by Charles Lane
counterfeiting gangs, 55–56, 104
counterfeiting investigation, 117–22
D
Daily Sun
accusations of torture of prisoners, 81, 85
editors as white supremacist, 22
on KKK, 63
on Miner trial, 133
on terror in the night, 20–21
threats against African Americans, 32–33
threats against Ashburn, 27–28
Daniel, Robert, 72–73, 75–76
Davis, David, 238
Davis, Jacob R., 197
Davis, President (Confederate) Jefferson, 198
Declaration of Independence, 25
Del’Omo, Louis, 110–11, 176–77, 180
Democratic Party, Georgia, 21–23
Democratic press, 80, 85, 91, 94 See also Atlanta Constitution; Daily Sun
Democrats, 237
affiliates with anti-Grant Republicans, 194, 213
and African American rights, 25
and Ashburn murder, 32–34, 65, 71, 77–78, 85, 93
attacks on federal law enforcement, including Secret Service, 260–61
control of House, 1874, 246–47, 253–54
Forrest recruits in Columbus, 27
government as enemy, 262
on Grant’s “corruption,” 245
impeachment of Holden, 147
Miner trial, 136
political resurgence, 1877, 258
seek to overturn Reconstruction political order, 144–47, 152
testimony during Ashburn trial, 90
tie to white supremacists, 205
See also Ashburn murder; Ku Klux Klan; Southern Democrats; Whitley, Hiram Coombs
Department of Justice created, 146, 158
Dixon, Thomas, Jr., 248–50, 264, 272–73
Doy, Charles, 40, 47
Doy, John, 40–43, 47, 49–50, 52, 86, 129–30, 140, 159
Doyle, Arthur Conan, 270
Duke, William A., 79
Dunn, Gen. William M., 87–88
Durell, Judge Edward Henry, 134
Durham, Plato, 168
E
Eagle Mills textile plant/Eagle & Phenix Mills, 27
Emporia Gazette, 249, 269, 273
F
“Farmer’s Clubs,” 193
Fayetteville Eagle, 170
Federal Bureau of Investigation, 266
federal forces, 37–38
The Federalist Papers, 197, 267
Feeley, Andrew, 55–56
Ferguson, Catherine, 172–74
Ferguson, Dennis, 172
Ferguson, Sarah Jane, 172–74
Fifteenth Amendment, 146, 159
Fillmore, President Millard, 41
Finley, Ebenezer, 261
Finnegass, Henry F., 106, 215, 263
Fish, Hamilton, 183, 187–89
Fletcher, William F., 176–79
Flournoy, Hannah, 22, 28–29, 64–66, 70, 73–74
Ford’s Theatre, 264
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 26–28, 178
Fort Pulaski, 68–69, 72–73, 80–85
Fouché, Joseph, 38, 140, 213
Fourteenth Amendment, 24, 91–93, 144, 159
“Free State men,” 40
Freedmen’s Bureau, 23–25, 64, 68, 87
Fugitive Slave Act, 1850, 41, 61, 140, 159
Fullerton, William S., 128–30, 133, 158, 254–55
G
Garfield, President James A., 187, 214–15
gens de couleur libre/free people of color, 57, 86
“ghouls” (KKK), 27
Gilmore, Frances, 166
Gilmore, Sally, 166–67, 169–72, 174
“Grand Wizard,” 26–27
Grant, First Lady Julia, 252
Grant, President Ulysses S.
adopts a cautious posture toward KKK, 187–89
anti-Grant sentiment. See Democrats; Liberal Republicans faction
dissolution of military commission, Ashburn trial, 94–95
elected President, 96
fires Babcock, 256–57
hesitance to intervene in South, 146–47
inauguration, 13
and Klan violence, 146–49
and Ku Klux Klan Act, 151–56
orders investigation of Ashburn’s death, 32–36
pardons four Klansmen, Williams retracts the pardons, 202–204
pardons more Klansmen, 1873, 258–59
questions Whitley about Virginia moonshiner case, 17–19
threatens to suspend habeas corpus in South Carolina, 182–84, 186
wins 1872 election, 204–205, 207
Great Depression, 266
Greeley, Horace, 194, 196, 198, 205
Gregorio, Nicolas, 55
Gurney, Bill, 111–15, 124–25, 138, 212
H
habeas corpus, 30, 147–48, 182–83, 186–88, 190, 192, 205, 267
Hamilton, Alexander, 197, 267
Harpers Ferry, 41, 198
Harper’s Weekly, 145–46
Harrington, Richard, 226–33, 237, 241
Harris, Essic, 153
Hayes, Michael, 228–37, 240–41, 250–51
Hayes, President Rutherford B., 257–58, 260–61
Hester, Joseph Goodman, 153–56, 161–76, 180, 191, 206, 214, 220–21, 259
History of the Hen Fever, 139
Holden, William Woods, 147, 149, 152, 164
Honoré de Balzac, 38
Hudson, Robert, 76–77, 79
I
illegal whiskey epidemic, 60
Internal Revenue, 13, 17, 36–37, 60, 94
“Invisible Empire,” 26
Ireland, E. A., 195
Ivins, James, 221–24, 271
J
“Jake Buck,” 111–12, 125
“James Simpson,” 220–21
Johnson, President Andrew, 23–26, 32, 35, 60, 65, 79, 81, 96, 99–101, 105
Johnson, Thomas, 64–66
Johnson’s Island, Ohio, 74
Jordan, Edward, 99, 102
Justice, James M., 201
“Justin Knight,” 195
K
The Kansas Narrative: “A Plain, Unvarnished Tale” (Doy), 52
Kansas–Nebraska Act, 1854, 42
Keene, David, 118
Kennoch, William, 123–24, 127–28, 263
King, Dr. Martin Luther, Jr., 266
Kirkbride, David, 118
Kirkscey, Elisha, 71, 74–79, 81, 90, 92
“Klan” parade
second organized by Hester, 175
Southern response to, 169–71
staged by Hester, 167–68
Knight, Judson, 184–88
“Ku Klux Committee” (Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States), 153–54, 168, 188, 213
Ku Klux Klan
actions suppressed, 1872, 192
activities in GA, 184–89
arrests, Ashburn assassination, 75
Ashburn assassination, 29–30
Ashburn trial, 89–92
costume of, 26, 169
as Democratic party terrorist wing, 144–56
investigated in “Mississippi Burning” by FBI, 266
investigation and arrests, Ashburn assassination, 63–77
in KY, 1873, 210
Mills crackdown, 34
oath of silence, 82, 171, 175
origins of, 25–28
pardons for four Klansmen, retracted by Williams, 203–204
photograph of, 169
plans to sile
nce Patterson, 70–73
as political insurrection and criminal conspiracy, 197
as saviors of the white race, 249
Secret Service proof of crimes, 273
South Carolina, ordered to disperse and retire by Grant, 147–48
as threat to Reconstruction, 101
threats in the night, 20–22, 27–28
Ku Klux Klan Act, 1871, 148–52, 180, 182–83, 187–88, 205
L
La Sûreté Nationale, 38
Lawrence, Amos, 46
Leonard, Major John, 64
Liberal Republicans faction, 187–88, 193–94, 196–97, 245
Lincoln, President Abraham, 21, 23, 39, 53, 61, 93, 98–99, 131, 264–65
Lonergan, Thomas, 106, 141
Lowther, Henry, 185–89
Luckey, J. B., 209
Luckey, Lottie N., 209
M
Macon Weekly Telegraph, 91
Madison, President James, 97, 267
Marshall, Sgt. Charles, 77–78, 88–89
McCartney, Pete, 115
McClellan, Gen. George, 39
McCoombs, Hannah Dixon. See Whitley, Hannah Dixon McCoombs
McCulloch, Hugh, 264–65
McKinley, President William, 265
McLean, Murchison, 166–67, 171
McPherson Barracks, 75, 80–81, 87–88
Meade, Gen. George
Ashburn assassination investigation, 66–88
and Ashburn murder, 94–95, 183, 190
dissolution of military commission, Ashburn trial, 92–93
military authority under Reconstruction Acts, 32–36
Memoirs of the United States Secret Service (Burnham), 139–43, 195, 261–62
Merrill, Major Lewis, 181, 183, 205
Mills, Capt. William, 32–35, 63–64, 66–68, 70–73, 77–78, 81, 83, 86
Miner, Joshua D. “Jot,” 113, 122, 211, 241, 263
as “autocrat of American coney men,” 141–42
found “not guilty” at trial, 132–34
investigated and arrested for counterfeiting, 112–22
ruined as criminal, 138–39, 142
trial, 122–34
Miner counterfeit investigation, 112
“Mississippi Burning,” 266
mock executions, Ashburn investigation, 84–86
moiety, 125–26, 136
Moore County KKK confessions, 171–72
Moore County Klansmen, 153, 163–75
“museum of crime and cupidity,” Secret Service HQ as, 211
N
National Banking Act, 1863, 98
National Police Gazette, 38
National Republican, 168, 200, 256
National Security Agency, 266
National Shoe and Leather Bank, 112, 115–16, 118, 127–29
The Nation’s Peril, 195–96, 206
“Negro rule,” 22, 201
Nettleship, Ichabod C., 108, 108–109, 128, 141, 184, 209, 217, 240, 246, 257–58
resigns, 245
turns state’s evidence, 254–56
and “Washington Safe Burglary Case,” 227–37
New Falls City, 54, 60
New Orleans, 50–53
New York Dispatch, 122
New York Herald, 122, 127, 157–58, 208
on clemency, 202–203
on pardon requests, 200
New York Sun, 196–97
New York Sunday Dispatch, 138
New York Times, 30, 100, 174–75, 193, 240
New York Tribune, 223
New York World, 39–40, 196
Newcomb, Abner B., 109–10, 141, 233, 253, 258, 268
Newcomb, Lizzie W., 268
P
Palmer Raids, 266
pardons, push for, 196–204
Patterson, Amanda, 64–65, 70–75, 78–79, 88
Peel, Robert, 38
Perry House hotel, 22
Philadelphia Inquirer, 246
photography, as crime fighting tool, 141, 169, 215
Pierrepont, Edwards, 123–24, 130–31, 254–56
Pinkerton, Allan, 39, 106, 270
Pittsburgh Chronicle, 136
Poe, Edgar Allan, 38
Pool, John, 149–54, 168, 191
Pope, Gen. John D., 79, 186, 191
“puker” (KKK oath violator), 171
R
Raleigh Sentinel, 169–70, 174
Reconstruction, 22–27, 30, 32–33, 60, 65, 75, 77, 144–46, 150, 187–88, 194, 238, 248–49, 259–60
Reconstruction Acts, 1867, 24, 26, 32–33, 67–68, 91, 93, 152
Red River steamboat trade, 53–54
Red Shirts, 260
Reed, William H., 35, 64, 66–69, 79, 83, 85, 101, 222–24
Republican National Convention, 1872, 194, 198
Republican Party, Georgia, 21–23
Republicans
anti-Grant faction, 193, 213, 237–38
Ashburn murder, 64
attacks on black Republicans in GA, 145
campaign theme, “waving the bloody shirt,” 196
create centralized federal government, 98
Democratic attacks on, 259–61
expelled from Georgia state legislature, 144–45
fear of white supremacists after Grant’s pardon of Klansmen, 203–204
John Pool and. See Pool, John
Klan infiltration plans, 155
Liberal Republicans faction, 187–88, 193–94, 196–97, 245
list of, demanded from Bennett, 71–72
lose House in 1874 midterm elections, 253
response to Ashburn murder, 31
and resurgence of Klan, 258–59
retake seat in North Carolina, 1872, 199
threats in the night, 20–22, 27–28
and undercover operations, 246–47
win White House and Congress, 1868, 145–46
See also Ashburn murder; Grant, President Ulysses S.; Southern Republicans; Whitley, Hiram Coombs
response to KKK arrests, Ashburn murder, 79–80
Richardson, William A., 237
Rivarol, Antoine, 140
“rogues’ gallery,” 141
Roper, Alva C., 79
Rosecrans, Gen. William, 21
S
“salary grab,” 237
Sanborn, John B., 237
“Sanborn Affair,” 237
Saxton, Gen. Rufus, 87
Schofield, John, 81
Scott, John, 154–56
Secret Service
adversaries in Congress, 213–14
attacks by Southern Democrats, 260–61
authorized by Congress, 1882, 262
Bristow calls for reform instead of abolition, 246–47
capture of Joshua Miner, 111–33
captures Fred Biebusch, 110
captures Jim Boyd, 110–11
“Circular of Instructions,” 215–17
effects of Judge Benedict’s instructions, 133–34
intelligence-gathering in World War I, 265–66
investigations, 210–11
as leading U. S. detective agency, 158
move to Bleecker Street, 102–103
receives mandate to act as presidential bodyguards, 265
reduced to counterfeiting cases only, 261
renewed by Congress, 1873, 209–10
revamped by Whitley, 103–10
“special reports” on elections ordered, 194–95
Whitley announced as chief, 16–18, 96
Wilson calls for abolishment of, 242–45
under Wood, 100–10
1
Senate Committee hearings, 136–39
7th Cavalry, 147, 181, 184, 205
7th Louisiana Volunteer Infantry, 57
Sherman, Gen. William Tecumseh, 27, 98
Sherman, John, 98
Shotwell, Randolph A., 201–203, 259
Sibley, Gen. Caleb C., 87–88
16th Infantry Regiment, 31–34
“slave-hunting,” 41, 61
Smith, Gerrit, 197–200, 202–203
Smith, Joseph, 43
Snow Camp, 174
Southern Democrats, 23, 81, 259
Southern Republicans, 189–90
Spanish-American War, 265
Stanton, Edwin, 39
Stapler, John, 83–86, 94
Starlight, 53
Stella, Jean Louis, 56–57
Stephens, Alexander H., 23, 88–92
Stevens, Wade, 82–83
Sumter, 154
T
Tammany Hall political machine, 112, 117, 123, 130–31
Tammany Hall scandal, 136
Taylor, Dick, 173
Teal, William, 203
Temperance Hall, 28, 32, 74, 79
Thirteenth Amendment, 159
threats in the night, 20–22, 27–28
torture stories, Ashburn investigation, 80–81, 85–86
Treasury Department’s Secret Service Division, 15–19, 37
Turner, Henry McNeal, 28, 31–32
Tweed, William M. “Boss,” 112, 128
U
Underground Railroad, 41
United States Army, 37, 53, 62, 68–79, 144, 153–54, 164, 166, 182, 205, 260
See also Marshall, Sgt. Charles; 7th Cavalry
United States Marshals, 37, 41, 99–100, 126, 148, 170, 182, 184, 218, 243–45, 254, 260, 263
V
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 128
Vidocq, Eugène François, 38, 140, 213, 270
W
Walkinshow, James, 62, 86
“wanted” poster for Ballard, 211, 212
War of 1812, 43
war on terror, 266
Washington, President George, 97
Washington Daily Critic, 197
Washington Safe Burglary Case, 225–37, 245, 250–52, 254–56
Watson’s Photograph Studio, 168
Wells, John, 83, 85, 94
Western Reserve Seminary, 43–44, 60
Whiskey Ring, 253, 255
White, William Allen, 249
White League, 260
white supremacy. See Ku Klux Klan
Whitley, Catherine Webster Bates, 45, 49, 51–53, 61, 102, 208–209, 258, 268–69
death of, 274
Whitley, Hannah Dixon McCoombs, 43, 258
Whitley, Hiram Coombs
“adopts” a child, Marie Louise Gladde (Kittie Whitley), 208–209
adopts second daughter, Sabra, 268–69
and Appletons’ Journal interviews, 211–13