by Ian Kershaw
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Index
1st Panzer Army 168
2nd Army 168, 197, 204
3rd Panzer Army 33, 108, 168, 174, 250–51, 301, 349
4th Army 27, 34, 100–101, 110–11, 168, 173–4, 251, 301
retreat from Lötzen 197–200, 201, 202
4th Panzer Army 168, 172, 301
5th Panzer Army 132, 159–60, 304
6th Air Fleet 205
6th Army 94, 99–100
6th SS-Panzer Army 132, 155–6, 170, 252–3, 284
SS-Panzer Regiment 1 155–6
7th Army 132
9th Army 168, 204, 251, 301, 302, 337, 366
surrender (May 1945) 368
12th Army 303, 339, 366
surrender (May 1945) 368
17th Army 168
19th Army (in Austria) 368
21st Army 340
12th Panzer Division 311–12
116th Panzer Division 63
see also Panzer Division Kurmark
A4 rocket see V2 rockets
Aachen 59, 62, 70, 131, 133, 143
capitulation (October 1944) 70, 91, 318–19
evacuation 62–5
Oppenhoff as American-appointed Mayor 279
Abwehr (military counter-intelligence) 328
administrative systems/bureaucracy 3–15, 35, 41–2, 52, 83, 89–91, 96, 98, 127, 145, 162–4
centres of government (April 1945–on) 341–2
fragmentation of 14–15, 38–41, 42–4, 65–6, 225, 276–9, 315–21, 323–5, 340–44, 392, 393
Gauleiter (provincial/regional governors) see Gauleiter
post-capitulation 377
in pre-war Germany 13
under Dönitz as Reich president 358–62, 377
under Goebbels 40–41, 75–9, 146, 241–2
air superiority (Allied) 60, 61, 79, 90, 121, 132, 150, 160, 236, 247, 254, 265
Alexander, Field-Marshal Sir Harold 369
Allied bombing raids 3, 17, 20, 55, 62, 63, 64, 76, 84, 99, 146, 152, 189, 193, 197, 297, 317, 322, 332
air-raid shelters 276, 283
anti-aircraft defence 135, 277
on Berlin 22, 190–91, 236, 239, 242, 277, 282–3, 294, 309; casualties 191
casualty figures 191, 235, 236, 236–40, 379
on Dresden 235, 236–40, 243
effect of 258, 379; on armament production 79, 80, 134, 135, 140, 244; on civilian population 121, 124, 125, 126, 142–3, 146, 148–52, 273, 275–6, 320–21; on fuel supplies 79–80, 135; on industry 79–80, 82, 134, 135, 136, 138, 140, 150, 235–6; on transport 79, 82, 136, 137, 138, 140, 142–3, 144, 287, 299
Eisenhower’s threat to renew (May 1945) 371
on Hamburg 235, 238
on Munich 236, 238
round-the-clock 235
total tonnage dropped 236
Allied Control Commission 378
Allied invasion (1944–5), in the East see Red Army
Allied invasion (1944–5), in the West 24, 27,
54–91, 116, 119, 120, 206, 296–7, 299–301
D-Day (6 June 1944) 17, 54–5, 120
Alsace offensive (North Wind) 165, 170, 254
Ardennes offensive (Autumn Mist) see Ardennes offensive
Austria, invasion of 300
maps of 19, 57
progress of 54–5, 58–60, 67–8, 69–75, 131–2, 247, 253–6, 257, 258, 259, 299–300, 318–21, 366–7, 387–8
Rhine crossing 253, 254, 255, 256, 260, 266, 268–9, 270, 271, 281–2, 288–9, 297
Allied powers, German attempts to negotiate with 280–86
by Goebbels and Bormann 352
by Himmler 241, 329, 330, 331, 336–7, 346; with US 229–30
by von Ribbentrop 280–81, 282–3, 291
by Wolff, with OSS 285, 363
Allied strategy/tactics 10, 15, 18, 54–5, 56, 280, 300
errors in 58, 59–60, 96, 387–8
unconditional surrender, demand for 7–8, 10, 50–51, 71, 246, 271, 354, 361, 362, 369, 370–71, 375, 386–7; in Italy 364
Alsace offensive (North Wind) (December 1944) 164, 170, 254
Altendorf 335
Altötting 344
Alzey 268
America see United States
American Army 3, 54–5, 56, 62, 63, 116, 121, 131, 254, 257, 258, 260, 261, 271, 273, 297, 300, 315, 316, 322, 326, 333, 342–3, 344, 366, 368, 369
First Army 59, 131
Third Army 58, 131, 160, 254, 255, 299
Sixth Army 131
Ninth Army 131, 247
V Corps 59
VII Corps 59
in Ardennes offensive 128, 130, 155–7, 160
casualty figures 132
in Italy 364
‘negro’ soldiers 156, 157
Red Army, meeting up with (April 1945) 339
troop numbers 364
see also Allied invasion
American prisoners of war, German execution of 156
Angerapp river 110
Ansbach 3–5
Antwerp 56, 58, 130, 132, 153, 156, 160, 388
Ardennes offensive (Autumn Mist) (December 1944) 127–8, 129–34, 135, 140, 155–7, 159–61, 164–5, 388
aims/objectives 130, 132–3, 156, 160
American troops in 128, 130, 155–7, 160
British troops in 130, 131, 160
as a failure 160–61, 166, 170, 207, 294, 397
Hitler on 131–2, 133
Jodl’s plans for 129, 130, 133, 134
Keitel and 131–2, 133, 135
map of 158
progress of 155–7, 159–60
armaments 11, 44, 53, 60, 256
anti-aircraft defence 135, 277
labour supply for 23, 24–5, 64, 69, 76–9, 81–3
loss/destruction of 94, 95, 165, 255, 260
miracle weapons 15, 18, 20, 60, 66, 73, 122, 126, 134, 153, 155, 190, 212, 213, 245, 256, 260, 282, 291, 312; atomic 312
; jet-fighters 139, 269, 299; V1 missiles 20, 62, 210, 269; V2 rockets 24, 153, 269
production/supply 23, 24–5, 64, 69, 76–9, 81–3, 132, 134–5, 137–8, 140, 206, 212, 257, 396; Allied bombing, effect on 79, 80, 134, 135, 140, 244; deficiencies in 80–81, 244, 297, 305, 308, 311; see also labour supply above
Speer as Armaments Minister 11, 23, 24, 25–6, 35, 43–4, 53, 77, 78–83, 134, 140–42, 170, 287–8, 291, 396
Army Group A (subsequently Army Group Centre) (in the east) 168, 170, 196–7, 203
Red Army capture of 375
renamed Army Group Centre (January 1945) 203–4, 219, 259, 348, 372, 375
Schörner as C-in-C 203, 252, 301, 353, 368, 369–71; post-capitulation 373–5
Army Group B (in the west) 59, 132, 139, 140, 319
Model as C-in-C 132–3, 135, 151, 156, 157, 160, 161, 253–4, 263, 297, 303–5, 314; his dissolution of (April 1945) 314
Army Group C (Italy) 285
surrender (May 1945) 363, 364, 366
Army Group E (Croatia) 368, 369
Army Group G (in the west) 59, 140, 141, 297, 311
Hausser as C-in-C 253–4, 363; dismissal (April 1945) 299
Schulz as C-in-C 299, 305, 316; capitulation (May 1945) 368
Army Group H (in the west) 253, 263, 297, 299
Army Group Centre (subsequently Army Group North) 110, 111
Red Army offensive against (Summer 1944) 17, 24, 27, 28, 32, 33, 46, 49, 75, 92–3, 94, 96, 102; casualty figures 93
regrouped 168, 170, 196–200
renamed Army Group North (January 1945) 203–4, 250–51
Army Group North (subsequently Army Group Courland) 50, 92, 94–5, 96, 100
renamed Army Group Courland (January 1945) 204, 256
Army Group North Ukraine (formerly Army Group South) 92, 93, 94
Army Group North-West 366
Army Group Ostmark (renamed Army Group South, April 1945) 368, 369, 372, 373
Army Group South Ukraine 92, 93–4
destruction of 94
Army Group Upper Rhine 164, 204, 210
Army Group Vistula 219, 223, 247, 366
Heinrici as C-in-C 270, 301, 337–8, 340
Himmler as C-in-C 204, 211, 250, 263, 270, 283–4, 353
Arnhem 58, 388
atomic weapons 312
atrocities see French Army atrocities; German Army atrocities; Nazi atrocities; Red Army atrocities
Augsburg 278, 342
Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp 123, 172, 231–2, 329
Australia, German prisoners of war in 306
Austria 253
Allied invasion (1945) 300, 316
Nazi party in 317–18
surrender 368, 369
Vienna 213, 252; Red Army in 301
Avranches 55–6, 68
Axmann, Arthur 310
Backe, Herbert (Minister for Agriculture under Dönitz) 359, 377
Bad Windsheim 325–6
Baer, SS-Sturmbannführer Richard 232
Bagramyan, Marshal Ivan 168
Balck, General Hermann 33–4, 58–9, 253
Balkans 93–4, 95, 121
Baltic area 94–5, 96, 108, 178, 183
Memel (fortified port) 105, 107, 108, 110, 151, 188
Red Army invasion (1945) 174, 250
U-boat harbours 94
Bastogne 156, 159, 160
Bavaria 255, 342–3, 368
Freedom Action of Bavaria 343–4
Upper 189
Bayreuth 297
Wächtler as Gauleiter 317, 322–3
BBC 276
Bedell Smith, General Walter 363
Act of Military Surrender (7 May 1945), present at signing of 371
Behrens, Manja (mistress of Martin Bormann) 21
Belgium 56, 59, 136
Antwerp 56, 58, 130, 132, 153, 156, 160, 388
Eupen-Malmédy German enclave 62
von Below, Nicolaus 166
Belz·ec extermination camp 214
Berchtesgaden 213, 336, 381
Göring in 342, 353
Lammers in 340–41
OKW in (April 1945) 339, 342
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp 233, 329, 330, 332, 333
British Army’s unopposed liberation of 329
numbers killed 329–30
Berger, Obergruppenführer
Gottlob 87
Berghof, Obersalzberg 21
von Berlepsch, Obersturmführer Freiherr 240
Berlin 6, 159, 223
Allied bombing 22, 190–91, 236, 239, 242, 277, 282–3, 294, 309; casualties 191
communications breakdown with 295, 316, 317
defence/siege of 226, 243, 265, 288, 293–4, 301–2, 307, 308, 336–42, 395–6; Dönitz on 339; troop numbers involved in 308–9
Döberitz troop-training ground 154
evacuation 340–41, 345
fall of (May 1945) 346, 349
food supplies 190, 191, 274, 288, 294, 318
foreign workers 226
Hitler in (Führer bunker) 243, 294, 336, 337, 339–40, 342, 345–7; his suicide (April 1945) 6, 11, 12, 118, 295, 339, 346
living conditions 189–91, 293, 294, 345
morale in 212, 258, 293–4, 344–5
Red Army advance on 168, 173, 174, 175, 250, 253, 293, 294, 300–302, 308, 315–21, 324; encirclement of 337–47
refugees in 184, 189–90, 192
Reich Chancellery building 24, 294; see also Hitler in above
suicides in (April 1945–on) 356, 357
Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra 6
Bernadotte, Count Folke, Himmler’s meetings with 283, 284, 329, 336
Bernau 302
Bitburg 66
Blaskowitz, Colonel-General Johannes 59, 253–4, 263, 299
as C-in-C in Netherlands 362, 363
Bochum 235, 297
Bohemia (part of former Czechoslovakia) 368, 369–70
Prague uprising (May 1945) 370
Red Army advance (May 1945) 370, 373–4
bombing, of German cities see Allied bombing raids
Bonhoeffer, Dietrich 328
Bonn 254, 258
Bormann, Gerda (née Buch) (wife of Martin Bormann) 21, 90, 164, 242
Bormann, Martin 11, 20–22, 35, 38, 40, 51, 67, 138, 242
Manja Behrens as his mistress 21
character/personal appearance 21, 164, 337
children 21
criticism of 345
Dönitz as Reich President and 350, 351
Goebbels and 43, 317, 352; attempts to negotiate with Allies 352
Göring and 340
Himmler and 86; Volkssturm national militia founded by 86–8; see also Volkssturm
Hitler and 21, 89, 90, 242, 358, 392, 396; as Secretary to the Führer 21
Ley and 89
as Nazi Party administrative head 20–22, 40, 41, 42, 53, 75, 162, 215–16, 217–18, 319, 321
as Party Chancellery head 20–22, 40–44, 53, 75, 85, 89–91, 162, 211, 215–16, 217–19, 222–5, 241, 256, 264, 274, 279, 316, 319, 321, 337, 341, 392
sexual activities 21
his Special Action of the Party Chancellery speakers 256–8
Speer and 77, 78, 83
suicide (May 1945) 352, 356
Bosch, Werner 136
Brandenberger, General Erich 132
Brandt, Rudolf 210, 240
von Brauchitsch, Walther 32
Braun, Major Alois 343
Braun, Eva 345, 346
Braunschweig 297
Bremen 147, 299
Breslau 104, 105, 168, 172, 173, 194, 252
evacuation 182–3, 189, 192, 218
Hanke as Gauleiter 245, 262, 320–21; his escape from (May 1945) 321
Britain
Churchill government 7
Hess’s flight to 21
Hitler on 130
London 153, 236
British Army 54, 55, 70, 116, 121, 254, 255, 257, 271, 273, 297, 299, 352, 358, 366
21st Army
Group 131
in Ardennes offensive 130, 131, 160
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, liberation of 329
in Italy 364
troop numbers 364
see also Allied invasion
Bromberg, punishment of Nazi functionaries in
216–17
Bruhn, Major-General Johannes 154
Buch, Gerda see Bormann, Gerda
Buch, Walter (father of Gerda Bormann) 21
Buchenwald concentration camp 330, 331, 335
Budapest 131, 252
Buhl, General Walter 45
building materials 136
building projects 24, 243, 244
Buissonville 160
Bulgaria 94
bureaucracy see administrative systems/bureaucracy
Burgdorf, General Wilhelm 197, 200
Busch, Field-Marshal Ernst 28, 366
Busse, General Theodor 251, 301, 302, 337, 368
Caen 55
Canadian Army 254, 297, 299
Canaris, Admiral Wilhelm 328
Casablanca Conference (January 1943) 7, 50–51
casualty figures 376–7, 379
Allied 160; American 132, 156
in concentration camps see concentration camps
on death marches see death marches
German 20, 23, 41, 56, 87, 92, 93, 94, 95, 120, 131–2, 146, 148, 152, 160, 215, 247, 250, 251, 252, 253, 255, 300; in Allied bombing 191, 235, 236–40, 238, 379; Army officers 394; as Soviet prisoners of war 375; by suicide 356, 357; from Volkssturm 107
Hungarian 123, 262
Jews 123, 184, 185–6, 214, 230, 231–4, 328, 332–3, 335; deaths from disease 329–30
Polish 117, 123, 214; in Warsaw 93
Red Army 175, 252
see also execution
Celle 160, 299, 349
Chelmno death camp 214
Chemnitz 297
Cherbourg 54–5, 58
Chernyakhovsky, General Ivan 168, 173
Chuikov, General Vasily 174
Churchill, Sir Winston 7, 246, 296
on unconditional surrender, Allied demand for 387
civil defence 135, 162–3
civilian population
Allied bombing, effect on 121, 124, 125, 126, 142–3, 146, 148–52, 273, 275–6, 320–21
casualties see casualty figures
death marches, reaction to 333, 334–6
evacuation of see evacuation, of civilians
execution of 52, 224–5, 328; numbers of 225; for showing a white flag 323, 326
food supplies see food/water supplies