by Greg Johnson
http://www.britishfuture.org/blog/mixed-britain-will-the-census-results-change-the-way-we-think-and-talk-about-race/
[←10]
David Goodhart, The British Dream: Successes and Failures of Post-War Immigration (London: Atlantic Books, 2013).
[←11]
http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-british-dream-by-david-goodhart-8578883.html
[←12]
Leonard Krieger, Kings and Philosophers, 1689–1789 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1970), pp. 152–207.
[←13]
Peter Gay, The Enlightenment: An Interpretation, vol. 1, The Rise of Modern Paganism (New York: Vintage, 1966), p. 3.
[←14]
Norman Hampson, The Enlightenment (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968).
[←15]
Louis Dupré, The Enlightenment and the Intellectual Foundations of Modern Culture (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), p. 335.
[←16]
Gertrude Himmelfarb, The Roads to Modernity: The British, French, and American Enlightenments (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004), p. 221.
[←17]
Ibid., p. 224.
[←18]
Dorinda Outram, The Enlightenment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 55–58.
[←19]
Ibid., p. 74.
[←20]
Roy Porter, Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World (London: Penguin Books, 2000), p. 357.
[←21]
http://www.counter-currents.com/2013/04/enlightenment-and-global-history/
[←22]
Tzvetan Todorov, In Defence of the Enlightenment (London: Atlantic Books, 2009); Stephen Eric Bronner, Reclaiming the Enlightenment: Toward a Politics of Radical Engagement (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004); and Robert Louden, The World We Want: How and Why the Ideals of the Enlightenment Still Eludes Us (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).
[←23]
Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze, ed., Race and the Enlightenment: A Reader (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing, 1997); and Robert Bernasconi and Tommy Lott, eds., The Idea of Race (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2000).
[←24]
George Mosse, Toward the Final Solution: A History of European Racism (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985); David Goldberg, Racist Culture (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing, 1993).
[←25]
http://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/2012/12/where-is-the-historical-west-part-1-of-5/
[←26]
Gurutz Jáuregui Bereciartu, Decline of the Nation-State (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1986), p. 26.
[←27]
Hans Adler and Ernest Menze, “Introduction,” in Johann Gottfried Herder, On World History: An Anthology, trans. and ed. Hans Adler and Ernest Menze (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1997), p. 5.
[←28]
In Gay, 13.
[←29]
Aaron Garrett, “Human Nature,” in The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Philosophy, ed. Knud Haakonssen, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
[←30]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_racism
[←31]
Eze, p. 79.
[←32]
http://www.quodlibet.net/articles/foutz-racism.shtml
[←33]
“The Color of Reason: The Idea of ‘Race’ in Kant’s Anthropology,” in Postcolonial African Philosophy: A Critical Reader, ed. Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 1997).
[←34]
For a recent publication featuring four texts by Kant frequently designated as his “race essays,” see Jon Mikkelsen, Kant and the Concept of Race: Late Eighteenth-Century Writings (Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 2013).
[←35]
These words are cited in Stuart Elden’s “Reassessing Kant’s Geography,” Journal of Historical Geography (2009), a paper I discuss below.
[←36]
Thomas E. Hill Jr. and Bernard Boxill, “Kant and Race” in Race and Racism, ed. Bernard Boxill (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 448–71.
[←37]
Valentine J. Burroughs, Randall W. Maxey, and Richard A. Levy, “Racial and Ethnic Differences in Response to Medicines: Towards Individualized Pharmaceutical Treatment,” Journal of the National Medical Association, 94.10, supplement (2002): 1–26.
[←38]
Hewitt W. Matthews, “Racial, Ethnic and Gender Differences in Response to Medicines,” Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions, 12.2 (1995): 77–91. The scientific literature showing that racial differences cannot be ignored in medical assessments and drug treatments is now massive and inescapable—even as the medical profession only allows for a recognition of these racial differences for purposes of treatment while still acquiescing to the politicized view that race is a social construct.
[←39]
J. Philippe Rushton and Arthur R. Jensen, “Thirty Years of Research on Race Differences in Cognitive Ability,” Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 11.2 (2005): 235–94.
[←40]
The most ardent supporters of the idea that race is a social construct are social “scientists” with no background in biology, who enjoy eulogizing Stephen Jay Gould’s The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W. W. Norton, 1981), a dated book which has been the subject of powerful refutations, including John Carroll’s “retrospective review” in Intelligence (vol. 21, 1995), which can be found online: http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/users/reingold/courses/intelligence/cache/carroll-gould.html
For an assessment of Gould’s willful manipulation of data to advance his ideological agenda, see “The Mismeasure of Science: Stephen Jay Gould versus Samuel George Morton on Skulls and Bias,” by Jason E. Lewis, David DeGusta, Marc R. Meyer, Janet M. Monge, Alan E. Mann, and Ralph L. Holloway, Public Library of Science Biology, vol. 9, no. 6 (June 7, 2011).
[←41]
Stuart Elden, “Reassessing Kant’s Geography,” Journal of Historical Geography, 35 (2009).
[←42]
Robert Louden, Kant’s Impure Ethics: From Rational Beings to Human Beings (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); John Zammito, Kant, Herder, and the Birth of Anthropology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002); and Holly Wilson, Kant’s Pragmatic Anthropology (Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 2006).
[←43]
Louden, Kant’s Impure Ethics, p. 65.
[←44]
Wilson, p. 8.
[←45]
Wilson, pp. 5, 115.
[←46]
Elden, “Reassessing Kant’s Geography,” p. 41.
[←47]
Pauline Kleingeld, Kant and Cosmopolitanism: The Ideal of World Citizenship (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013).
[←48]
Robert Bernasconi, “Who Invented the Concept of Race? Kant’s Role in the Enlightenment Construction of Race,” in Race, ed. Robert Bernasconi (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001).
[←49]
Pauline Kleingeld, “Kant’s Second Thoughts on Race,” The Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 57, no. 229 (2007): 573–92.
[←50]
Mikkelsen, “Translator’s Introduction,” in Kant and the Concept of Race, p. 31. This volume contains a selection translated into English from Girtanner’s book, which Mikkelsen squarely frames as part of the racial writings of this period.
[←51]
Thomas McCarthy, “On the Idea of a Reasonable Law of Peoples,” in Perpetual Peace: Essays on Kant’s Cosmopolitan Ideal, ed. Johan Bohman and Mathias Lutz-Bachmann (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1997), p. 201.
[←52]
Leo Strauss, Reply to Frankfurt’s “Word of Principle,” in The Early Writings (1921–1932), ed. and trans. Michael Zank (Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 2002), p. 65; cf. Leo Strauss, Gesammelte Schriften, vol. 2, Philosophie und Gesetz—Frühe Schriften, ed. Heinrich Meier (Stuttgart/Weimar: Metzler-Verlag, 1997), p. 300.
[←53]
Leo Strauss, Gesammelte Schriften, vol. 3, Hobbes politi
sche Wissenschaft und zugehörige Schriften—Briefe, ed. Heinrich Meier (Stuttgart/Weimar: Metzler, 2001), p. 625; I am adapting Susan Meld Shell’s translation from “‘To Spare the Vanquished and Crush the Arrogant’: Leo Strauss’s Lecture on ‘German Nihilism,’” in The Cambridge Companion to Leo Strauss, ed. Steven B. Smith (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 185–86.
[←54]
Strauss, Gesammelte Schriften, vol. 3, p. 435.
[←55]
Leo Strauss, “The Re-education of the Axis Countries Concerning the Jews,” The Review of Politics 69 (2007): 530–38, p. 538. This is the text of a lecture delivered on November 7, 1943, to the annual meeting of the Conference on Jewish Relations, the New School for Social Research, New York City.
[←56]
Elisabeth Young-Bruehl, Hannah Arendt: For Love of the World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), p. 98.
[←57]
See, in particular, Leo Strauss, “German Nihilism,” [1940], Interpretation 26 (1999): 352–78; “The Living Issues of German Postwar Philosophy” [1940], in Heinrich Meier, Leo Strauss and the Theologico-Political Problem, trans. Marcus Brainerd (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006); “What Can We Learn from Political Theory?,” [1942], Review of Politics 69 (2007): 515–29; and “The Re-education of the Axis Countries Concerning the Jews,” [1943].
[←58]
Leo Strauss and Jacob Klein, “A Giving of Accounts,” in Jewish Philosophy and the Crisis of Modernity: Essays and Lectures in Modern Jewish Thought, ed. Kenneth Hart Green (Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 1997), p. 60.
[←59]
Correspondence of Karl Löwith and Leo Strauss, trans. George Elliot Tucker, Independent Journal of Philosophy 5/6 (1988): 177–92, p. 183.
[←60]
Strauss, “A Giving of Accounts,” p. 460.
[←61]
Strauss, Reply to Frankfurt’s “Word of Principle,” p. 65.
[←62]
Strauss, “The Re-education of the Axis Countries Concerning the Jews,” p. 538.
[←63]
On Husserl, see “Philosophy as Rigorous Science and Political Philosophy,” [1971], in Leo Strauss: Studies in Platonic Political Philosophy, ed. Thomas L. Pangle (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983). See also “A Giving of Accounts,” pp. 460–61.
[←64]
Martin Heidegger, Phänomenologische Interpretationen ausgewählter Abhandlungen des Aristoteles zur Ontologie und Logik, Gesamtausgabe, vol. 62, ed. Günther Neumann (Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, 2005).
[←65]
Strauss, “A Giving of Accounts,” p. 461.
[←66]
Leo Strauss, “Existentialism,” ed. David Bolotin, Christopher Bruell, and Thomas L. Pangle, Interpretation 22 (1995): 301–20, a lecture delivered in February of 1955 at the Hillel Foundation (a Jewish campus organization) at the University of Chicago, and “The Problem of Socrates, ed. David Bolotin, Christopher Bruell, and Thomas L. Pangle, Interpretation 22 (1995): 321–38, a lecture delivered April 17, 1970, at St. John’s College, Annapolis. See also “The Living Issues of German Postwar Philosophy,” 1940 and “Philosophy as Rigorous Science and Political Philosophy,” 1971.
[←67]
Strauss, “A Giving of Accounts,” p. 461.
[←68]
See Sonia Sikka, “Heidegger and Race,” in Race and Racism in Continental Philosophy, ed. Robert Bernasconi and Sybol Cook (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003); and Joshua Rayman, “Heidegger’s ‘Nazism’ and Veiled Nietzscheanism and Heideggerianism: Evidence from the Black Notebooks,” in Heidegger’s Black Notebooks, Gatherings: The Heidegger Circle Annual, 2015.
[←69]
Carl Schmitt, “Der Begriff des Politischen,” Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, vol. 58, no. 1 (September 1927): 1–33.
[←70]
Carl Schmitt, The Concept of the Political, trans. George Schwab (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
[←71]
Leo Strauss, “Anmerkungen zu Carl Schmitt, Der Begriff des Politischen,” Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, vol. 67, no. 6 (August–September 1932): 732–49. Translations of Strauss’s “Notes” appear in the University of Chicago’s edition of The Concept of the Political and Heinrich Meier, Carl Schmitt and Leo Strauss: The Hidden Dialogue, trans. J. Harvey Lomax (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), p. xvii.
[←72]
Meier, Carl Schmitt and Leo Strauss, p. xvii.
[←73]
Leo Strauss, The Political Philosophy of Thomas Hobbes: Its Basis and Genesis, trans. Elsa Sinclair (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1936).
[←74]
Hermann Rauschning, The Revolution of Nihilism: Warning to the West, trans. E. W. Dickes (New York: Longmans, Green, 1939).
[←75]
Hermann Rauschning, Hitler Speaks: A Series of Political Conversations with Adolf Hitler on His Real Aims (London: Thornton Butterworth, 1940).
[←76]
For a summary of Hänel’s findings, see Mark Weber, “Swiss Historian Exposes Anti-Hitler Rauschning Memoir as Fraudulent,” The Journal of Historical Review, vol. 4, no. 3 (Fall 1983): 378–80; http://www.ihr.org/jhr/v04/v04p378_Weber.html; see also Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Rauschning
[←77]
Leo Strauss, Natural Right and History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1950), pp. 42–43.
[←78]
See, for example, David Schoenbaum, Hitler’s Social Revolution: Class and Status in Nazi Germany, 1933–1939 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997).
[←79]
William H. F. Altman, The German Stranger: Leo Strauss and National Socialism (Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2011), p. 301.
[←80]
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/nsdappro.asp
[←81]
Paul Edward Gottfried, Leo Strauss and the Conservative Movement in America: A Critical Appraisal
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), p. 120. See also my review in Greg Johnson, In Defense of Prejudice (San Francisco: Counter-Currents, 2016).
[←82]
According to Eugene R. Sheppard, the New School’s study group on the “German Problem” included: “Eduard Heinemann (economist), Erich Hula (political scientist), Karl Mayer (sociologist), Albert Salomon (sociologist), Kurt Riezler (philosopher), Horace Kallen (philosopher and psychologist), and Felix Kaufmann (philosopher).” Eugene R. Sheppard, Leo Strauss and the Politics of Exile: The Making of a Political Philosopher (Waltham, Mass.: Brandeis University Press, 2006), p. 96. Salomon, Kallen, and Kaufmann were Jewish. Kurt Riezler was German but philo-Semitic and anti-Nazi. I have not been able to determine the ethnicity of Heinemann, Hula, and Mayer.
[←83]
The quote from Mephistopheles is from Goethe, Faust, Part I, lines 1851–55.
[←84]
In In Defense of Prejudice.
[←85]
Robert J. C. Young, Postcolonialism: A Very Short Introduction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003): p. 1.
[←86]
Dr. Young writes in the first paragraph: “It has been said that there are two kinds of white people: those who have never found themselves in a situation where the majority of people around them are not white, and those who have been the only white person in the room. At that moment, for the first time perhaps, they discover what it is really like for the other people in their society, and, metaphorically, for the rest of the world outside the west: to be from a minority, to live as the person who is always in the margins, to be the person who never qualifies as the norm, the person who is not authorized to speak.” Young, p. 1.
[←87]
Young, p. 20.
[←88]
This “freedom” is to some extent a fiction. Like whites, other peoples of the world are caught in the Jewish globalist matrix of power and cannot be considered completely free. I am referring to political independence only.
[←89]
Mark Dyal, “We Are the Real Subalterns,” below.
[←90]
Arjun Appadurai, Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996).
[←91]
Appadurai, p. 109.
[←92]
Ibid., p. 111.
[←93]
Bill Buford, Among the Thugs (New York: Vintage, 1991), p. 11.
[←94]
Edward Said, Orientalism, 25th anniversary ed. (New York: Vintage, 1994).
[←95]
Ibid., p. 44.
[←96]
Franz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (New York: Grove Press, 2004), p. 16.
[←97]
CasaPound should not be confused with the movement and party now known as CasaPound Italia. My time there predates the codification and orthodoxy of the present manifestation of CPI.
[←98]
Gilles Deleuze, Negotiations, 1972–1990, trans. Martin Joughin (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), 133.
[←99]
Nietzsche de-naturalizes morality by showing its genealogical association with certain reactive human forces. He re-naturalizes it by suggesting ways to judge that re-connect active men with their natural instincts.