Retzek, Father Henry, 109–10
ritual, 12–13, 67, 79–80, 81, 83, 165n42, 165n47, 176n78; archeological excavations as, 54–55, 149. See also Runestone Pageant; scapegoat mechanism
Robb, Maugridge, 123
Rølvaag, Ole, 22–23, 41, 64–65
Runestone Museum, 120–21, 130, 136, 151–52, 154–55, 193n2, 194n12
Runestone Pageant, 1–4, 13, 81–83, 121, 130, 132, 134, 135. See also history pageants
rune stones: cultural significance of, 6, 26
sacred landscapes, 12, 52, 54, 147–48; Catholic landscape, 5, 12, 104, 109–13; ethnic landscape, 22, 24; theory of, 165n45, 167n29, 173n41, 174n53, 176n80, 192n85. See also myths: United States as a nation chosen by God
sacrifice, 5, 8, 11; Christian, 43; immigrant, 18, 19, 29, 42, 164n38, 176n78; white, 49, 50–51, 57. See also martyr(s)
Salverson, Laura Goodman, 126–27, 189n22
Scandinavian Americans: privileged status in American culture, 39–40
scapegoat mechanism: Indians as scapegoats, 60–61; Olof Ohman as scapegoat, 90
Schaefer, Father Francis J., 100–101, 113, 115
Schoolcraft, Henry, 44
Sevareid, Eric: canoe trip from Minnesota to Hudson Bay, 183n83
Sheen, Bishop Fulton J., 105, 119
Sioux Uprising. See Dakota War of 1862
skræling, 3, 6, 8, 29, 58, 60, 64, 67, 89, 121, 134, 150, 155; definition of, 2, 162n8
Smith, Joseph, 6, 25–26, 44. See also Mormons
Smithsonian Institution, 5, 13, 83–85, 93, 138, 182n67
stone: cultural significance of, 12, 55, 174n55, 176n80; gravestones, 49–50, 60, 106. See also monuments
Storm, Gustav, 16, 24, 31, 184n2
symbolic violence: definition of, 165n45; examples of, 10, 51, 113, 165n44, 189n13. See also Bourdieu, Pierre
Taoyateduta (“Little Crow”), 46, 58
totem. See Durkheim, Émile
tourism, 8, 74, 76–77, 78–79, 80, 81, 86, 87, 88, 92, 120, 121, 122, 136, 143, 151–52
Tweed, Thomas: theory of religion, 22, 165n45, 183n84
U.S. military: and Viking symbolism, 73–74, 121, 149, 192n76, 194n22
Viking Altar Rock, 109–14. See also Catholicism
Vinland sagas, 18, 31
violence: vicarious participation in, 57–58
visual culture. See material culture/religion
Wagner, Richard: music, 2, 3, 161n1
Wahlgren, Erik, 1, 6, 24, 76, 109, 128–30, 133, 137, 146, 169n62, 170n71, 173n32
Washington Monument, 12, 75–76
Wheaton, Henry, 42, 166n12
Whipple, Henry, 46–47, 172n22
whiteness. See race
Winchell, Newton, 30, 145, 169n56, 192n66
Wolter, Scott, 153–54, 193n9, 194n15
World’s Columbian Exposition (Chicago, 1893), 25, 48–49, 101
World’s Fair (New York City, 1965), 136–44
Yzermans, Father Vincent A., 93, 106, 114
David M. Krueger has a Ph.D. in religion from Temple University and a master's degree in theology from Princeton Theological Seminary. He is an ordained deacon in the United Methodist Church. His areas of specialization include American sacred spaces, religion and violence, U.S. religious history, and the sociology of religion. He grew up on a farm near Alexandria, Minnesota, and now lives in Philadelphia.
Myths of the Rune Stone Page 26