Midnight Ride, Industrial Dawn

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Midnight Ride, Industrial Dawn Page 57

by Robert Martello


  Harpers Ferry armory, 253, 275–76

  Hendricks, Harmon, 261–62, 268, 295, 309, 312–13, 404n30, 410n53

  Henfrey, Benjamin, 222–23, 226

  Higginson, Stephen, 200, 227–29, 236, 238, 256

  Hitchborn family: ancestry of, 15–16, 373n84

  as church leaders, 156

  as customers, 37, 46, 55

  and funding for Revere, 136–37, 138, 152, 387n29

  influence of, on Revere, 16, 17, 59

  upper-class lifestyle of, 17, 59

  Hitchborn, Benjamin. See Hitchborn family

  Hitchborn, Deborah. See Revere, Deborah

  Hitchborn, Samuel. See Hitchborn family

  Hollingsworth, Levi, 268, 294, 302, 332

  Hope furnace. See Brown and Benson

  howitzer. See cannon casting

  Humphreys, Col. Joshua: and copper sheathing, 221

  dismisses Revere, 205, 226

  learns of Revere’s success, 232, 233

  as naval pioneer, 252, 396n12

  recommends Revere, 197, 226–27, 302, 357–58

  Hutchinson, Thomas, 65

  Iliad, 21–22, 37–38

  industrial capitalism: definition of, 6–7

  ideals of, 216–17

  and iron plantations, 129–30

  and labor, 276

  and machinery, 108–9

  and standardization, 154–55

  transition of, in nineteenth century, 247–53, 332–33.

  See also proto-industry

  industrial revolution. See industrialization

  proto-industry

  industrialization: debate over, 216–17, 251

  definition of, 6–7

  in England, 18

  government support of, 248

  and market economy, 249–50, 252, 401n7

  and mechanization, 103–4, 108–9, 252

  in nineteenth century, 247–48, 250–53.

  See also proto-industry

  intellectual property. See patents

  interchangeable parts. See mass production

  standardization

  Intolerable Acts, 67–68

  investment capital. See capital

  iron: bar, 124–26

  cast, 124–26, 139, 141, 155

  in ancient civilizations, 122–23, 384n4, 385n5

  and blast furnaces, 124–25, 125, 126–28

  and bloomeries, 123–24, 127–28

  casting of, 139–41

  in colonial America, 127–30

  and employment patterns, 145–46

  finers, fineries, 125–26, 385n9

  founders, foundries, 124–25, 127, 139–40

  native, 122

  “old” (reused iron), 148, 151, 155

  pig, 124–26, 139, 141, 155

  and plantations, 129–30

  and raw materials, 147–49, 151

  and Revere’s ironworking, 127, 132–33, 137–38, 141–42, 152, 355, 387n27

  and rivers, 315–16

  rolling of, 229–30, 231

  seasonal nature of, 153

  and slitting mill, 128, 230, 231

  wrought, 124–26.

  See also metalworking

  smelting

  Iron Act, 128–29

  Jefferson, Thomas: and Democratic-Republican party, 208

  and embargo, 257–58, 276–77

  and Federalist party, 216, 234

  ideology of, 235, 266

  and industrialization, 216

  and manufacturing, 216, 255, 403n19

  and navy, 235–36

  presidential administration of, 233–36, 257–58.

  See also Democratic-Republican party

  jobbing. See subcontracting

  journeymen: in colonial America, 34, 369n46

  in Europe, 23

  income of, 34, 52

  in nineteenth century, 115, 273–76

  perks of, 112, 115

  as Revere’s employees, 47, 112

  social status of, 34

  strikes and unrest of, 112–13, 115–16, 275, 276.

  See also artisans

  labor

  Kinsley, Adam, 230, 278, 316–20

  knowledge, scientific, 46, 112, 132–33, 166, 218, 340

  Knox, Henry, 175, 178–79, 182–83, 190, 221, 378n41

  labor: and attendance, 145–46, 277–78

  benefits and perks of, 112–13, 145–46, 275, 278–79, 281–82, 336

  in blast furnaces, 126

  and contracts, 32–34, 112–13, 143–44, 274, 275–76, 278, 281, 333

  and craft guilds, 23

  fees for, charged to clients, 186

  division of, 103–4, 108, 113–14, 218, 274

  and machine operation, 104, 108–9, 252, 273, 275, 296–97, 351

  and nineteenth century, 251–52, 273–76

  and salaries, 143–45, 277, 278–80, 359

  scarcity of, 273–74, 369n44

  and stigma of physical labor, 27, 366n28

  and strikes, unrest, and labor movements, 113, 115–16, 273–75, 277

  and technical improvements, 287–88, 351

  and turnover, 47, 113, 273–74, 279–81

  and wage labor, 34, 115–16, 273–74, 369n46, 383n43

  after war, 112–13.

  See also apprentices

  journeymen

  management

  Revere, Paul large technological systems, 126–27, 149, 152, 284, 360, 406n2

  Leonard, Jonathan, 230, 278, 316–21

  Lettsom, Dr., 166

  Liberty Bowl, 52, 72, 354, 372n80

  liquor. See alcohol

  Livingston, Robert, 152, 258, 305–6

  Long Room Club, 55, 70–71, 75

  Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 2, 3, 78

  Lowell, Francis (and textile mills under his name), 152, 279, 361n5

  Loyal Nine, 65, 72

  machinery. See mechanization

  Madison, James, 207, 216, 234, 255, 259

  malleable copper. See copper

  management: in artisan shops, 23–24, 36–37, 57–59, 95–96

  in cannon casting, 178–79

  in colonial times, 19–20

  in England, 292–93

  in ironworking, 126, 153–54, 178

  and laborer supervision, 111–13, 143–44, 145–46, 273–77, 336–37

  in large technological systems, 126

  in malleable copper work, 202–3

  and mechanization, 103–4, 296–97

  and morality, 279

  and natural resources, 129, 150–51, 312–13

  and nineteenth century, 113, 116, 252, 254, 274–75, 335–37

  paternalistic aspects of, 279

  and proto-industry, 322, 335–37

  recordkeeping techniques of, 57–59, 143–44, 259–60, 336

  scarcity of, in America, 57, 132, 206–8, 254, 335–36

  and silverworking, 57, 113

  manufacturing: craft-centered, 6–7, 112

  debate over, 215–17, 397n24

  and embargo, 258

  environmental impacts of, 314–16

  government support of, 287, 412n11

  and homespun movement, 67

  moral elements of, 67, 83, 89, 215–17, 251

  and nineteenth-century growth, 250–53

  and proto-industrial development, 332–34

  in Revolutionary War, 83, 86–88

  societies, 218–19

  variety of, 361n5

  and waterpower sources, 310–11.

  See also British manufactures

  industrialization

  Mark, Jacob, 223–24, 226

  market economy: and capitalism, 19–20, 152, 248–50, 363n10

  in colonial America, 50, 128, 381n24

  expansion of, after 1780s, 103, 115, 149, 152, 159, 201, 215, 334, 401n7

  government support for, 248–49, 255

  and Great Britain, 19, 98–99, 201, 206, 215

  and manufacturing, 159, 201, 215, 247, 254, 274, 296, 307


  and specie in circulation, 56, 96, 98–99

  and wartime impacts, 88–89, 98–99, 115.

  See also capitalism

  Masons, 55, 76, 102, 133, 324

  mass production, 104, 108, 114, 252, 296–97, 408n21.

  See also standardization

  Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics Association, 101, 116–18, 272, 384nn50, 52

  Massachusetts government: cannon purchases of, 183–84, 186, 239, 300

  and Constitutional ratification, 100–102

  incorporation charters of, 116–17, 271–72

  militia of, 40, 80, 82–83

  in Revolution, 62, 68, 83–84, 85–87, 175, 372n80

  and riparian lawsuits, 315–16

  and Shays’ Rebellion, 380n16

  sheet copper for State House dome of, 256

  and tariff, 218

  material properties. See metalworking

  mechanics. See artisans

  mechanization: and anti-industry viewpoint, 216, 402n10

  and the division of labor, 103–4, 296–97

  in New England, 251

  and standardized mass production, 252, 254, 296–97

  and technology transfer, 131, 243

  and tools and machines, 108, 154, 382n36.

  See also industrialization

  mercantilism, 18–19, 64, 128, 221, 249

  merchant(s): and capital loans, 254, 272

  and Jefferson’s non-importation and embargo, 258

  in resistance movement, 65–68, 374n4

  Revere tries to become, 94–100

  and silversmiths, 56–57

  in societal hierarchy, 26

  and support of manufactures, 217–18, 254

  and tariff, 264, 265

  variety of, 95

  meritocracy, 66, 94, 115, 257, 268, 332, 341–42

  metalworking: annealing, 42, 192–93, 304

  cold-working, 42, 192–93, 304

  drawing, 44–46, 193–94

  ductility, 192–93, 304, 394n70

  hardness, 192, 304

  hot-working, 193, 304

  malleability, 192–93, 304, 394n70

  material properties, 42–46, 192–96, 304, 394n70

  strength, 42, 192–93, 394n68

  and technological development, 285

  terminology of, 192–96

  toughness, 192–93

  work hardening, 42.

  See also bronze

  copper

  iron

  silver

  tin

  Midnight Ride, 1–2, 75–78, 324, 376n26

  natural resources. See environment

  raw materials

  nature. See environment

  Navy, Department of: and armories, 214

  budget of, 236

  copper purchasing of, 308

  copper sheathing demand of, 219–24

  and Democratic-Republicans, 234–36

  origins and early activities of, 209–13.

  See also federal government

  Neponset River: competition for, 313, 318, 320

  sketch of, 298

  water rights of, 230

  water-power of, 311–13, 312.

  See also waterpower

  networking: customer and contract solicitation, 55–57, 104–5, 190–91, 202

  and Midnight Ride, 90

  and patriot resistance, 70–71

  to raise capital, 337

  New Brick Church, 30, 55, 156

  New York City: artisan standing in, 68, 365n20, 375n13

  and banks, 255

  and copper sheathing, 221, 256, 261–62

  and labor unrest, 276, 369n46

  as metalworking center, 226, 266–67

  and patriot network, 71

  and post office, 248

  and Revolutionary War, 80–81, 88

  as silverworking center, 39, 51, 106, 370n53

  and skilled laborer immigration, 131, 262

  North End Caucus, 68, 70, 72

  old copper (reused copper). See under copper

  old iron (reused iron). See under iron

  ordnance. See cannon casting

  Orne, Sarah. See Revere, Sarah

  Otis, Congressman Harrison G., 191, 196, 226–27, 233

  partnerships, 269–72, 322, 327–28

  pastoralism, 327

  patents, 135, 218, 266–67, 285–87

  patriots. See resistance movement

  Paul Revere and Son. See Revere and Son

  “Paul Revere’s Ride” (Longfellow), 2, 3

  Pelham, Henry, 72, 73

  Penobscot expedition, 82–83

  Perkins, Jacob, 252

  Philadelphia: artisan standing in, 68, 365n20, 366n27, 375nn12, 13

  and banks, 255

  and Constitutional Convention, 100

  and gunpowder, 60, 62, 85–86

  and labor relief, 99, 369n46

  and Liberty Bell, 165

  and Masons, 55

  as metalworking center, 226, 261, 262, 266–67, 307

  and patriot network, 71–72

  as silverworking center, 39, 51, 106, 107, 370n53

  and skilled laborer immigration, 131, 262

  pig iron. See under iron

  plating mill. See rolling mill (silver)

  Postal Service, 248, 375n14, 401n5

  Preble, Capt. Edward, 283, 304

  printing, 28, 48, 72, 83–85, 105

  proto-industry: America vs. Britain, 332–33

  and artisan practices, 35, 103–4

  definition of, 6–8, 333, 361n6, 362n7

  and double entry accounting, 58–59, 152

  and foundry operations, 152, 154–55

  and government policies, 217

  and iron plantations, 130

  and labor practices, 112–14, 274–76

  and machine use, 108–9, 296–97

  in modern era, 334–35

  in nineteenth century, 251–53, 332–34

  and production factors, 6, 8, 333–34, >351, 352–53

  and Revere’s career, 322–23, 333–34

  and standardization, 154–55, 296–97

  proving, 177–78, 214

  Quasi-War, 210, 212–13, 234–35

  Quincy, Josiah, 264, 265, 266, 287

  raw materials: and American self-sufficiency, 214

  Americans’ resource assessment of, 147, 159

  efficient use of, 216

  government stockpiling of, 240

  and large technological systems, 126

  mercantilist philosophy of, 18, 128

  and power machinery processing, 296

  and quality control problems, 141

  and Revere’s procurement practices, 137, 147–49, 159, 180–81, 198, 200, 239–40, 258

  and riparian management and legislation, 312–16

  shortages of, 151, 198

  tariff on, 264–68

  recordkeeping: American expertise in, 259–60

  and artisan managerial skill, 57–59

  double entry method of, 152, 259–60, 336, 352

  early practices of, 136

  overview of, 5, 389n56

  of sales and payments, 259–60

  of wages and hours worked, 143

  refining. See under copper

  repoussé. See under silver

  resistance movement: patriot activities, 64–68

  Revere’s resistance activities, 53, 65, 69–75

  Revere, Deborah (daughter), 40, 92

  Revere, Deborah (mother), 15–16, 36, 40, 54, 59

  Revere, Frances (daughter), 111, 411n3

  Revere, Harriet (daughter), 328–30

  Revere, John (son), 291, 329, 330

  Revere, Joseph Warren (son): early years of, 170

  industrial espionage of, 289–94, 293, 309

  labor management policies of, 278

  as leader of Revere and Son, 327–28, 329–31

  modernizes Revere and Son, 271, 306–7, 331

  partnership of, with Pau
l Revere, 246–47, 269–71

  visits Europe, 289–94, 293, 309

  Revere, Maria (daughter), 328–30

  Revere, Mary (daughter), 329–30

  Revere, Paul: ambition of, 93–94, 225, 335

  apprenticeship experiences of, 35–36

  as artisan leader, 101, 116–18, 341

  as bell maker, 157–58, 165–70

  bell output and pricing of, 171–72, 299–300

  and cannon casting, 87–88, 132, 173–74, 178–82

  and cannon sales, 182–86, 184, 214

  Cantondale poem of, 324–27

  childhood influences of, 16–17

  Copley portrait of, 11–15, 12

  and copper rolling, 229–33

  copper rolling income and expenses of, 237–39, 262–63, 263

  credit and pricing practices of, 260–61

  and Democratic-Republican administration, 236–38

  and dentistry, 47–48

  employer practices of, 143–46, 276–81, 336–37, 359

  and engraving and printing, 52, 53, 83–85, 354

  fasteners (bolt and spike) manufacturing, 190–92, 302–3

  and fasteners (bolt and spike) sales and profits, 197–201, 262–63, 263

  Federalist principles of, 257, 328–29, 342

  final narrative of, 340–44

  government offices held by, 74–75, 102, 376n24

  and government support, 228–29, 242–44, 337–38

  inherits father’s shop, 36–37

  as iron founder, 127, 132–33, 137–38, 355, 387n27

  and iron production, 141–42

  ironworking profits of, 152

  and labor fee charged to clients, 186, 198

  and merchant endeavors, 94–100

  militia service of, in French and Indian War, 40

  militia service of, in Revolutionary War, 80–83, 378n39

  partnership of, with Joseph Warren Revere, 269–71, 327–28

  and patriot resistance activities, 53, 65, 69–75

  public praise for work of, 197, 283

  and raw material procurement, 137, 147–49, 159, 180–81, 198, 200, 239–40, 258

  and religion, 156–57

  retirement of, 327–29

  Saint-Memin portrait of, 228

  silver career of (postwar), 102–7

  silver career of (pre-war), 36–37, 47–52

  silver output of, 104, 109–10, 382n32

  and silver rolling, 107–11, 229

  silversmith apprentices of, 47, 111–12, 371n67

  silversmith customers of, 55–56, 105

  silversmith income of, 52–54, 371n66, 373n81

  social status of, 225

  Stoddert interactions with, 204–6, 225–27, 357–58

  Stuart portrait of, 325

  and technology transfer, 134, 242, 294–96, 339

  versatility of, 44–46, 47–48, 104, 338–39

  will and testament of, 329–31

  Revere, Paul, Jr. (son): apprenticeship of, 47

  and bell making, 170

  and Boston property, 79

  in business for himself, 92, 97, 113

 

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