER 16: A THOROUGH EXAMINATION: RECOGNIZING THE CHARACTERISTIC, FUNCTION, MANIFESTATION, AND PROXIMATE CAUSE
254 Sn 5:3(1048) Puṇṇakamānavapucchā: Puṇṇaka’s Questions
255 See chapter II of the Abhidhammattha Sangaha for succinct and traditional descriptions.
256 Consciousness has the singular characteristic of cognizing an object yet it may manifest in multiple ways and serve various functions. Table 16.2 includes the types of consciousnesses that are examined in this book. The Abhidhamma Piṭaka includes a more comprehensive classification scheme in which the consciousness aggregate is initially categorized by mundane and supramundane processes, then divided into sense-sphere, material-sphere, or immaterial processes, further distinguished by wholesome, unwholesome, resultant, or functional attributes, and still further classified as prompted or unprompted. In this way consciousness is analyzed into 89 or 121 types. This degree of detail is beyond the scope of this introduction; readers may find further elaboration in the Abhidhammattha Sangaha.
257 S. 35:99–100; S. 35:160–161; S. 22:5–6; S. 56:1–2
258 S. 35:99–100; S. 35:160–161; S. 22:5–6; S. 56:1–2
CHAPTER 17: LIBERATING INSIGHT: CONTEMPLATING THREE UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS
259 A fourth characteristic, that of repulsiveness (asubha) can be included with these contemplations. I have chosen to focus on the primary three characteristics to simplify what might already appear to be a rather complex methodology. Meditators who are adept at this process may add the perception of repulsiveness to the practices, thereby contemplating four characteristics as explained at the end of this chapter.
260 Dhp., verses 277–279
261 M. 106:5 Āneñjasappāya Sutta: The Way to the Imperturbable
262 S. 35:93
263 Dhp., verse 112
264 A. IX:20
265 Sam. 1:24
266 S. 22:102
267 S. 1:11
268 Sam. 2:237–240
269 Sam. 2:241
270 A. IV:49
271 Sn. 3:12(727) Dvayatānupassanā Sutta: Origination and Cessation
272 M.147:9 Cūḷarāhulovāda Sutta: The Shorter Discourse of Advice to Rāhula. A similar sequence is explored with ear and hearing, nose and smelling, tongue and tasting, body and tactile feelings, mind and thinking. In short, the Buddha taught that we should abandon desire for whatever is impermanent, suffering, and not-self. To conform to Venerable Pa-Auk Sayadaw’s careful usage of terms designating ultimate realities, I have slightly altered Venerable Ñāṇamoli’s and Venerable Bodhi’s translation by changing their word “forms” to Pa-Auk Sayadaw’s preferred rendering, “color.” See also S. 35: 162–164 and S. 18.
273 M. 140 Dhātuvibhanga Sutta: The Exposition of the Elements, and M. 28:6 Mahāhatthipadopama Sutta: The Greater Discourse on the Simile of the Elephant’s Footprint
274 M. 74.12 Dīghanakha Sutta: To Dīghanakha
275 Ajahn Chah, Food for the Heart (Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2002), p. 348
276 S. 22:122
277 S. 35:6
278 A. VII:46
279 Sn. 3:12(757–758) Dvayatānupassanā Sutta: Origination and Cessation
; 280 Eighteen elements are classified as concrete or real rūpas: earth, water, fire, wind elements; the sensitivity of the eye, ear, nose, tongue, and body; color, sound, odor, and flavor; nutritive essence, life faculty, heart-base materiality; and sex-determining material elements. See chapter 12.
281 The ten nonconcrete or unreal aspects of matter include space, bodily intimation, verbal intimation, the lightness, pliancy, wieldiness, growth, continuity, aging, and impermanence of the real material. See chapter 12.
282 S. 18 Rāhulasaṃyutta; and M. 147 Cūḷarāhulovāda Sutta: The Shorter Discourse of Advice to Rāhula
283 Vism. XX:18–20
284 Vism. XX:18–20
285 Vism. XX:46–92
286 Vism. XX:61–67
287 Vism. XX:68
288 Vism. XX:69
289 Vism. XX:71–72
290 Vism. XX:73
291 Vism. XX:76–88
292 Vism. XX:81
CHAPTER 18: RELEASE FROM THE BONDS: TEN FETTERS, FOUR STAGES OF ENLIGHTENMENT, AND SIXTEEN KNOWLEDGES
293 “Flood” is a metaphor for the four floods (asavas) that keep beings bound to the cycle of existence: floods of craving for sensory pleasures, craving for existence, ignorance, and wrong view
294 S. 1:1
295 M. 24 Rathavinīta Sutta: The Relay Chariots
296 M. 24:10 Rathavinīta Sutta: The Relay Chariots
297 S. 14:12
298 Vism. XX:104
299 Vism. XX:93–104
300 Vism. XX:18–20
301 A. III:134
302 Vism. XX:105–130
303 M. 105 Sunakkatta: To Sunakkatta
304 M. 106:10 Āneñjasappāya Sutta: The Way to the Imperturbable
305 M. 29 Mahāsāropama Sutta: The Greater Discourse on the Simile of the Heartwood
306 A. IX:14
307 Vism. XXI:1
308 Vism. XXI:9
309 Vism. XXI:27
310 Vism. XXI:27
311 Vism. XXI:32
312 Vism. XXI:43
313 Vism. XXI:44
314 Vism. XXI:43
315 Vism. XXI:45–46
316 A. X:65
317 S. 2:17
318 Vism. XXI:82
319 Matara Sri Ñāṇārāma Mahāthera, The Seven Stages of Purification and the Insight Knowledges (Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, 1983), p. 51.
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