18.Ibid.
19.Randall Kennedy, Race, Crime, and the Law (Pantheon, 1997), 371–72.
20.Alexander, Jim Crow, 214.
21.Mac Donald, “Is the Criminal-Justice System Racist?”, http://www.city-journal.org/2008/18_2_criminal_justice_system.html.
22.Wilson and Herrnstein, Crime and Human Nature, 473.
23.John Lott, “Stand Your Ground Makes Sense,” New York Daily News, April 25, 2012.
24.Emily Alpert, “Gun Crime Has Plunged, but Americans Think It’s Up, Says Study,” Los Angeles Times, May 7, 2013.
25.John R. Lott Jr., “Reforms That Ignore the Black Victims of Crime,” Cato Unbound, March 13, 2009, http://www.cato-unbound.org/2009/03/13/john-r-lott-jr/reforms-ignore-black-victims-crime.
26.Franklin E. Zimring, The Great American Crime Decline (Oxford University Press, 2007), v.
27.Ibid., 5.
28.Ibid., vi.
29.Ibid., vi.
30.James Q. Wilson, “Hard Times, Fewer Crimes,” Wall Street Journal, May 28, 2011.
31.Heather Mac Donald, “Courts v. Cops,” City Journal 23 (Winter 2013), http://www.city-journal.org/2013/23_1_war-on-crime.html.
32.Layne Weiss, “NAACP Introduces ‘Trayvon’s Law,’” Digital Journal, August 2, 2013, http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/355702.
33.Shelby Steele, “The Decline of the Civil-Rights Establishment,” Wall Street Journal, July 21, 2013.
34.James Q. Wilson, “Crime,” in Beyond the Color Line: New Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity in America, eds. Abigail Thernstrom and Stephan Thernstrom (Hoover Institution Press, 2002), 121, 123.
CHAPTER FOUR
1.Paul Moreno, “Unions and Discrimination,” Cato Journal 30, no. 1 (Winter 2010), 69.
2.Ray Marshall, The Negro Worker (Random House, 1967), 63.
3.David Card and Alan B. Krueger, Myth and Measurement: The New Economics of the Minimum Wage (Princeton University Press, 1995), 4.
4.Gary S. Becker and Guity Nashat Becker, The Economics of Life: From Baseball to Affirmative Action to Immigration, How Real-World Issues Affect Our Everyday Life (McGraw-Hill, 1997), 37.
5.David Neumark and William L. Wascher, Minimum Wages (MIT Press, 2008), 104.
6.David Neumark, in discussion with the author, February 9, 2013.
7.Card and Krueger, Myth and Measurement, 236.
8.Neumark and Wascher, Minimum Wages, 65.
9.Bureau of the Census, http://www.census.gov/population/projections/data/national/2012/downloadablefiles.html.
10.Bureau of the Census, http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-06.pdf.
11.“The Racial Gap in College Student Graduation Rates,” Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, October 19, 2012, http://www.jbhe.com/2012/10/the-racial-gap-in-college-student-graduation-rates-2/.
12.Rick Wartzman, “How Minimum Wage Lost Its Status As a Tool of Social Progress in the U.S.,” Wall Street Journal, July 19, 2001.
13.Neumark and Wascher, Minimum Wages, 14.
14.Jim Powell, FDR’s Folly: How Roosevelt and His New Deal Prolonged the Great Depression (Three Rivers Press, 2004), 118–19.
15.Morgan O. Reynolds, Power and Privilege: Labor Unions in America (Universe Books, 1984), 96.
16.Review & Outlook, “Look for the Union Label,” Wall Street Journal, June 10, 2008.
17.Richard Vedder and Lowell Gallaway, “Declining Black Employment,” Society 30, no. 5 (July–August 1993), 57.
18.Walter E. Williams, Race and Economics: How Much Can Be Blamed on Discrimination? (Hoover Institution Press, 2011), 34.
19.David E. Bernstein, Only One Place of Redress: African Americans, Labor Regulations, and the Courts from Reconstruction to the New Deal (Duke University Press, 2001), 74–77.
20.David R. Henderson, The Joy of Freedom: An Economist’s Odyssey (Prentice Hall, 2002), 112–13.
21.Thomas Sowell, Intellectuals and Society (Basic Books, 2011), 450.
22.William E. Even and David A. Macpherson, “Unequal Harm: Racial Disparities in the Employment Consequences of Minimum Wage Increases,” Employment Policies Institute, May 5, 2011, http://www.epionline.org/study/r137/.
23.Statement of Robert B. Reich, Secretary of Labor, Before the Joint Economic Committee, February 22, 1995, (congressional testimony), http://www.dol.gov/dol/aboutdol/history/reich/congress/022295rr.htm.
24.Thomas Sowell, Basic Economics: A Common Sense Guide to the Economy (Basic Books, 2007), 213.
CHAPTER FIVE
1.Andy Smarick, The Urban School System of the Future: Applying the Principles and Lessons of Chartering (Rowman & Littlefield Education, 2012), 13.
2.National Center for Education Statistics, Achievement Gaps: How Black and White Students in Public Schools Perform in Mathematics and Reading on the National Assessment of Educational Progress, Department of Education, July 2009, http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pubs/studies/2009455.aspx.
3.David Salisbury and Casey Lartigue Jr., eds., Educational Freedom in Urban America: Brown v. Board After Half a Century (Cato Institute, 2004), 115.
4.“Achievement Gap,” Education Week, July 7, 2011, http://www.edweek.org/ew/issues/achievement-gap/.
5.National Center for Education Statistics, District Profiles, Department of Education, http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/districts/.
6.Michael Winerip, “For Detroit Schools, Mixed Picture on Reforms,” New York Times, March 13, 2011.
7.David L. Kirp, “The Widest Achievement Gap,” National Affairs no. 5 (Fall 2010).
8.The Urgency of Now: The Schott 50 State Report on Public Education and Black Males 2012, Schott Foundation for Public Education, http://blackboysreport.org/urgency-of-now.
9.Andrew J. Coulson, “America Has Too Many Teachers,” Wall Street Journal, July 10, 2012.
10.Paul E. Peterson, Saving Schools: From Horace Mann to Virtual Learning (Belknap Press, 2010), 11.
11.Cindy Johnston, “The Cost of Dropping Out,” NPR, July 24, 2011, http://www.npr.org/2011/07/24/138508517/series-overview-the-cost-of-dropping-out.
12.Kirp, “The Widest Achievement Gap.”
13.Christopher Jencks and Meredith Phillips, eds., The Black-White Test Score Gap (Brookings Institution Press, 1998), 6, 7.
14.Abigail Thernstrom and Stephan Thernstrom, No Excuses: Closing the Racial Gap in Learning (Simon & Schuster, 2003), 217, 218.
15.Trip Gabriel, “Despite Image, Union Leader Backs School Change,” New York Times, October 15, 2010.
16.Terry M. Moe, “No Teacher Left Behind,” Wall Street Journal, January 13, 2005.
17.Review & Outlook, “Teachers’ Pets (Cont’d),” Wall Street Journal, January 27, 2006.
18.Nick Anderson, “Input of Teachers Unions Key to Successful Entries in Race to the Top,” Washington Post, April 3, 2010.
19.James D. Anderson, The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935 (University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 4–18.
20.David Whitman, Sweating the Small Stuff: Inner-City Schools and the New Paternalism (Thomas B. Fordham Institute, 2008), 225.
21.Review & Outlook, “Witness Protection for Teachers,” Wall Street Journal, November 24, 2003.
22.Steven Brill, Class Warfare: Inside the Fight to Fix America’s Schools (Simon & Schuster, 2011), 16.
23.Ibid., 14.
24.Paul E. Peterson, “Charter Schools and Student Performance,” Wall Street Journal, March 16, 2010.
25.Caroline M. Hoxby, Sonali Murarka, and Jenny Kang, How New York City’s Charter Schools Affect Achievement, second report in a series, New York City Charter Schools Evaluation Project, September 2009.
26.Ron W. Zimmer and Cassandra M. Guarino, “Is There Empirical Evidence That Charter Schools ‘Push Out’ Low-Performing Students?” Education Evaluation and Policy Analysis, October 21, 2013, http://epa.sagepub.com/content/35/4/461.
27.Marcus A. Winters, Why the Gap? Special Education and New York City Charter Schools, Center on Reinventing Public Education, September 2013, http:
//www.crpe.org/publications/why-gap-special-education-and-new-york-city-charter-schools.
28.Jay P. Greene and Greg Forster, Effects of Funding Incentives on Special Education Enrollment, Civic Report no. 32 (December 2002), Manhattan Institute, http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/cr_32.htm.
29.Brill, Class Warfare, 16.
30.Terry M. Moe, Special Interests: Teachers Unions and America’s Public Schools (Brookings Institution Press, 2011), 266.
31.Sam Dillon, “Large Urban-Suburban Gap Seen in Graduation Rates,” New York Times, April 22, 2009.
32.The Value of Education Choices: Saving the D.C. Opportunity Scholarship Program, Hearing Before the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Operations, February 16, 2011 (written testimony of Dr. Patrick J. Wolf), http://www.hsgac.senate.gov/download/2011-02-16-wolf-testimony [download].
33.Matthew M. Chingos and Paul E. Peterson, “The Impact of School Vouchers on College Enrollment,” Education Next 13, no. 3 (Summer 2013).
34.Greg Forster, A Win-Win Solution: The Empirical Evidence on School Choice, Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice, April 17, 2013, http://www.edchoice.org/Research/Reports/A-Win-Win-Solution—The-Empirical-Evidence-on-School-Choice.aspx.
35.Review & Outlook, “Democrats and Poor Kids,” Wall Street Journal, April 6, 2009.
36.Caitlin Emma, “Louisiana: Vouchers Don’t Hurt Desegregation,” Politico, November 8, 2013, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/11/louisiana-school-voucher-program-desegregation-99585.html.
37.Anna J. Egalite and Jonathan N. Mills, “The Louisiana Scholarship Program,” Education Next 14, no. 1 (Winter 2014).
38.Sol Stern, Breaking Free: Public School Lessons and the Imperative of School Choice, (Encounter, 2003), 216.
39.Robert Balfanz, John M. Bridgeland, Mary Bruce, and Joanna Hornig Fox, Building a Grad Nation: Progress and Challenge in Ending the High School Dropout Epidemic—Annual Update 2013, a report by Civic Enterprises, the Everyone Graduates Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Education, America’s Promise Alliance, and the Alliance for Excellent Education, February 2013, http://www.americaspromise.org/~/media/Files/Our%20Work/Grad%20Nation/Building%20a%20Grad%20Nation/BuildingAGradNation2013Full.ashx.
40.Douglas Belkin and Cameron McWhirter, “Student-Loan Curbs Leave Black Schools in Peril,” Wall Street Journal, October 2, 2013.
41.“Tracking Graduation Rates at HBCUs,” Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, January 5, 2012, http://www.jbhe.com/2012/01/tracking-graduation-rates-at-hbcus/.
42.Roland G. Fryer and Michael Greenstone, “The Changing Consequences of Attending Historically Black Colleges and Universities,” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2, no. 1 (January 2010), 118.
43.Ibid., 144.
44.Bill Maxwell, “The Once and Future Promise,” Tampa Bay Times, May 27, 2007.
45.Cynthia Tucker, “Don’t Waste Opportunity to Merge Black, White Colleges,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, December 10, 2008.
46.Adam Lynch, “Jackson State President: HBCUs’ Future at Risk,” Jackson Free Press, January 29, 2010.
47.Juan Williams, Thurgood Marshall: American Revolutionary (Times Books, 1998), 232.
CHAPTER SIX
1.Nathan Glazer, Affirmative Discrimination (Harvard University Press, 1987), xi.
2.Peter Kirsanow, “Government-Sponsored Discrimination Proliferates,” National Review Online, May 31, 2011.
3.Randall Kennedy, For Discrimination: Race, Affirmative Action, and the Law (Pantheon, 2013), 18.
4.Sheryl Gay Stolberg and Dalia Sussman, “Gay Marriage Seen in Poll as Issue for the States,” New York Times, June 7, 2013.
5.Stuart Taylor, “Do African-Americans Really Want Racial Preferences?” National Journal, December 20, 2002.
6.Glazer, Discrimination, viii.
7.Adam Liptak, “Justices Step Up Scrutiny of Race in College Entry,” New York Times, June 25, 2013.
8.Russell K. Nieli, Wounds That Will Not Heal: Affirmative Action and Our Continuing Racial Divide (Encounter, 2012), 383–84.
9.Stephan Thernstrom and Abigail Thernstrom, America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible (Simon & Schuster, 1997), 186–87.
10.Jennifer L. Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream: Race, Class, and the Soul of the Nation (Princeton University Press, 1996), 48.
11.Sean F. Reardon and Kendra Bischoff, Growth in the Residential Segregation of Families by Income, 1970–2009, Russell Sage Foundation, November 2011, http://www.scribd.com/doc/72915429/Growth-in-the-Residential-Segregation-of-Families-by-Income-1970-2009.
12.Richard Arum and Josipa Roksa, Academically Adrift: Limited Learning on College Campuses (University of Chicago Press, 2011), 46–47.
13.Thernstrom and Thernstrom, Black and White, 398–400.
14.Nieli, Wounds, 106–07.
15.Black First-Year Students at the Nation’s Leading Research Universities, JBHE Annual Survey 2012, Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, December 2011, http://www.jbhe.com/2011/12/jbhe-annual-survey-black-first-year-students-at-the-nations-leading-research-universities/.
16.Michael A. Fletcher, “Wider Fallout Seen From Race-Neutral Admissions,” Washington Post, April 19, 2003.
17.Richard Pérez-Peña, “In California, Push for College Diversity Starts Earlier,” New York Times, May 7, 2013.
18.Richard H. Sander and Stuart Taylor Jr., Mismatch: How Affirmative Action Hurts Students It’s Intended to Help, and Why Universities Won’t Admit It (Basic Books, 2012), 154.
19.Brief for Gail Heriot, Peter Kirsanow, and Todd Gaziano, members of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, in Support of the Petitioner, Fisher v. University of Texas, No. 11-345 (2012), http://www.americanbar.org/publications/preview_home/11-345.html.
20.Heather Mac Donald, “Affirmative Disaster,” Weekly Standard, February 20, 2012.
21.Sander and Taylor, Mismatch, 4.
22.Stephan Thernstrom and Abigail Thernstrom, “Reflections on The Shape of the River,” UCLA Law Review 46 (June 1999), 1610–11.
23.Kennedy, Discrimination, 9–10.
24.William O. Douglas, The Court Years, 1939–1975: The Autobiography of William O. Douglas (Vintage Books, 1981), 149.
25.Stephen L. Carter, Reflections of an Affirmative Action Baby (Basic Books, 1991), 15–16.
26.Thomas, A Memoir, 142.
27.Ibid., 87.
28.Noah Bierman and Frank Phillips, “Bad Week May Haunt Warren,” Boston Globe, May 5, 2012.
29.Scott Jaschik, “Asians and Affirmative Action,” Inside Higher Ed, May 30, 2012, http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/05/30/asian-american-group-urges-supreme-court-bar-race-conscious-admissions.
30.Ibid.
INDEX
Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem, 42–43
Academically Adrift (Arum and Roksa), 157
“acting white,” self-defeating attitudes, and abandonment of idea of black self-development, 42–50, 56–57
Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña, 153
affirmative action, 141–68; higher education and issues of preparation for, 157–68; and judgment made by race, sex, and gender, 146–49; professional class and, 153–55; Sowell versus Lekachman on, 141–45; unconstitutional as practiced today, 149–53; underclass and increased segregation by income, 155–56
AFL-CIO, 85, 88
Alexander, Michelle, 64–66, 73–74
Allgood, Miles, 98
America in Black and White (Thernstrom and Thernstrom), 154
American Federation of Teachers (AFT), 116, 117, 119, 122, 129
American Journal of Education, 48
Amnesty International, teachers’ unions’ contributions to, 118
Anderson, James, 120
Anderson, Martin, 2
Andrew, Seth, 124
Anti-Drug Abuse Act, 72–73
Arum, Richard, 157
Ashkinaze, Carole, 24–25
Asians: hurt by affirmative-action admissions, 167–68; politics and socioeconomic
advancement, 22; school performance and, 49–50
Atlanta, GA, 24–25
Atlantic Monthly, 87
Audacity of Hope, The (Obama), 149–50
Bacon, Robert, 98
Barone, Michael, 23–24
Basic Economics (Sowell), 109
Becker, Gary, 90, 92
Bernstein, David, 98–99
Biden, Joe, 14
Bishop, Sanford, 27
Black Americans and Organized Labor (Moreno), 86
Black Rednecks and White Liberals (Sowell), 57
Blackmon, Douglas, 31–32
Bloomberg, Michael, 80–81, 128
Bositis, David, 15
Branch, Taylor, 2
Brill, Steven, 126, 127–28
Bronx High School of Science, New York City, 49
Brooklyn Technical High School, New York, 49
Buckley, William F., Jr., 141, 142
burden of proof, affirmative action and reversal of, 146, 147–48
Burkhauser, Richard, 108
Bush, George W., 9–10
California University system, affirmative action and, 158, 160–62, 168
Canada, Geoffrey, 122–23, 124–25
Card, David, 90, 91–92
Carnegie, Andrew, 19
Carter, Stephen, 165–66
castle doctrine laws, 76–77. See also stand-your-ground laws
charter schools, 31–32, 122–29; better test scores and, 123–24; fallacies of union argument about selection methods, 125–29; safer environments and, 124–25; unions and opposition to, 122–23
Chavis, Benjamin, 52
Chicago Urban League, 101–2
China, immigrants from, 22
Chinatown, crime rates and, 75–76
Chuck D, 51
Civil Rights Act (1964), 146, 147, 151
Cleaver, Emanuel, 14, 27
Clegg, Roger, 29
Clinton, Bill, 105, 118, 133
Coates, Ta-Nehisi, 54
Cochran, John, 98
Cole, Johnnetta, 63
Coleman, James, 115
College of the Holy Cross, 166
Collins, Marva, 121
Columbia University, 159
Comanor, William, 83
Comer, James, 52
Congressional Black Caucus, 15, 29, 72
Congressional Black Caucus Foundation, teachers’ unions’ contributions to, 118
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