22. J. Banquet, "Spectral Analysis of the EEG in Meditation," EEG and Clinical Neurophysiologni 35 (1973): 143-51.
23. R. May, The Courage to Create (New York: Norton, 1975), p. 100.
24. R. Watson, K. Heilman, B. Miller and F. King, "Neglect after Mesencephalic Reticular Formation Lesions," Neurology 25 (1975): 294-98.
25. C. Martindale and J. Greenough, "The Differential Effect of Increased Arousal on Creative and Intellectual Performance," Journal of Genetic Psychology 123 (1973): 329-35.
26. C. Martindale and J. Armstrong, "The Relationship of Creativity to Cortical Activation and Its Operant Control," Journal of Genetic Psychology 124 (1974): 311-20.
27. K. Bowers and L. Keeling, "Heart-Rate Variability in Creative Functioning," Psychological Reports 29 (1971): 160-62.
28. R. Gur, R. Gur and L. Harris, "Cerebral Activation, As Measured by Subjects' Lateral Eve Movements, is Influenced by Experimenter Location," Neuropsychologia 13 (1975): 35-44.
29. Martindale and Armstrong, note 18 supra.
30. C. Martindale and D. Hines, "Creativity and Cortical Activation During Creative, Intellectual, and EEG Feedback Tasks," Biological Psychology 3 (1976): 91-1.00.
31. E. Green, A. Green and E. Walters, "Voluntary Control of Internal States: Psychological and Physiological," Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 2 (1970): 1-26.
32. A. Green, E. Green and E. Walters, "Brainwave Training, Imagery, Creativity, and Integrative Experiences," paper presented by A. Green at the Biofeedback Research Society Conference, Feb., 1974. Reprint kindly furnished by the authors.
33. E. Maupin, "Individual Differences in Response to a Zen Meditation Exercise," Journal of Consulting Psychology 29 (1965): 139-45.
36. In Closing
t. R. Gerard, "The Biological Basis of Imagination," in The Creative Process, ed. B. Ghiselin (New York: Mentor, New American Library, 1952), pp. 226-51. C. Martindale. "Biological Bases of Creativity," in Handbook of Creativity, ed. R. Sternberg (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 137-152; A. Katz, "Creativity and the Cerebral Hemispheres," in The Creativity Research Handbook, Vol. 1, ed. M. Runco (Creskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 1997), pp. 203-226.
2. A. Bandura. Social Foundations of Thought and Action (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986).
3. A. Tannenbaum, Gifted Children: Psychological and Educational Perspectives (New York: Macmillan, 1983).
Suggested Further Reading
1. W. Cannon, The Way of An Investigator (New York: Hafner, 1965); W. Beveridge, The Art of Scientific Investigation (New York: Norton, 1957); H. Selye, From Dreani to Discovery: On Being a Scientist (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964); A. Koestler, The Act of Creation (New York: Macmillan, 1967); B. Noltingk, The Art of Research: A Guide for the Graduate (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1965); D. Ingle, Principles of Research in BiologyandMedicine (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1969);J. Watson, The Double Helix (New York: Atheneum, 1968); The Creative Process in Science and Medicine, ed. H. Krebs and J. Shelley, (Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica; New York: American Elsevier Inc., 1975).
2. F. Bartlett, Thinking, An Experimental and Social Study (London: Allen and Unwin, 1958). A. Szent-Gyorgyi, "Looking Back," Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 15 (1971): 1-5.
3. Scientific Creativity, Its Recognition and Development, ed. C. Taylor and F. Barron (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1963).
4. A. Roe, "Psychological Approaches to Creativity in Science," in Essays on Creativity in the Sciences ed. M. Coler (New York: New York University Press, 1963), pp. 153-82.
s. J. Guilford, The Nature of Hunian Intelligence (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967), pp. 312-45, M. Stein, Survey of the Psychological Literature in the Area of Creativity with a View Toward Needed Research (New York: Research Center for Human Relations, New York University, 1962); M. Wallach, "Creativity," in, Manual of Child Psychology (New York: Wiley, 1969), pp. 1211-72.
6. M. Coler, "The Two Creativities," Chemical and Engineering News 44 (1966):72-84.
7. C. Bernard, An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine (New York: Macmillan, 1927).
8. W. Cannon, "The Role of Chance in Discovery," The Scientific Monthly, 50 (1940): 204-9; R. Taton, Reason and Chance in Scientific Discovery (New York: Philosophical Library, 1957).
9. M. Runco and S. Pritzker, Encyclopedia of Creativity, 2 vols. (San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1999).
to. D. Perkins. The Mind's Best Work (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981).
tt. H. Gardner, Creating Minds (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1993).
12. M. Csikszentmihalyi,Creativity: Flow and thePsyclhologyofDiscoverynndInvention (New York: HarperCollins, 1996).
13. A. Miller, Insights of Genius (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000).
Appendix A: Condensed Plot of "The Three Princes of Serendip"
1. S. Cammann, "Christopher the Armenian and the Three Princes of Serendip," Comparative Literature Studies 4 (1967): 256.
2. Echoes of the original Hasht bihisht (eight paradises) of Amir Khusrau, ibid.
3. Echoes of the earlier Haft paikar (seven beauties) of Nizami, ibid.
Appendix B: Examples of Chance III and IV in Biology and Medicine
For references to this appendix, see the following works: R. Taton, Reason and Chance in Scientific Discovery (New York: Philosophical Library, 1957); W. Beveridge, The Art of Scientific Investigation (New York: Norton, 1957); A. Moorehead, Darwin and The Beagle (New York: Harper and Row, 1969); M. Marquardt, Paul Ehrlich (New York: Schuman, 1951). (Marquardt implies that Ehrlich knew 606 would work. If so, one wonders why he did not try it earlier.); and A. Maurois, The Life of Sir Alexander Fleming (New York: Dutton, 1959). A recent collection of accidental discoveries can be found in R. Roberts, Serendipity, Accidental Discoveries in Science (New York: Wiley, 1989), where the prefix "pseudo-" is introduced with reference to "accidental discoveries of ways to achieve an end [actually] sought for."
Appendix C: Life in a Laboratory Examined
1. B. Latour and S. Woolgar, Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts (Beverly Hills, Sage, 1979).
Index
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