Cranioklepty

by Colin Dickey

  1 Quoted in Karl Geiringer, Haydn: A Creative Life in Music, 3rd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), p. 189. Further information on Haydn’s last days can be found in H. C. Robbins Landon, Haydn: The Late Years, 1801–1809 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1977), pp. 379–390.

  2 Edmund Burke, A Philosophical Enquiry (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 53.

  3 Quoted in James Webster, “The Creation, Haydn’s Late Vocal Music, and the Musical Sublime,” in Elaine Sisman, ed., Haydn and His World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), pp. 65.

  4 Geiringer, p. 191.

  5 Joseph Carl Rosenbaum, The Haydn Yearbook V: The Diaries of Joseph Carl Rosen-baum, edited by Else Radant, translated by Eugene Hartzell (Vienna: Theodore Presser Company, 1968), p. 156.

  6 Ibid., p. 157.

  7 Ibid.

  8 Ibid.

  9 Carlos Fuentes, The Buried Mirror (New York: Mariner Books, 1999) p. 230.

  10 Emanuel Swedenborg, The Spiritual Diary of Emanuel Swedenborg, in five volumes, translated by George Bush and John H. Smithson (London: James Speirs, 1883), volume II, pp. 68-69.

  11 Thomas Browne, Religio Medici, Hydrotaphia, and the Garden of Cyrus, edited by R. H. A. Robbins (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972) pp. 91, 117.

  12 Nahum Capen, “Biography of the Author,” in J. G. Spurzheim, Phrenology: In Connexion with the Study of Physiognomy (Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon, 1834), p. 13.

  13 Johann Pezzl, Sketch of Vienna, in Mozart and Vienna, edited by H. C. Robbins Landon (New York: Schirmer Books, 1991), p. 55.

  14 Ibid., p. 62.

  15 More information on Angelo Soliman can be found in Philipp Blom, To Have and to Hold (Woodstock: Overlook Press, 2003) pp. 98–108.

  16 Quoted in David Gramit, Cultivating Music: The Aspirations, Interests, and Limits of German Musical Culture, 1770-1848 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), p. 3.

  17 Ibid., pp. 16.

  18 Franz Joseph Gall, On the Origin of the Moral Qualities and Intellectual Faculties of Man, and the Conditions of Their Manifestation, translated by Winslow Lewis (Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon, 1835), p. 59.

  19 Jean Starobinski, The Invention of Liberty: 1700-1789, translated by Bernard C. Swift (Geneva: Skira, 1964) p. 210.

  20 René Descartes, Discourse on Method, Optics, Geometry, and Meteorology, translated by Paul J. Olscamp (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2001) p. 65.

  21 Quoted in Brian Burrell, Postcards from the Brain Museum (New York: Broadway Books, 2004) p. 49.

  22 Quoted in ibid., pp. 47–48.

  23 Quoted in David George Goyder, My Battle for Life: The Autobiography of a Phrenologist (London: Simpkin, Marshall, and Co., 1857), p. 138.

  24 Quoted in Michael Hagner, “Skulls, Brains, and Memorial Culture: On Cerebral Biographies of Scientists in the Nineteenth Century,” Science in Context, Vol. 16, Nos. 1 & 2 (2003), pp. 200–201.

  25 Franz Joseph Gall, On the Functions of the Cerebellum, translated by George Combe (Edinburgh: Maclachlan & Stewart, 1838), p. 328.

  26 Peter J. Davies, Mozart in Person: His Character and Health (New York: Greenwood Press, 1989), p. 171

  27 Rosenbaum, The Diary of Carl Joseph Rosenbaum, p. 99.

  28 Ibid., p. 113.

  29 Ibid., p. 37.

  30 Quoted in Gramit, Cultivating Music, p. 87.

  31 Rosenbaum, The Diary of Carl Joseph Rosenbaum, p. 53.

  32 Sarah Bowditch, Taxidermy: or, the Art of Collecting, Preparing, and Mounting Objects of Natural History (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1820), pp. 20-21.

  33 Giacomo Leopardi, Operette Morali: Essays and Dialogues, Translated by Givanni Cecchetti (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), p. 271.

  34 Rosenbaum, The Diary of Carl Joseph Rosenbaum, p. 47.

  35 Ibid., p. 60.

  36 Ibid., p. 72.

  37 Ibid., p. 73.

  38 Ibid., p. 87.

  39 Ibid.

  40 Immanuel Kant, Critique of Judgement, translated James Creed Meredith (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007) p. 137.

  41 Rosenbaum, The Diary of Carl Joseph Rosenbaum, p. 142.

  42 On the impact and influence of Roose on Viennese theater, see Rosenbaum, The Diary of Carl Joseph Rosenbaum, p. 143.

  43 Quoted in Ruth Richardson, Death, Dissection and the Destitute (London: Phoenix Press, 2001) p. 55.

  44 Quoted in Erik Larson, The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair that Changed America (New York: Vintage, 2003), pp. 150–151.

  45 Patrick J. Geary, Furta Sacra: Thefts of Relics in the Central Middle Ages (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), pp. 132–133.

  46 Browne, Religio Medici, Hydrotaphia, and the Garden of Cyrus, p. 47.

  47 Raphael Brown (ed.), The Little Flowers of St. Francis of Assisi (New York: Doubleday, 1958) p. 236.

  48 Quoted in Anneli Rufus, Magnificent Corpses (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1999) p. 5.

  49 G. W. F. Hegel, The Phenomenology of Spirit, translated by A. V. Miller (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), pp. 200, 197.

  50 Rosenbaum, The Diary of Carl Joseph Rosenbaum, p. 143.

  51 Ibid.

  52 Ibid.

  53 Ibid., p. 144.

  54 Ibid.

  55 Ibid.

  56 Ibid.

  57 Ibid., p. 145.

  58 Ibid.

  59 Ibid.

  60 Ibid., p. 146.

  61 Ibid., p. 148.

  62 Quoted in Gramit, Cultivating Music, p. 3.

  63 Quoted in Geiringer, p. 189.

  64 Rosenbaum, The Diary of Carl Joseph Rosenbaum, p. 150.

  65 Ibid.

  66 Ibid.

  67 Ibid., p. 151.

  68 Ibid.

  69 Ibid. pp. 153-154.

  70 Rosenbaum, The Diary of Carl Joseph Rosenbaum, p. 155.

  71 Ibid.

  72 Ibid.

  73 Ibid.

  74 Quoted in Alexander Wheelock Thayer, Thayer’s Life of Beethoven, revised and edited by Elliot Forbes (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964), p. 1023. Further information on Beethoven’s last days can be found in Thayer, Life of Beethoven, pp. 973–1011, and in Peter J. Davies, Beethoven in Person: His Deafness, Illnesses, and Death (New York: Greenwood Press, 2001), pp. 71-99.

  75 Thayer, Life of Beethoven, p. 1038.

  76 Gerhard von Breuning, From the House of the Black-Robed Spaniards, translated by Henry Mins and Maynard Solomon (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 53.

  77 Ibid., p. 72.

  78 Ibid., p. 104.

  79 Quoted in Davies, Beethoven in Person, pp. 87-88.

  80 Ibid., p. 121.

  81 Ibid., pp. 207-216.

  82 The story of the “Guevara” lock of Beethoven’s Hair is chronicled in Russell Martin, Beethoven’s Hair (New York: Broadway Books, 2000).

  83 Quoted in William Meredith, “The History of Beethoven’s Skull Fragments,” The Beethoven Journal, Vol. 20, Nos. 1 & 2 (Summer & Winter 2005), p. 1.

  84 Davies, Beethoven in Person, p. 103.

  85 Breuning, From the House of the Black-Robed Spaniards, p. 51.

  86 Quoted in Meredith, “The History of Beethoven’s Skull Fragments,” pp. 2-3.

  87 Breuning, From the House of the Black-Robed Spaniards, pp. 107-108.

  88 Quoted in Meredith, “The History of Beethoven’s Skull Fragments,” p. 3.

  89 Breuning, From the House of the Black-Robed Spaniards, p. 109.

  90 Ibid.

  91 Ibid.

  92 Ibid.

  93 Quoted in Goyder, My Battle for Life, p. 183.

  94 Quoted in Folke Henschen, Emanuel Swedenborg’s Cranium: A Critical Analysis (Uppsala: Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis, Ser. IV, Vol. 17, No. 9. 1960), p. 14.

  95 Quoted in Stephen Tomlinson, Head Masters: Phrenology, Secular Education, and Nineteenth-Century Thought (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2005) p. 106.

  96 George Co
mbe, A System of Phrenology (Boston: Marsh, Capen and Lyon, 1838), p. viii.

  97 Gall, On the Functions of the Cerebellum, p. 328.

  98 George Eliot, The George Eliot Letters, Volume I, edited by Gordon Sherman Haight (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1954), p. 126. For more information on George Eliot and phrenology see Hugh Witemeyer, George Eliot and the Visual Arts (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979), pp. 44-71.

  99 George Eliot, The George Eliot Letters, Volume II, edited by Gordon Sherman Haight (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1954), p. 210.

  100 George Eliot, Scenes from Clerical Life (London: Penguin, 1998), p. 197.

  101 George Eliot, Adam Bede (London: Penguin, 2008), p. 10.

  102 Quoted in Nathaniel Mackey, Paracritical Hinge (Madison: University of Wisconsin, 2005), p. 22.

  103 Whitman’s chart can be found in Madeleine B. Stern, Heads & Headlines: The Phrenological Fowlers (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1971), pp. 102–105.

  104 Ibid. p. 107.

  105 Ibid., p. 132.

  106 Mark Twain, The Autobiography of Mark Twain, edited by Charles Neider (New York: Harper Collins, 1959), pp. 85-87.

  107 Ambrose Bierce, The Unabridged Devil’s Dictionary, edited David E. Schultz and S. T. Joshi (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000), p. 181.

  108 Information on Gustav Struve can be found in Priscilla Smith Robertson, Revolutions of 1848: A Social History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968) pp. 145–149.

  109 Mario Vargas Llosa, The War of the End of the World, Translated by Helen R. Lane (New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1984), p. 14.

  110 Quoted in Stern, Heads and Headlines, pp. 127–128.

  111 Quoted in Richardson, Death, Dissection and the Destitute, pp. 168–169.

  112 Ibid., p. 82.

  113 Quoted in Hagner, “Skulls, Brains, and Memorial Culture,” p. 205.

  114 Broling’s and Hindmarsh’s accounts are both reprinted in Johan Vilh. Hultkrantz, The Mortal Remains of Emanuel Swedenborg (Uppsala: Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis, Ser. IV, Vol. 2, No. 9. 1910), pp. 3-10.

  115 Quoted in Ibid., pp. 75-76.

  116 Quoted in Ibid., p. 76.

  117 Goyder, My Battle for Life, p. 134.

  118 Quoted in Hultkrantz, pp. 76-77.

  119 Quoted in Ibid., p. 77.

  120 Quoted in Ibid., p. 78.

  121 Virginia Woolf, “Sir Thomas Browne,” in The Essays of Virginia Woolf, Volume Three, edited by Andrew McNeillie (San Diego: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1988) pp. 368–371.

  122 Quoted in Tildesley, p. 34.

  123 Charles Williams, in Notes and Queries, October 6, 1894, pp. 269-270.

  124 Quoted in Tildesley, “Sir Thomas Browne,” p. 35.

  125 Ibid., p. 46.

  126 Edmund Gosse, Sir Thomas Browne (London: MacMillan and Company, 1905), p. 116.

  127 Thomas Browne, Religio Medici, Hydrotaphia, and the Garden of Cyrus, p. 129.

  128 Shane Leslie, The Skull of Swift: An Extempore Exhumation (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrille Company, 1928), pp. 4–5.

  129 Browne, Religio Medici, Hydrotaphia, and the Garden of Cyrus, pp. 130–131.

  130 Quoted in Meredith, “The History of Beethoven’s Skull Fragments,” p. 4.

  131 Bauer et. al., “The Official Report on the First Exhumation of the Graves of Beethoven and Schubert by the Gessellshcaft der Musikfreunde in 1863,” translated by Hannah Leibmann, The Beethoven Journal, Vol. 20, Nos. 1 & 2 (Summer & Winter 2005), p. 47.

  132 Ibid.

  133 Breuning, From the House of the Black-Robed Spaniards, p. 112.

  134 Bauer et. al., “Official Report,” p. 49.

  135 Ibid., p. 50.

  136 Ibid., p .49.

  137 Ibid., p. 49.

  138 Gerhard von Breuning, “The Skulls of Beethoven and Schubert,” translated by Hannah Leibmann, The Beethoven Journal, Vol. 20, Nos. 1 & 2 (Summer & Winter 2005), p. 60.

  139 Bauer et. al., “Official Report,” p. 50.

  140 Ibid.

  141 Ibid., p. 151.

  142 Breuning, From the House of the Black-Robed Spaniards, p. 116.

  143 Bauer et. al., “Official Report,” p. 55.

  144 Breuning, “The Skulls of Beethoven and Schubert,” p. 60.

  145 Breuning, From the House of the Black-Robed Spaniards, p. 118.

  146 Bauer et. al., “Official Report,” p. 55.

  147 Breuning, “The Skulls of Beethoven and Schubert,” p. 58.

  148 Ibid.

  149 Quoted in Davies, Beethoven in Person, p. 115.

  150 Joseph Weilien, “Speech Given at the Reburial of Ludwig van Beethoven,” translated by Hannah Leibmann, The Beethoven Journal, Vol. 20, Nos. 1 & 2 (Summer & Winter 2005), p. 57.

  151 Meredith, “The History of Beethoven’s Skull Fragments,” p. 20.

  152 Erna Lesky, The Vienna Medical School of the 19th Century, Translated by L. Williams and I. S. Levij (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), p. 106.

  153 Lesky, The Vienna Medical School of the 19th Century, p. 69.

  154 Ibid., p. 212.

  155 Tatjana Buklijas, “Cultures of Death and Politics of Corpse Supply: Anatomy in Vienna 1848-1914,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, No. 82 (Fall 2008), pp. 582-583.

  156 Ibid., p. 589.

  157 Carl von Rokitansky, A Manual of Pathological Anatomy, in four volumes, translated by William Edward Swaine, Edward Sieveking, Charles Hewitt Moore, and George E. Day (Philadelphia: Blanchard and Lea, 1855), Vols. 3 & 4, p. 162.

  158 Buklijas, “Cultures of Death and Politics of Corpse Supply,” p. 586.