Phunwang on, 142
riots and resistance, 152–53
taxation, 206–7
Trijang Rinpoché, 169
Khampas militia, 168, 178, 181, 189–90, 192–93, 371 n201
khang tsen, 71–72
Kindness, Clarity, and Insight (Dalai Lama), 247–48
Kirti Rinpoché, 227
Knaus, John Kenneth, 202
Kokonor (lake), 51
Kolmas, Josef, 141 n
Korea, 325
koutou, 13
Kublai Khan, 114, 115–16, 140, 140 n
Kumbela (Lord Chamberlain), 18, 19, 21, 92
Kumbum Monastery, 13–14, 31, 33, 46–47, 49, 125, 148
Kunu Lama, 212
Kusho Ringang, 98 n
kuten (medium), 288–90
Kyeri (mountain), 39
Kyger, Joanne, 210, 373 n210
kyirong, 40–41, 42, 43
L
labrangs, 31, 78 n
Ladakh, India, 240, 317, 320, 320 n
lamas, xiv, 17, 72–73
See also specific lamas by name
Langduen (chief minister), 20, 22
Larung Gar, Kham, 322
Leadville, Colorado, 170
Leary, Timothy, 219, 375 n219
Led Zeppelin, 301
letter(s)
to Chairman Mao, 114, 155
of Nehru, on Buddhajyanti celebration, 155
of Nehru, on Dalai Lama’s whereabouts, 196
by Tsongkhapa, 155
Lhalu, 117
Lhamo Lhatso, 28
Lhamo Thondup, 31–34, 37–38, 45, 46, 49, 51
See also Dalai Lama (14th)
Lhasa
aristocracy. See aristocracy
caravan to, 50–54
Chinese occupation, 133–34, 138–39, 171, 190–93, 197
CIA and, 169–70
as Dalai Lama’s headquarters, 293
demonstrations and riots, 267, 270–71, 278, 279–80, 305
escape from, 187–96, 211
foreigners banned from, 271
Gelug expansion, 293
homecoming of the 14th, 61–73
impressions of, 57–58
vs. Khampas militants, 168–69, 193
martial law, 271
name of, 57
PLA attack, 190–93
population, 59
refugees, 197–99
return to, after Beijing trip, 149
size of, 28
during World War II, 84
Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, 208, 371 n192
Life (magazine), 88
Ling Rinpoché, 82
on Beijing visit, 147
Chenresig and, 167
Dalai Lama and, 75–76, 90, 134, 174, 224, 231, 256, 258
death and funeral rites, 256–58, 258 n
enlightenment, 258
hermitage, 167
importance of, 75, 99–100, 103
long-life ceremony, 167–68
Phabongka Rinpoché as guru, 295
reincarnation, 273
Thurman and, 219
unification policies and, 256
Lion Throne, 52
Lithang Monastery, 152, 153, 154
Lithuania, 275
Lobsang Gyatso, 284–86
Lobsang Jinpa (Ponpo), 254, 254 n
Lobsang Samten (brother), 37, 46, 59, 61, 66, 86
Beijing delegation, 245, 248
caravan to Lhasa, 50–51
Dalai Lama and, 248
education, 47, 75, 88
Harrer and, 109
heart attack, 130
on living conditions in Tibet, 245, 248
return to India, 245 n
Trijang Rinpoché and, 83
US residence, 245
wife of, 138–39
Lord Curzon, viceroy of India, 7
Lotus-Born (Padmasambhava), 62, 81
Buddhist lineages deriving from, 235
Dorje Shugden and, 256
history, 235
Pehar and, 236
second Buddha, 235
statue’s consecration, 233
as unifying figure, 233
lu, 42
Lungshar, Tsipoen, 19–20, 21, 22–26, 234, 311, 351 n25
M
Ma Bufang, 40, 46, 48, 49, 113, 353–54 n48
Ma Chig Labdron, 242
Ma Cig Kinga, 361 n125
ma de tulku (Dalai Lama successor), 319–20
Macha Chenmo, 53
magic, 24–25
Mahakala (deity), 121, 122, 140
mahamudra teachings, 241–42
mahasiddi tantric practitioners, 252
Mahayana Buddhism, 80, 80 n, 233–34
mahout metaphor, 103
Maitreya, 64–65
Manchu queue, 12
Manchus, 8, 36, 46, 86
mandala, 67, 69, 137, 289, 343
Manjushri (Bodhisattva of Wisdom), 75, 286, 292
Manning, Thomas, 83
mantra recitations, 356 n70
Mao Tse Tung. See Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong, 46, 113
authority, 141, 218, 272
Cultural Revolution campaign, 218, 249
Dalai Lama and, 143–44, 147, 180, 187–88, 370–71 n18
death of, 191
effacement, of Tibetan identity, 250
Great Leap Forward campaign, 202, 217–18
Hundred Flowers campaign, 217
“invitation” to Dalai Lama, 139–40, 141–42, 159
letters to, 114
on Marxism, 152
Panchen Lama and, 136, 212
retirement, 175
on “return” of Tibet, 116–17, 129
students of, 247
Tibet invasion (1950s), 118–19
vs. Tibetan resistance movement, 171
women and, 145
Zhou Enlai and, 166
Marpo Ri (Red Hill), 67
Marx, Karl, 125
Marxism, 222, 245
Master of the Kitchen (soelpon khenpo), 69
Master of the Ritual (choepon khenpo), 69
Master of the Wardrobe (simpon khenpo), 69
matter, 104–5
McCarthy, Roger, 169, 200, 201
McCleary, Joel, 246
McLeod Ganj, India, 202–4
McMahon line, 213
meditation, 103, 210, 254, 272, 274, 328–29
“Melody of the Unceasing Vajra” (Dalai Lama prayer), 128
Merton, Thomas, 219–22, 220 n
Merwin, W. S., 252–53
Messner, Reinhold, 111
mi ser. See inequity; poverty
Middle Way policies, 105, 207, 259, 308, 309
military action. See warfare
Military Administrative Committee, 145
Millington, June, 251
Mind and Life Institute, 265
mindfulness, 103
missionaries, 10–12, 359 n107
mo (dough ball divination), 164, 164 n
modernization, 145–46
monasteries
division of, 71–72
education and, 46
funding for, 72, 78 n
literacy, 77–78
loyalty to, 89
purpose, 70
ritualistic nature of, 356 n70
See also specific names of monasteries
Mongolia, 4, 86
Buddhist centers in, 325
Dalai Lama (4th), 293
Dalai Lama (Great 5th), 325
Dalai Lama (Great 13th), 6–7, 8, 37
Pehar and, 235
Sonam Gyatso as Taleh Lama, 312–13
visits to, 245
monks
concentration, 76–77
duties of, 71–72, 75
geshe degree, 90
as law enforcement agency, 11–12
literacy, 77–78
memorization, 76–77
PLA’s demand for weapons, 152–53
precepts of, 139
venereal diseases, 354 n57
vinaya, 14
Monlam Chenmo. See Great Prayer Festival (Monlam Chenmo)
Month of Miracles, 305
Moore, Richard, 302, 302 n
Morgan, William Stanley, 58, 354 n57
mother. See gyalyum chenmo
Mount Meru, 105, 106
mountain gods, 43
mudras, 137
Mulamadhyamakarika, 105 n
Murdoch, Rupert, xvii
Muslims, 228, 240, 295, 306–7
Mussoorie, India, 197–200, 202, 205
Mustang, Nepal, 201–2, 238–39
My Land and My People (Dalai Lama), 209
Myanmar (Burma), 191, 230
N
naga, 42
Nagarjuna (Indian Buddhist Philosopher), 105, 105 n, 172
“nameless religion,” 41–44, 68, 76, 82
See also deities; signs and omens
Namgyal choir, 63
Namgyal Monastery, 67, 76
Namgyal monastic community, 287
Namthang, Tibet, 171, 367 n171
Nangsi Zilnon, 233
Nanjing, 93
Naropa Institute (Boulder, Colorado), 252–53
National Assembly, 21, 23, 78–79, 85–86
National People’s Congress, 139–40, 144
nationalism, 322
Neame, VC, Lieutenant General Sir Philip, 22
Nechung (oracle), 18, 30, 64, 65, 85, 97
authenticity of, 286–87
on Chinese troops, 133
on Dalai Lama power, 122
Dalai Lama (14th) and, 160, 161, 164, 175, 181, 182, 284, 287–91, 321
Dorje Drakden, 235, 290
Dorje Shugden, 238, 240, 281
on the Glorious Goddess, 240
invocation in Dharamsala, 238
invocation leading to violence, 284
on Lotus Born’s statue alignment, 233 n
on multiple Buddhist traditions, 241, 243
at Norbulingka Palace, 182
Panchen Lama and, 271, 279
Pehar and, 240
Yellow Book, The, and, 237
Nechung Monastery, 236, 295
Nedbailof, Russian resident of Lhasa, 107 n
negotiations with China
autonomy, for Tibet, 307
China’s objections, 270
Dalai Lama and, 189, 198
expectations of, 193
Gyalo Thondup and, 304
“invitations” for discussions, 139–42, 159
March riots (1959), 178
United States on, 266–67
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 122
asylum of Dalai Lama, 160–61, 183, 191, 194, 196, 202–4
Buddhajyanti and, 151, 155
Communist Party in Tibet, 166
on Dalai Lama, 162, 198
Dalai Lama on, 198
on loan, for Tibetan Government in Exile, 209
relations with Chinese, 197–98, 213–14
relocation of refugees, 208
Special Frontier Force, 214
travel prohibitions, 213
on United Nations appeal, 200
Nepal, 201–2, 238–39
New Delhi, 198
New Kadam tradition. See Gelug tradition
New Year festival, 61, 90
Ngabo, Nawang Jigme, 117, 118–19, 120, 128, 129, 139
Chamdo battle, 211
collaboration with China, 211, 241
concessions of, 271
Dalai Lama (14th) and, 241, 370 n187, 378 n241
Ngari Rinpoché (brother), 141, 194
Niazi, A. A. K., 229
Ninth Dalai Lama. See Dalai Lama (9th)
nirvana, 101, 101 n
Nixon, Richard, 223
Nobel Peace Prize, 272, 275, 299, 380 n272
nonviolence
China and, 258, 267–68
Dalai Lama (14th) and, 271, 275, 300
exceptions to, 153–54, 200, 214
as political policy, 309
same-sex rights, 300
Norbulingka Palace, 17, 59–60, 66, 68
Chinese occupation, 149
Dalai Lama (Great 13th), 98
Dalai Lama (14th), 88, 188–91
destruction of, 249
March riots (1959), 178
vs. McLeod Ganj, 203
military fortifications, 181
posters to empower Dalai Lama, 117–18
Norman, Alexander
on April 2019 interview, 320 n
on arrogance in younger self, 210 n
on attire, 373 n204
on Dalai Lama, xvi–xvii, xx, 318 n, 381 n276
on Ford, Robert, 120 n
on Freedom in Exile, xiii
Jokhang Temple inspection, 249 n
on Lobsang Samten, 245 n
on Olympic riots, 383 n307
Phuntsog Tashi Taklha and, 368 n176
on Dalai Lama’s signing of resignation document, 312 n
Richardson interview, 110 n
on this book, xv–xvi
on Tibetan language and Buddhism, xxi–xxii
on visualization practices, 264 n
Norman, Sir Henry (1st Baronet), 7 n
Northern Ireland, 302
Nowrojee, Nauzer, 203, 203 n
NXIVM group, 317, 318
Nyingma tradition, 234
Dalai Lama and, 241–42, 286, 293
Dorje Shugden, 234–35
Drakpa Gyaltsen and, 293
dzogchen teachings of, 241–42
vs. Gelug tradition, 293
human scapegoat ritual, 353 n43
Lotus-Born as key figure, 232–35
Mindroling Monastery, 293
threatening Gelug traditions, 286
Tibetan Book of the Dead, 241–42
Tsongkhapa and, 291
Nyingma teachings, 81
O
obstacles, 85
offerings, 43
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 83–84
Ogyen Trinley Dorje, 17th Karmapa, 304
Olympics. See Beijing Olympics
omniscience, 75
101st Ganden Throne Holder, 297–98
Opening the Eye of New Awareness (Dalai Lama), 209
Operation Eagle (Special Frontier Force), 229–31
oracles, 18, 30, 64, 65, 117–18, 361 n124
See also specific names of oracles
origin story, 106–7
Orlovsky, Peter, 210, 373 n210
orphan’s box of brick-tea story, 80–81
OSS (Office of Strategic Services), 83–84
P
pacification, 180, 190–91
Padmasambhava. See Lotus-Born
Pakistan, 227–29, 230
Palden Lhamo. See Glorious Goddess
Panchen Lama, 30–31, 45
Panchen Lama (10th)
assassination attempt rumored, 167
candidates for, 135
Chinese-Tibetan reconciliation efforts, 268
claiming Tibetan living standards’ improvement, 245
as collaborator with China, 211
criticizing communist system, 211–12
Dalai Lama insulted by officials of, 167
Dalai Lama’s letter to, on departure, 184
Dalai Lama’s selection of new (11th) Panchen Lama, 278–79
death and funeral, 270–71, 278
disappearance, 212, 303
disappointed in living conditions under Chinese rule, 245
imprisonment, 212
in India, 156, 158, 161, 162, 164
indications of China’s liberalization, 241
leadership position, 211
Mao Zedong and, 136
marriage of, 366 n158
Tibet Autonomous Region, 145
Panchen Lama (11th)
Chinese influence in selection, 278–79
Dalai Lama’s selection, 279
detained, 279
pol
itical situations worsening, 280
The Dalai Lama Page 50