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Map 1
Italy in 1494
Map 2
Cesare Borgia’s Romagna Campaign of 1499-1500
Map 3
Cesare Borgia’s Romagna Campaign of 1500-1
Map 4
Cesare Borgia’s Romagna Campaign of 1502-3
Acknowledgements
MY grateful thanks are due to Dr Cecil Clough for his generosity in providing me with suggestions and material and for his critical reading of my manuscript, to Dr Michael Mallett for his help with the bibliography, to Professor Nicolai Rubinstein for his monograph on Lucrezia Borgia, to Dr J.P.C. Kent for his information on contemporary coinage, and to Professor Douglas Johnson for his advice on French sources. In Navarre, my special gratitude goes to Don Vicente Galbete, director of the Diputación Foral de Navarra, whose unstinting kindness and cooperation enabled me to visit every site connected with Cesare in Navarre and to consult the archives of Pamplona and Viana, and who obtained for me much unpublished material. My personal thanks are due to my editor, Christopher Falkus, for the enthusiasm and work he has put into this book, to my agent, Jacintha Alexander, for her support and confidence, and to Peggy Munster for lending me the cottage at Bampton where the last draft of the book was written.
AUTHOR’S NOTE
Currency values: inflation has made difficult any valid equation between the values of fifteenth-century coinage and today’s money. The gold coins mentioned in the text, Italian ducats and florins, French écus and livres, were worth roughly the equivalent of between one third and one half of a modern gold sovereign; e.g. an écu of Louis XII weighed about 3.5 g and in its own day a coin of this weight would have been worth about 4s 6d in English money of the time.
Military terminology: a condottiere was a mercenary captain whose contract, condotta, with his employer obliged him to provide a number of men for an agreed period of time in return for a stipulated sum. By the end of the fifteenth century the condottiere’s cavalry force would consist of squadrons of twenty-five lances, each lance comprising five to six men, the man-at-arms, i.e. the heavily-armoured cavalryman, and his necessary attendants.
For Tony, Miranda, Annabella and Edward
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