Had he suffered: ‘Kevin and the Pain That Has Never Disappeared’, Belfast Telegraph, 30 August 2013.
Reid would hear things sometimes: ‘Grim Reunion for Family As Dig for Body Begins’, Telegraph, 31 May 1999.
At one point, a rumour: ‘Kin of Missing Appeal to IRA’, Boston Globe, 28 August 1995.
In the hope of raising awareness: ‘Clinton and Mandela Get Grief Symbol’, Belfast Telegraph, 26 June 1995.
When the McConvilles and other families: ‘The Disappeared: And That’s Not in Latin America We’re Discussing, It’s Mainland Britain’, Daily Mail, 11 May 1995.
mothers of the disappeared: ‘Ireland Calling: The Disappeared Reappear’, Irish Voice, 15 June 1999.
‘We have a simple message’: ‘Families of Vanished Victims Open Campaign’, Belfast News Letter, 26 June 1995.
McKendry had visited the Sinn Féin: ‘IRA Embarrassed by Family’s “Secret Burial” Campaign’, Guardian, 30 August 1995.
‘Gerry, are you trying to make an idiot of my wife?’: Ibid.
At the end of the summer in 1995: ‘Adams Called On to Pressurise IRA over Graves of “Disappeared”’, Irish Times, 16 August 1995.
Chapter 20: A Secret Archive
He had granted a visa to Gerry Adams: ‘US Shifts, Grants Visa to President of IRA’s Political Wing’, Washington Post, 31 January 1994.
Clinton took to the podium: this account is drawn from a video of the event.
a passage from a poem: Seamus Heaney, The Cure at Troy: A Version of Sophocles’ Philoctetes (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1991), p.77.
The ceasefire would eventually end: ‘IRA Smash Ceasefire’, Guardian, 10 February 1996.
For a week in April 1998, negotiators holed up: ‘The Long Good Friday’, Observer, 11 April 1998.
The chief negotiator was an American: See George Mitchell, Making Peace (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000).
‘the tenacity of a fanatic’: The observer was the novelist Colum McCann. ‘Ireland’s Troubled Peace’, New York Times, 15 May 2014.
Outside, as flurries of sleet battered: ‘The Long Good Friday’, Observer, 11 April 1998.
‘I don’t know what the real deal is’: Memorandum of a telephone conversation between Bill Clinton and Tony Blair, 10 June 1999, Clinton Digital Library.
But the fiction that Adams had never been a paramilitary: One of the British negotiators, Jonathan Powell, pointed out, ‘The IRA was a proscribed organisation and we could not talk to its leaders as such. Of course we knew the people we were talking to as Sinn Féin leaders were also leaders of the IRA.’ Jonathan Powell, Great Hatred, Little Room: Making Peace in Northern Ireland (London: Vintage, 2009), p.24.
‘An Ireland in which the guns are silent’: ‘Hope and History Rhyme Once More’, An Phoblacht, 25 June 1998.
Paul Bew was enjoying: Interview with Paul Bew. The notion of documenting the Troubles before the participants started dying appears to have been Paul Bew’s idea. When Bew consulted with Ed Moloney, it was Moloney who proposed the specific notion of compiling an oral history. Interview with Ed Moloney; Moloney Massachusetts affidavit.
He had been a student: Interview with Ed Moloney.
the government used a court order: ‘Journalist Wins Right to Keep Notes from Police’, Independent, 28 October 1999.
Moloney had grown convinced: Interview with Ed Moloney.
proposed something more specific: Ibid.
Anyone who violated the credo of silence: ‘Secrets from Belfast’, Chronicle of Higher Education, 26 January 2014.
He talked about ‘laying down the tapes’: Interview with Paul Bew.
At sixteen, he lied about his age: Interview with Anthony McIntyre.
After writing a dissertation: ‘Decommissioned Provos Thrown on Scrap Heap of History’, Sunday Tribune, 16 April 2006.
In 2000, he met a young American woman: Interview with Anthony McIntyre.
Bew endorsed the idea of enlisting his former advisee: Interview with Paul Bew.
Boston College received a grant of $200,000: ‘Secrets from Belfast’, Chronicle of Higher Education, 26 January 2014.
Originally, Moloney had wanted: Interview with Ed Moloney.
For the loyalist interviews: Interview with Wilson McArthur.
Before they finished dinner at Deanes: ‘Secrets from Belfast’, Chronicle of Higher Education, 26 January 2014.
After apartheid ended: There is a vast literature on the truth and reconciliation process in South Africa, but I would recommend in particular Antjie Krog, Country of My Skull: Guilt, Sorrow, and the Limits of Forgiveness in the New South Africa (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000).
In 2001, Martin McGuinness: ‘McGuinness Confirms IRA Role’, BBC, 2 May 2001.
Then he leaned into the microphone: ‘Adams Warns Ministers IRA Has Not Gone Away’, Independent, 14 August 1995.
‘the phenomenology of sectarian violence’: ‘Secrets from Belfast’, Chronicle of Higher Education, 26 January 2014.
Even if the authorities did somehow learn: Interview with Ed Moloney.
The author of some notorious crime: Ibid.
‘the man who in the name of Ireland’: Padraic Pearse, ‘Ghosts’, in The Collected Works of Padraic H. Pearse, p.123.
This kind of absolutism formed: Interview with Anthony McIntyre.
No Sinn Féin official ever: McKearney, Provisional IRA, p.185.
‘monopoly over the memory’: Ian McBride, ‘The Truth About the Troubles’, in Remembering the Troubles: Contesting the Recent Past in Northern Ireland, ed. Jim Smyth (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 2017), p.11.
He used encrypted email: O’Neill affidavit.
O’Neill was an expert on ‘archival security’: Robert K. O’Neill, ed., Management of Library and Archival Security: From the Outside Looking In (Binghamton, N.Y.: Haworth Press, 1998), p.1.
It was only in a separate set of documents: Interview with Anthony McIntyre.
Chapter 21: On the Ledge
In 1993, the block of flats: Roy, ‘Divis Flats’.
During the 1980s, a so-called demolition committee: ‘Wrecking Ball Brings Hope to Slum’, Associated Press, 31 October 1993.
The British Army continued to occupy the roof: The British Army began to move out only in 2005, as part of a ‘demilitarisation’ process.
‘Welcome to my cell’: ‘Hughes No Longer Toes the Provo Line’, Sunday Tribune, 17 December 2000.
‘You never really leave prison’: ‘Decommissioned Provos Thrown on Scrap Heap of History’, Sunday Tribune, 16 April 2006.
The flat was decorated: Ibid.
to remind him: Ibid.
Lately he had taken to joking, darkly: Ibid.
He liked Divis Tower: ‘Hunger Striker in Fight for Sight’, Irish News, October 2006.
His doctor told him to stop drinking: ‘Decommissioned Provos Thrown on Scrap Heap of History’, Sunday Tribune, 16 April 2006.
Mackers still remembered: Interview with Anthony McIntyre.
But once they started: Ibid.
At one point Hughes joked: H-BC.
But above all, Hughes talked: Interview with Anthony McIntyre.
He joked that GFA: Brendan Hughes, ‘The Real Meaning of G.F.A.’, The Blanket, 8 October 2000.
In prison, when the Provos conducted: ‘Interview with Brendan Hughes’, Fourthwrite no. 1, Spring 2000.
By denying that he had ever played: H-BC.
‘the Armani suit brigade’: Interview with Anthony McIntyre.
‘Painting murals’: ‘Hunger Striker in Fight for Sight’, Irish News, October 2006.
‘into bad company’: ‘Hughes No Longer Toes the Provo Line’, Sunday Tribune, 17 December 2000.
Hughes felt that this overture: Interview with Anthony McIntyre.
His IRA masters punished him by shooting: Interviews with Richard O’Rawe and Anthony McIntyre.
According to O’Rawe, the prisoners received: Richard O’Rawe
, Blanketmen: The Untold Story of the H-Block Hunger Strike (Dublin: New Island, 2005), pp.176–80.
O’Rawe and another negotiator smuggled a message: Ibid., p.181.
But word came back from the outside: Ibid., p.184.
Six more men died before: Ibid., prologue.
In terms of republican policy: O’Rawe, Blanketmen, p.253.
In prolonging the strike: Interview with Richard O’Rawe.
‘Guys died here for fucking nothing!’: Ibid.
The hunger strike made Sinn Féin’s successful: Ed Moloney, introduction to Afterlives: The Hunger Strike and the Secret Offer That Changed Irish History, by Richard O’Rawe (Dublin: Lilliput Press, 2010), p.xii.
To O’Rawe it seemed: Interview with Richard O’Rawe. For a thorough and nuanced discussion of the merits of O’Rawe’s claims and the assertions and counter-assertions of various other figures who were associated with the strike, see O’Doherty, Gerry Adams, chap. 14.
McKenna had brain damage: ‘Hughes No Longer Toes the Provo Line’, Sunday Tribune, 17 December 2000; H-BC.
Like McKenna, he bore: ‘Hunger Striker in Fight for Sight’, Irish News, October 2006.
‘He couldn’t commit to either jump’: Interview with Carrie Twomey.
Hughes recalled Dr Ross: H-BC.
Later, he learned: H-BC. Ed Moloney’s book based on the Hughes oral history was the first time that the tragic story of Dr Ross was publicly reported (see Voices from the Grave, p.242), but few other details of this episode are known. I was able to confirm the basic facts with David Nicholl, an English doctor whose father, also a doctor, attended medical school with Ross and with Dr Hernán Reyes, who visited the prison with the International Committee of the Red Cross in 1986 and spoke with medical staff about the strike.
‘And to hear people who I would have died for’: H-BC
If it was McClure who had day-to-day command: Ibid.; Interview with Anthony McIntyre.
Chapter 22: Touts
Gypo identifies a Dublin: Liam O’Flaherty, The Informer (New York: Harcourt, 1980), p.22.
The tout occupies: See Ron Dudai, ‘Informers and the Transition in Northern Ireland’, British Journal of Criminology, vol. 52, no. 1 (January 2012).
Gerry Adams once remarked: ‘Adams Offers “Regret” As Digging Resumes’, BBC, 31 May 1999.
the English have employed spies: Ed Moloney and Anthony McIntyre, ‘The Security Department: IRA Defensive Counterintelligence in a 30-Year War Against the British’ (unpublished paper, April 2006).
Campbell’s speciality: Unless otherwise noted, material relating to Trevor Campbell is derived from two interviews with Campbell.
rough questioning and torture: ‘Inside Castlereagh: “We Got Confessions by Torture”’, Guardian, 11 October 2010.
Roy McShane, who served: ‘The Leader, His Driver, and the Driver’s Handler: Chauffeur Revealed As MI5 Agent’, Guardian, 9 February 2008.
This cadre of inquisitors: Interview with Gerard Hodgins; ‘The Hunter and His Prey’, Spotlight (BBC Northern Ireland, 2015).
For decades, the most fearsome: ‘How, and Why, Did Scappaticci Survive the IRA’s Wrath?’ Irish Times, 15 April 2017.
Members of the Nutting Squad: Eamon Collins, Killing Rage (London: Granta, 1997), chap. 18.
Methods seldom varied: ‘Double Blind’, The Atlantic, April 2006.
The signs of the group’s handiwork: ‘Accused IRA Man Denies Being Agent for Security Services’, Independent, 14 May 2003.
‘Every army attracts psychopaths’: H-BC.
She told him that Martin McGuinness: ‘A Path Paved with Blood: The Family of IRA Victim Frank Hegarty Insist That Martin McGuinness Lured Him to His Death’, Daily Mail, 25 September 2011.
In 2011, McGuinness: ‘McGuinness Denies Involvement in 1986 Killing’, Irish Times, 30 September 2011.
‘Death, certainly’: The original interview was in ‘The Long War’, from the BBC series Panorama (1988). Subsequently declassified files from the Republic of Ireland lend support to the suggestion that McGuinness was involved. See ‘Martin McGuinness Set Up Meeting Where Suspected IRA Informer Frank Hegarty Was Killed, Bishop Claimed’, Irish News, 29 December 2017.
‘If you confess, you’re dead’: Interview with Trevor Campbell.
‘the disappearance of people’: Interview with Anthony McIntyre.
Bell was a hard-liner: Moloney, Secret History of the IRA, pp.113–15.
‘There was only one man’: H-BC.
They had found each other: Interview with Anthony McIntyre.
She was living in Dublin: ‘Cast in the Middle of the Long Conflict in Northern Ireland’, New York Times, 15 February 1998.
their Belfast accents: Father Raymond Murray, funeral oration for Dolours Price.
Her marriage: ‘Stephen Rea Breaks Up with Bomber’, Irish Independent, 13 July 2003.
There, she surrounded herself: Interview with Anthony McIntyre; contemporary photos of Price.
She would invite a guest: Interview with Tara Keenan-Thomson.
a law course at Trinity: Dolours Price, ‘Don’t Be Afraid, Do Not Be Fooled’, The Blanket, 16 January 2007.
‘You’d know you had never been to prison!’: ‘Woman in the Technicolor Coat Became the Talk of Our Class’, Belfast Telegraph, 25 January 2013.
She felt as though: Dolours Price, ‘Rummaging’, The Blanket, 9 July 2004.
She was troubled: Interview with Carrie Twomey.
Many of her old comrades: Interview with Francie McGuigan.
Joe Lynskey staring back at her: Interview with Patrick Farrelly.
She never came back: ‘Woman in the Technicolor Coat Became the Talk of Our Class’, Belfast Telegraph, 25 January 2013.
‘The settlement betrayed’: Interview with Eamonn McCann.
‘For what Sinn Féin has achieved’: RTÉ interview with Dolours Price, excerpted in I, Dolours.
a concept in psychology called ‘moral injury’: See Jonathan Shay, Achilles in Vietnam: Combat Trauma and the Undoing of Character (New York: Scribner, 2003), p.20; Robert Emmet Meagher, Killing from the Inside Out: Moral Injury and Just War (Eugene, Ore.: Cascade Books, 2014), pp.3–5; Brett T. Litz et al., ‘Moral Injury and Moral Repair in War Veterans: A Preliminary Model and Intervention Strategy’, Clinical Psychology Review 29 (2009).
At a republican commemoration: ‘Gerry Adams Was My Commander, Says IRA Bomber’, Telegraph, 16 March 2001.
This sort of outspokenness: ‘Jilted Lady’, The Times, 24 March 1999.
Price occasionally attended: ‘“Misled” SF Members Urged to Join Former Colleagues’, Irish Times, 10 November 1997.
but she was not a joiner: Dolours Price, ‘Bun Fights & Good Salaries’, The Blanket, 27 March 2007.
‘What are you going to get’: Interview with Ed Moloney.
Her boys: Dolours Price, ‘Money … Money … Money’, The Blanket, 17 January 2005.
After a series of sectarian: ‘Cast in the Middle of the Long Conflict in Northern Ireland’, New York Times, 15 February 1998.
‘the guns will be sealed in concrete’: Dolours Price, ‘Get On with It’, The Blanket, 14 September 2004.
‘Bobby, he told us’: Dolours Price, ‘UnHung Hero’, The Blanket, 3 August 2004.
Sands’s own family: ‘Hunger Striker Bobby Sands Is Just a Money-Spinner for Sinn Féin’, Belfast Telegraph, 1 March 2016.
her sainted aunt Bridie: P-TKT.
Is this what we killed for?: Dolours Price, ‘Bun Fights & Good Salaries’, The Blanket, 27 March 2007.
What was it really all about?: Dolours Price, ‘I Once Knew a Boy’, The Blanket, 17 July 2004.
Occasionally, she saw: P-TKT.
‘It’s like a woman who can lift cars’: P-TKT.
‘your children will bear the mark of Cain’: Interview with Anthony McIntyre.
Chapter 23: Bog Queen
For three decades: Interview with Geoff Knupfer.
But Knupfer took her hand: ‘Fourth “Mo
ors Murders” Victim Found, Fifth Sought’, United Press International, 2 July 1987.
‘she began to deteriorate before our eyes’: Interview with Geoff Knupfer.
‘You cannot mourn someone’: ‘Speaking for the Dead’, Guardian, 14 June 2003.
In Chile, more than three thousand: ‘Chile Sentences 33 for Pinochet’s Disappeared’, Financial Times, 23 March 2017.
In Argentina, the number: ‘Children of Argentina’s “Disappeared” Reclaim Past, with Help’, New York Times, 11 October 2015.
The commission ultimately: ‘The Disappeared’, a list retrieved from the website of the Independent Commission for the Location of Victims’ Remains.
you could list the victims: Ibid.
Under a rhododendron bush: ‘Police Recover Remains of “Disappeared” IRA Victim’, Guardian, 28 May 1999; ‘A Touch of Irony As IRA Delivers Victim’s Remains’, Irish Independent, 29 May 1999.
It held the remains: For further detail on Molloy’s role in the IRA and the mechanics of his informing, see Moloney, Secret History of the IRA, pp.133–40.
in a remote area of County Louth: Unless otherwise noted, details of this episode are drawn from ‘A Prayer Before Dying: IRA Took Priest to Disappeared Victim before Murder’, BBC News, 3 November 2013.
This wasn’t true: Moloney, Secret History of the IRA, p.134.
Nor did he ever report the incident to the police: ‘A Prayer Before Dying: IRA Took Priest to Disappeared Victim Before Murder’, BBC News, 3 November 2013. The priest subsequently left the priesthood, and died more than a decade ago.
They had been killed for stealing a gun: Margaret McKinney, ‘The Disappearance of Brian McKinney’, in The Disappeared of Northern Ireland’s Troubles, p.52; ‘Their Sons Were Best Friends. In 1978 They Were Disappeared by the IRA’, Belfast Telegraph, 4 February 2017.
Massive excavators lumbered: ‘Combing the Sands Where a Mother’s Bones are Said to Lie’, Independent, 2 June 1999.
some of them worried: ‘Ireland Calling: Digging for the Disappeared’, Irish Voice, 15 June 1999.
When they spoke of Jean: ‘Disappeared’ (October Films documentary, 1999).
Jim McConville, who was six: Anonymous source; ‘Woman Beaten As She Intervened in Loyalist Attack on Belfast House’, Irish Times, 19 June 1995.
had struggled with alcohol, and with his temper: ‘Sons Recall 30 Years of Painful Memories’, Irish News, 24 October 2003.
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