In Harm's Way

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In Harm's Way Page 31

by Doug Stanton


  Proceedings (Naval Institute)

  pulmonary edema

  Purnell, Admiral William R.

  PURPLE code

  R

  radar

  radio shack 1 (Radio Central)

  distress signal sent from

  radio shack 2 (emergency)

  distress signals sent

  Ralph Talbot, USS (destroyer)

  Redmayne, chief engineer Richard

  Register, USS (transport ship)

  Regosia, Florence

  rescue operation

  begun

  crews sent

  dead bodies retrieved and identified

  distress signals received but ignored

  identity of survivors finally learned

  Leyte fails to send rescue party

  Navy escapes inquiry into delay of

  nonreporting of Indy nonarrival delays

  press conference of, after rescue

  and sharks

  size of

  Reuben James, USS (destroyer)

  Ringness, USS (transport ship)

  Rogers, Edith

  Roosevelt, Franklin D.

  Russia

  S

  Saipan island

  Sancho, Lieutenant Commander Jules

  San Francisco

  Saturday Evening Post

  Savo Island, Battle of

  Scarborough, Rep. Joe

  Schechterle, A1

  Schmueck, Lieutenant John

  Scott, Hunter

  sea water

  caustic effect of

  effect of drinking

  secret cargo

  on board

  delivered to Tinian

  and McVay

  Seventh Fleet

  sharks

  number of men killed by

  and rescue effort

  repelling attack by

  Short, Maj. Gen. Walter

  Smith, Senator Bob

  Smith, Winthrop, Jr.

  SOA (Standard Speed of Advance)

  Solomon Islands

  Battle of

  South Dakota, USS (battleship)

  Spinelli, John

  Spruance, Admiral Raymond,

  and court martial

  and McCoy

  visits survivors in hospital

  Stephens, Richard

  Stout, Lieutenant Commander Ken

  survivors

  and aftermath of rescue

  exoneration of McVay and

  homecoming of

  In Harm’s Way, reaction to

  interviews with

  McCoy organizesreunion

  positions of, at sea

  press to clear McVay

  reunions

  reunited at hospital

  vow to live

  see also crew, adrift; rescue; sharks

  T

  Tacloban naval operating base

  Tamon group

  Tarawa

  Task Force

  Task Force 95.6

  Tibbets, Lieutenant Colonel Paul

  Time

  Tinian island

  bomb assembled on

  Indy arrives at

  Indy ordered to deliver secret cargo to

  Japanese in jungles of

  Tokyo

  bombing of

  Tokyo Rose

  Tolosa, Leyte

  and nonarrival of Indy

  torpedo(es)

  attacks

  technology, on I-58 sub

  Torpex

  Toti, Captain Bill

  Tranquility, USS (hospital ship)

  Trinity test

  Indy pauses during

  Nimitz first learns of

  Truman, Harry S.

  announces loss of Indy

  and atom bomb

  and court martial

  Twible, Ensign Harlan

  adrift, and

  aftermath

  rescued

  and shark attacks

  U

  Ulithi island

  ULTRA (code-breaking program),

  and court martial

  declassified

  Underhill, USS (destroyer escort)

  U.S. Congress

  and amendment of October 2000

  U.S. Senate Armed Services

  Committee hearing of 1999

  Uranium-235, carried on Indy

  V

  Van Wilpe, William

  V-J Day celebrations

  W

  Waldron, Lieutenant Joseph

  Warner, Sen. John

  Wasp, USS (carrier)

  Wild Hunter (merchant ship)

  Woods, L. T.

  World War I

  Y

  Yamada, Goro

  Yamamoto, Admiral Isoroku

  Yap island

  “yoke-modified” position

  Yokohama, Japan

  Yorktown, USS (carried)

  Young, Clair B.

  Z

  zed position

  “zigzag” course

  and inquiry

  planned, to Leyte

  stopped

  Notes

  1 One crew member describes not just a single black canister being unloaded from an army truck, but two of these receptacles, which he and another sailor struggled to carry up the gangway to the Indy. This is contradicted, however, by other eyewitness accounts, including that of Dr. Haynes.

  In general, confusion has surrounded the details of the actual loading. At least two previous accountings of the Indianapolis disaster describe this mysterious cargo being loaded on July 16, which contradicts Captain McVay’s own narrative of the event written nearly two months after his rescue.

  2 The term kamikaze arises from two thirteenth-century battles that outnumbered Japanese warriors fought against Kublai Khan, whose 40,000 troops, after conquering Korea and China, had landed at Kyushu. During the first battle, a storm sunk 200 of the invader’s 900 ships, and Khan retreated. Seven years later, however, he returned, this time with over 140,000 troops and 4,400 ships. Again his fleet was devastated by a storm whose “divine winds” sunk nearly all his ships. The Japanese believed that these winds had been sent by the gods.

  3 Generally speaking, however, the navy suffered its worst losses of the war at Okinawa, with 9,700 casualties, 4,907 of which were fatal.

  4 It set a record that remains unbroken today.

  5 The two officers were seeking a knowing face that could tell them if the Trinity test had been successful. When the Indy paused before leaving San Francisco, not even Nolan or Furman knew why; the reason was only disclosed later in the postmortem of the atomic effort.

  6 In fact, Nolan was spending a good deal of time in the flag lieutenant’s cabin, where, with the use of a Geiger counter he kept hidden from the crew, he measured the canister for possible radiation emissions. There were none.

  7 Spruance, although he may have known of McVay’s special delivery mission to Tinian, most likely wasn’t privy to the existence of the atom bomb. Two days before this conversation Admiral Nimitz—Spruance’s superior officer—had had his first glimpse of the awesome power of the weapon when he watched a film of the Trinity test. He’d been shown the footage by Captain Parsons, the officer who had given McVay his secret, hurried orders to sail two weeks earlier in San Francisco.

  8 Clarification as to why Naquin didn’t recast this important intelligence in a form McVay might have used disappeared at his death in 1989. In his lifetime he would never fully explain why he didn’t communicate at least a portion of his intelligence, except to say that the Indianapolis’ s risk of enemy submarine attack seemed of “very low order.” In short, his was a judgment call.

  9 Indeed, while “Loran A” navigation was possible for about 50 to 60 percent of the Guam—Leyte route (loran navigation, still popular today, uses a series of ground waves sent from onshore radio antennae to fix a ship’s position), dead reckoning was both an art and the Indy’s default choice of travel. Today’s weekend boater equippe
d with a Global Positioning System has more sophisticated navigational equipment than the Indy’s.

  10 As later explained by Goro Yamada, a petty officer aboard the I-58, the sub’s sonar man had identified the sound of “clinking dishes” from about 20 kilometers, or 12.5 miles away. The sound, according to Yamada, was emanating from one of the galleys on board the USS Indianapolis.

  11 The Indy was actually travelling at seventeen knots under a staggered engine pattern, meaning that her four propellers were moving at different rpm rates. This was standard practice, used precisely to confuse the kind of hydrophone readings Hashimoto had just taken.

  12 The remaining four torpedoes were not accounted for; presumably they missed their target.

  13 A small portion of the crew actually decided to leave the ship within minutes of the torpedoing, leaping from both the port and starboard sides. These early jumpers, finding themselves alone in the sea, would try later to connect with larger groups once the ship had gone down. However, the majority of the approximately 900 crew members who got off the ship did so in the final minutes of the sinking.

  14 At least one-quarter of the thirty-nine-man marine detachment were killed instantly in the torpedoing. As McCoy was climbing the ladder from the brig, in fact, his bunk and the entire sleeping area were in flames. Had he not relieved the brig watch ahead of schedule, he would have been incinerated with the others in the blast.

  15 Several days later, Young would notice that the Indy had been assigned a berth in the Leyte harbor. He would notice as well that she hadn’t yet shown up in that berth. Remembering the radio message, he was puzzled, but said nothing because, as he later explained, he knew that other people were aware of the SOS, too. In other words, as a lowly enlisted sailor, he felt his hands were tied and that his opinion would matter little.

  16 Clair Young’s account didn’t come to light until 1955. That year, after reading a Los Angeles Times story and a subsequent Saturday Evening Post article about the sinking, Young was surprised to learn that no record existed of anyone receiving the Indy’s SOS. Young wrote to the Navy Department, which replied that the Post story, in particular, was “an account of an individual survivor, and not sponsored in all its facts and conclusions by the U.S. Navy.” Russell Hetz and Donald Allen made their recollections public in 1998, as the survivors were working in Congress to exonerate Captain McVay.

  17 Not until this writing has the position of the survivors as they drifted over the Pacific been determined. These estimated positions appear courtesy of undersea salvage expert Curt Newport, who in 2000, in partnership with the Discovery Channel, began a deep-sea search for the Indy’s gravesite. The drift positions were arrived at by means of CASP, or Computer-Aided Simulation Program, the system used by Coast Guard rescue crews today to determine the most likely position of shipwreck survivors.

  18 A stoic, gentle man who has rarely talked about his experience aboard the Indy, Felton Outland does not remember Ed Payne being aboard the raft; indeed, he remembers another sailor, a ship’s cook named David Kemp, as part of this group. When asked, however, if Payne could have been a fellow rafter—as McCoy insists he was—Outland assented. Kemp died in 1985. Outland and McCoy are the only living survivors from this group.

  19 In fact, what they were seeing was the Japanese I-58 that had sunk the Indy. Lieutenant Commander Hashimoto would later explain that he had resurfaced in an attempt to confirm a hit. Unable to find anything, he gave up after an hour.

  20 The tractor planes did not report the Indy missing at the appointed hour; it’s possible that McVay’s request was never carried out.

  21 Present-day wisdom concludes that a potential attack victim should lie perfectly still, as thrashing may excite the shark into thinking it’s spotted wounded prey.

  Accurate data on shark attacks on World War II servicemen may never be known since medical records did not note them. In fact, the navy was sufficiently concerned about loss of morale that it discouraged public mention of the menace.

  22 On Tuesday, McVay picked up a ninth and final boy adrift on a raft. It took the captain and his crew nearly five hours to paddle the fifteen hundred yards to his rescue.

  23 Its beaches had been stormed by some 200,000 Allied troops on October 20, 1944.

  24 In the years following their rescue, the survivors of the Indianapolis missed no opportunity to call Chuck Gwinn their “angel.” They mobbed him whenever he showed up at their biannual reunions and made him an honorary member of their survivors’ organization. Gwinn, who died in July of 1993, was often moved to tears by this display of affection.

  25 There is debate about which sea rescue of World War II constitutes the largest. The Indy’s, which involved a total of eleven aircraft and eleven ships over a six-day period (including post-rescue recovery of bodies), certainly ranks among the most significant.

  26 When adjusted for differing military time zones, this dispatch confirms that the Indianapolis left Guam on July 28, 1945, at 9 A.M.

  27 The sharks had, in fact, remained a constant presence throughout the men’s ordeal, even during the daylight hours. Not long after Gwinn showed up, a massive shark attack—involving an estimated thirty fish—had, in about fifteen minutes, taken some sixty boys perched on a floater net.

  28 There is no record of the survivor’s identity.

  29 Today, the former captain of the Ringness, William C. Meyer, does not recall an ammo can appearing on his radar and claims that circling search planes guided the Ringness to McVay. But John Spinelli recalls being told that this was how the group had been located.

  30 Previous accountings have described McVay as a willing participant in composing the dispatch, while portraying Meyer as reluctant to include the details about the zigzagging. Meyer, however, while supportive of the captain, stands by this second version.

  31 It has previously been reported that Captain McVay and his group were the last to be rescued; according to former Ringness captain William C. Meyer, these prior accounts are erroneous.

  32 According to a navy memorandum, dated August 8, 1945, 316 ultimately survived the disaster. However, more recent review of rescue records by the USS Indianapolis survivors’ organization has corrected this final number to 317.

  33 Arriving on the scene on August 5 was the unescorted transport ship USS General R. L. Howze (AP 134), carrying 4,000 troops to Manila. In apparent contradiction to the naval directive of August 3, unescorted ships were still being routed through the Peddie area in which the Indy was sunk. The USS Cecil J. Doyle ordered the Howze from the area.

  34 Those rescued by the Bassett and taken first to Samar had traveled by airplane to Base 18. The majority of the survivors traveled from their initial hospital lodgings on Peleliu via the hospital ship Tranquility, a journey of two days.

  35 McCoy and his mother later figured out that at about the time she’d awakened, McCoy was making his way to the raft that held Payne, Outland, Gray, and Brundige.

  36 A month earlier, Congress had begun hearings concerning the attack at Pearl Harbor. A post-attack court of inquiry had found Rear Admiral Husband Kimmel and Major General Walter Short guilty of “derelictions of duty” and “errors of judgement.” A July 1946 congressional report would strike the first charge but retain the second.

  37 It is unlikely that even the court’s seven judges possessed sufficient security clearance to allow them knowledge of ULTRA’s existence. The details of the program would remain classified until the early 1990s. The court of inquiry and Navy Inspector General documents detailing the charges against McVay, and the navy’s thinking in arriving at them, were not declassified until 1959.

  38 All of these letters, however, would eventually be withdrawn by Secretary Forrestal. The military records of the four men would emerge unblemished by the sinking of the Indy.

  39 The survivors’ efforts to clear McVay’s name were diligently aided by a Ransom Middle School student from Cantonment, Florida, named Hunter Scott, who took up the cause in 1997 a
s part of a history project. Where the gray-haired, senior citizen survivors of the Indy hadn’t succeeded, Scott was able to bend the ear of Washington’s politicians.

  40 Former I-58 captain Mochitsura Hashimoto, who supported the survivors’ exoneration efforts, was pleased to hear this news. A Shinto priest, he died at age ninety-one on October 25, 2000, in Kyoto.

  41 In response, the navy has said once again that “internal and external reviews have supported the fairness and legality of the court-martial proceedings and appellate action” regarding McVay’s court martial.

  Copyright © 2001 by Reed City Productions, LLC.

  “Afterword: 2001” copyright © 2002 by Reed City Productions, LLC.

  All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. For information address Henry Holt and Company, LLC., 115 West 18th St., New York, NY 10011.

  Published by arrangement with Henry Holt

  IN HARM’S WAY

  St. Martin’s Paperbacks are published by St. Martin’s Press, 175 Fifth

  Avenue, New York, NY 10010.

  Cover photography courtesy of the Naval Historical Center.

  eISBN 9781466818781

  First eBook Edition : April 2012

 

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