“you make damn sure that their communique”: diary, MWC, May 24, 1944, Citadel, box 65; Sevareid, 398.
“Where in hell do you think you’re going?”: “Beachhead Offensive,” Newsweek, June 5, 1944, 23; Sevareid, 398.
Three hours later Clark roared up: diary, MWC, May 25, 1944, Citadel, box 65; Wynford Vaughan-Thomas, Anzio, 230; Calculated, 357; film, “Liberation of Rome,” 1944, combat report no. 1, NARA RG 111, CR001 (much backslapping); msg, MWC, May 25, 1944, MWC papers, Citadel, box 63 (“junction took place”).
“It may have sounded dramatic”: MWC to Renie, May 26, 1944, personal corr, Citadel.
Truscott drove toward his Conca command post: CM, 375; CtoA, 153–54.
The 1st Armored Division continued to bull: Howe, 329; msg, MWC to A. Gruenther, May 26, 1944, MWC papers, Citadel, box 63 (fratricidal air attacks); diary, Robert M. Marsh, May 25, 26, 30, 1944.
At the point of the VI Corps spear: Bogardus S. Cairns, “The Breakout at Anzio,” MR, Jan. 1949, 23+; CtoA, 168; OH, Hamilton H. Howze, June 16, 1949, SM, NARA RG 319, OCMH, CA, box 5 (within a half mile); Hamilton H. Howze, “The Rome Operation,” ts, June 6, 1944, CMH, Geog files, Italy, 370.2, 3–7; OH, Hamilton H. Howze, Apr. 1973, Robert T. Reed, MHI, SOOHP, 38–40; corr, Don E. Carleton, former VI Corps chief of staff, to U.S. Army chief of military history, Jan. 12, 1960, NARA RG 319, OCMH, CA, box 4; CM, 375 (“astride the German line”).
That agreeable vision dissolved: corr, LKT to U.S. Army chief of military history, Nov. 5, 1961, with witness statements from Don E. Carleton et al, NARA RG 319, OCMH, CA, box 4; CM, 375 (“The boss wants you”).
Truscott was dumbfounded: Kent Roberts Greenfield, ed., Command Decisions, 276–78.
“I discussed this with General Clark”: OH, James M. Wilson, Jr., LKT Jr. aide, Apr. 23, 2004, with author, Washington, D.C.
“He’s not at the beachhead”: corr, Carleton to chief of military history, Jan. 12, 1960, Don E. Carleton papers, HIA, box 1; CM, 375–76 (“more complicated plan”).
Then he fell silent: CtoA, 165; corr, LKT to chief of military history, Nov. 5, 1961 (“poor leadership”); OH, LKT Jr., Apr. 3, 1958, SM, MHI; msg, GCM to J. Devers, May 26, 1944, NARA RG 492, MTOUSA, SGS, “eyes only, General Devers, incoming,” box 135; corr, FLW to Harold L. Bond, Sept. 30, 1965, NARA RG 319, OCMH, CA, box 4; Sidney T. Matthews, “Drive to Rome,” ts, 1954, MHI, 314 (“we should do this thing”).
Privately, however, the corps commander could not shake: OH, Wilson, Apr. 23, 2004; aide’s journal, VI Corps, May 25, 1944, NARA RG 319, OCMH, CA, box 6; OH, LKT Jr., Apr. 3, 1958; aide’s diaries, May 25, 1944, LKT Jr., papers, GCM Lib, box 18, folder 3; Greenfield, ed., 281 (“shooting the works”).
Glum yet resigned: A broken radio apprently prevented Mackensen’s order from reaching Cisterna. Matthews, “Drive to Rome,” 174, 188; Franz Kurowski, Battleground Italy 1943–1945, 226.
After hours of street brawling around the Castle: Vaughan-Thomas, Anzo, 225; OH, Jack M. Duncan and Ralph M. Flynn, 7th Inf Regt, Apr. 27, 1950, NARA RG 319, OCMH, CA, box 5; White, 117 (3rd Battalion of the 7th Infantry). The Cisterna rubble “had the stillness of ancient ruins, but without their dignity.” Sevareid, 402.
“The fact that the enemy is withdrawing”: minutes, “Division Commanders’ Meeting, 25 May 1944,” VI Corps, NARA RG 319, OCMH, CA, box 8.
None of his battle captains shared: corr, Carleton to chief of military history, Jan. 12, 1960; OH, Wilson, Apr. 23, 2004; CtoA, 166; OH, LKT Jr., March 1, 1962, NARA RG 319, OCMH, CA, box 5 (“I realize perfectly”).
“I propose to begin this”: minutes, “Division Commanders’ Meeting, 25 May 1944” diary, MWC, May 26, 1944, Citadel, box 65 (“the most direct route”); OH, Wilson, Apr. 23, 2004 (“These are the orders”).
“This is ridiculous, for many roads”: diary, MWC, May 27, 1944, MWC papers, Citadel, box 65; OH, MWC, 1972–73, Forest S. Rittgers, Jr., MHI, 93–94.
Senger subsequently confirmed: Senger, Neither Fear nor Hope, 252. Tenth Army maps depcited four withdrawal routes besides Highway 6. Molony VI, 238; OH, LKT Jr., Apr. 3, 1958; Battle, 241.
Clark also feared that German artillery: Nigel Nicolson, Alex: The Life of Field Marshal Earl Alexander of Tunis, 252; OH, MWC, Rittgers, 93–94; Matthews, “Drive to Rome,” 308–13 (only the Göring reconnaissance battalion); CtoA, 152, 157; R.J. O’Rourke, Anzio Annie, 177; Böhmler, 281.
Two final points must be conceded: OH, Robert W. Porter, Jr., 1981, John N. Sloan, SOOHP, MHI, 338.
“scheming to get into Rome”: GK, May 28, 1944; Molony VI, 234 (“thirst for glory”).
“Not only did we intend”: Calculated, 352.
The fixation…marred: Matthews, “Drive to Rome,” 312, 338, 200 (“admirably situated to outflank”); CtoA, 157 (partial withdrawal of both armies); Greenfield, ed., 276–79; Blaxland, 117; AAR, Wilhelm Schmalz, ts, n.d., NARA RG 319, OCMH, CA, box 9.
“a terrible congestion of itineraries”: Calculated, 359; diary, MWC, May 27, 1944, Citadel, box 65 (“no attack left in them”); Battle, 231 (“never appears to have accepted Alexander”); Greenfield, ed., 280.
“fire on the Eighth Army”: U.S. Army historian Sidney T. Matthews’s detailed notes from interviews with Clark in May 1948 include this passage: “When Alexander told Clark he wanted the Eighth Army to take part in [Rome’s] capture, he got pretty sore. He told Alex if he gave him such an order he would refuse to obey it and if Eighth Army tried to advance on Rome, Clark said he would have his troops fire on Eighth Army. Alex did not press the point to its conclusion.” In interviews conducted by Matthews seven months later, Alexander denied ever telling Clark that he wanted Eighth Army to participate in the capture of Rome, and added that Clark “never told Alexander that if Alexander gave such an order he (Clark) would refuse to obey it.” OH, MWC, May 10–21, 1948, SM, MHI, 60; OH, Harold Alexander, Jan. 10–15, 1949, SM, CMH, Geog files, III-13; Trevelyan, 303.
Alexander had remained in the dark: diary, MWC, May 26, 1944, Citadel, box 65; Matthews, “Drive to Rome,” 319; msg, A. Gruenther to MWC, May 26, 1944, MWC papers, Citadel, box 63 (“Gen. Alexander agreed”).
Gruenther assured him: Nicolson, Alex, 252 (“pretty upset”); L. James Binder, Lemnitzer: A Soldier for His Time, 122 (“terribly disappointed”); Jackson, Alexander of Tunis as Military Commander, 289 (“should not ‘urge’”); Battle, 231 (“prima donna”).
The contretemps remained hidden: Sevareid, 401; msg, GCM to J. Devers, May 26, 1944, NARA RG 492, MTOUSA, SGS, “eyes only, General Devers, incoming,” box 135 (“this hurts Clark”); diary, MWC, May 27, 1944, MWC papers, Citadel, box 65 (“I do not feel that his exploits”).
“I never violated his orders”: Nicolson, Alex, 252; OH, Alexander, Jan. 10–15, 1949, III-7 (Clark had assured him).
“power to command and readiness to obey”: Livy, The War with Hannibal, 26; Churchill, Closing the Ring, 607 (“Glory of this battle”).
“He is terrified”: Ryder, 171–72; Carver, 207.
Beneath brilliant vernal sunshine on May 26: Hamilton H. Howze, A Cavalryman’s Story, 109; Howze, “The Rome Operation,” 10; CtoA, 169–70; OH, Howze, Reed, 43.
The day soon darkened: White, 118; CtoA, 168; Maurice R. P. Bechard, “This Is an Account of What Was to Be,” ts, n.d., 16th Armored Eng Bn, 1st AD, MHI, ASEQ, 5; Howze, A Cavalryman’s Story, 102; Howe, 331 (“ruinous effect”); OH, Bogardus S. Cairns, CO, 3rd Bn, 13th AR, Apr. 24, 1950, NARA RG 319, OCMH, CA, box 5; Howze, “The Rome Operation,” 11.
“All daytime movement”: AAR, Schmalz; Franz Kurowski, The History of the Fallschirmpanzerkorps Hermann Göring, 244–45; Sallagar, “Operation STRANGLE,” 72–74.
Counterattacks against Howze’s left flank: OH, Howze, June 16, 1949; Howze, A Cavalryman’s Story, 111 (trucks heaped), 129 (“something to cling to”); ADC journal, VI Corps, May 28, 1944, 1502 hrs.
Reluctantly, Clark agreed to halt: CtoA, 171; OH, MWC, May 10–21, 1948, 62; Matthews, “Drive to Rome,” 370 (traffic swept up and do
wn); Vaughan-Thomas, 226 (“take your war”).
It was much too late: Carver, 203 (“Unbek. Soldat”); Howe, 331–32; CtoA, 175; Matthews, “Drive to Rome,” 354 (“a little sticky”).
The I Parachute Corps improvised: OH, ENH, Dec. 14, 1948, SM, and OH, Edwin A. Russell, G-3 of 1st AD, n.d., SM, both in NARA RG 319, OCMH, CA, box 5; Starr, ed., 247–49; Homer R. Ankrum, Dogfaces Who Smiled Through Tears, 501 (“blood could be seen”).
Before dawn on Monday, May 29: CtoA, 176; Starr, ed., 249; Lloyd Clark, Anzio, 306 (“An 88-mm round blew up the Sherman”); Howe, 333 (sixty tanks); Sheehan, 202.
“The day’s attack”: Howze, A Cavalryman’s Story, 111; Carver, 204 (“grisly bric-a-brac”); msg, J. Devers to GCM, May 31, 1944, and biographical sketch, Katherine Tupper Marshall papers, GCM Lib; msg, ENH to MWC, May 29, 1944, MWC, corr, Citadel, box 3; Eric Larrabee, Commander in Chief, 113.
“halted at every point”: CtoA, 180; intel summary, AFHQ G-2, May 29, 1945, no. 92, NARA RG 407, E 427, 95-AL1-2.6; Warlimont, “OKW Activities,” 31–32.
A reproachful Clark phoned Truscott: Matthews, “Drive to Rome,” 387; diary, MWC, May 30 and 31, 1944, Citadel, box 65; MWC to Renie, May 31, 1944, personal corr, Citadel.
“The offensive has bogged”: diary, Peter Tompkins, NARA RG 226, OSS history office, E 99, box 47, 260.
The Cuckoo’s Song
It had bogged in the south, too: G.W.L. Nicholson, The Canadians in Italy, 1943–1945, vol. 2, 425; Michael Person Cessford, “Hard in the Attack,” Ph.D. diss, Carleton University, Ottawa, 357; Daniel G. Dancocks, The D-Day Dodgers, 253 (“I just don’t know”); Zuehlke, 221 (“Alouette”), 322, 293.
Eighth Army had long “lacked”: Blaxland, 121; Molony VI, 290–91.
“After months of static warfare”: Molony VI, 241, 247, 285; Blaxland, 124; Cessford, “Hard in the Attack,” 405–13.
“Traffic criminals of every kind”: Molony VI, 257, 291; Alex Bowlby, The Recollections of Rifleman Bowlby, 42 (“I don’t toil”).
The Sacco River valley beyond the Liri: Neil Orpen, Victory in Italy, 44–47; Robson, 108 (“You are welcome”); Strome Galloway, A Regiment at War, 142–43 (“rose and an egg”).
Canadian troops would enter Frosinone: Molony VI, 276.
“When we got to him”: Dancocks, 253; Bowlby, 41 (“six feet”).
On Leese’s left, Juin and his FEC: Richard Doherty, A Noble Crusade, 220; Molony VI, 168 (“damned French”), 253.
Soon others damned them: memo, Brunis M. Rogness, 17th FA, to MWC, May 29, 1944, NARA RG 338, Fifth Army HQ, general corr, 000.51, box 1.
Another chaplain cited specifics: memo, Raymond F. Copeland, 17th FA, to MWC, May 28, 1944; memo, Robert M. Douglass, 995th FA Bn, to MWC, June 2, 1944 (“approximately 75 women”); memos, Sam H. Long, 933rd FA Bn, to MWC, May 30 and June 1, 1944 (“delegation of frenzied citizens”); memo, C. C. Bank, 13th FA Bde, to MWC, May 31, 1944 (all thirteen of his battalion commanders), all in NARA RG 338, Fifth Army HQ, general corr, 000.51, box 1.
Italian authorities tallied seven hundred: Robert Katz, The Battle for Rome, 287; affidavit, May 25, 1944, in “Reports relative to acts of violence and use of force committed by Moroccan soldiers,” May 25 1944, HQ, Italian 210th Infantry Division, Robert J. Wood papers, MHI (“I was taken”); Norman Lewis, Naples ’44, 143.
“At any hour of the day”: corr, Giuseppe Cortese, 210th Italian Infantry Div, to MWC, May 25, 1944, NARA RG 338, Fifth Army HQ, general corr, 000.51, box 2.
Vengeful Italians: Lewis, 147; memo, Raymond F. Copeland, May 28, 1944 (“a ‘so-what’ shrug”); J. Glenn Gray, The Warriors, 67.
General Juin was not laughing: memo, A. Juin, “Ill Treatment of Civilian Population,” May 24, 1944, Robert J. Wood papers, MHI; memos, A. Gruenther to MWC, May 27 and 29, 1944, MWC, corr, Citadel, box 3 (Clark dispatched Gruenther); memo, A. Juin, May 27, 1944, NARA RG 338, Fifth Army HQ, general corr, 000.51, box 1 (“excited indignation”); Edward L. Bimberg, The Moroccan Goums, 64; Kurzman, 251 (hanged in village squares).
transport of Berber women: Bimberg, 64; Kurzman, 228; Isobel Williams, “Law and Order in Allied Occupied Southern Italy, 1943–1945,” Ph.D. diss, University of Wales, Swansea, 2005, and e-mail to author; letter, Ministerio della Difesa, “statistica incidenti e crimini commessi dalle truppe alleate,” Oct. 18, 1947, NARA RG 492, MTO, AG HQ records, 290/53/32/5-6, 000.5; Trevelyan, 277 (“suffered more”); Schrijvers, 47 (“savages”).
Lucian Truscott was in pain: Ernest F. Fischer, Jr., “A Classic Strategem on Monte Artemisio,” draft, n.d., CMH, Geog files, 370.24, 5–6; aide’s diaries, LKT Jr., May 30, 1944, GCM Lib, box 18, folder 3 (cracked rib); Matthews, “Drive to Rome,” 375–78 (“thing is cinch”).
The usual camp smells: Texas, 421 (hard-luck reputation); OH, LKT Jr., Apr. 3, 1958, SM, MHI (“crushing blow”); Fisher, “A Classic Stratagem,” 10.
To the stocky officer at Truscott’s elbow: corr, FLW to Eric Sevareid, Feb. 26, 1946, FLW papers, HIA, box 3; Texas, 360–67 (“can’t always trust”).
“I am fed up”: Texas, 335–36; GK, Apr. 25, 1944 (“a new man”).
Now the new man was determined: Kurzman, 317; Fisher, “A Classic Stratagem,” 5–6; “ADC’s Journal for Gen. Fred L. Walker,” May 29, 1944, NARA RG 319, OCMH, CA, box 6 (Piper Grasshopper).
“I didn’t sleep much”: Texas, 372–74; author visit, May 9, 2004.
Truscott disagreed, brushing aside: Matthews, “Drive to Rome,” 365–66; Jack L. Scott, Combat Engineer, 70; Fisher, “A Classic Stratagem,” 9 (two-mile gap).
“You may have something”: Texas, 375; Fisher, “A Classic Stratagem,” 10–12; CM, 377; Matthews, “Drive to Rome,” 381; Robert Wagner, The Texas Army, 171; CtoA, 186.
“We are taking chances”: diary, FLW, May 30, 1944, NARA RG 319, OCMH, CA, box 6.
Albert Kesselring was alive: Matthews, “Drive to Rome,” 269; CtoA, 186; AAR, Schmalz; Kurowski, Battleground Italy, 224 (The 362nd); journal, Fourteenth Army, May 31, 1944, 118 (thirty-three tanks).
“Douse that cigarette”: memoir, Harvey Reves, ts, n.d., Texas MFM.
“No news here”: Wagner, 161; George Kerrigan, “The Velletri Road Block,” ts, n.d., Texas MFM (vowing to court-martial); AAR, “Operations in Italy, May 1944,” 142nd Inf Regt, NARA RG 319, OCMH, CA, box 6 (“breathless anticipation”).
At eleven P.M., an hour late: AAR, “Operations in Italy, May 1944,” 142nd Inf Regt, ASEQ, MHI; Bruce L. Barger, The Texas 36th Division, 186 (“expected to meet the enemy”); Eric Sevareid, “On the Standards of the 36th Proudly Inscribe ‘Velletri,’” American Legion, in A Pictorial History of the 36th “Texas” Infantry Division (“corn popping”); OH, George Lynch, 142nd Inf, Jan. 16, 1950, SM, MHI.
The first gray wash: AAR, “Operations in Italy, May 1944,” 142nd Inf Regt, NARA RG 319, OCMH, CA, box 6; James M. Estepp, “I Left My Friend on Mt. Artemisio,” ts, n.d., Texas MFM (tiny figures in field gray).
Behind the column came the bulldozers: Sevareid, 405; Fisher, “A Classic Stratagem,” 5, 14–15; corr, FLW to Gov. Coke Stevenson, July 24, 1946, FLW papers, HIA, box 3; “Engineer History, Fifth Army, Mediterranean Theater,” n.d., MHI, 128 (two-man timber saws); Barger, 189 (“Up, up, up”); Wagner, 171 (“white tracing tape”).
Through the night: Scott, 72; AAR, 143rd Inf Regt, vol. I, June 1944, NARA RG 319, OCMH, CA, box 6 (“crows on a telephone line”).
Kesselring learned that the enemy: Matthews, “Drive to Rome,” 267–71, 274–75, 287, 298 (mounted on bicycles); CtoA, 185; journal, Fourteenth Army, May 31, 1944, 117.
“cork out of a champagne bottle”: Adleman and Walton, 17; OH, Paul D. Adams, 143rd Inf CO, 1975, Irving Monclova and Marlin Lang, SOOHP, MHI; corr, FLW to C. Stevenson, July 24, 1946; Michael B. Anderson, “Personal History,” ts, n.d., Texas MFM (“I measured him”); OH, David W. Sisco, B Co., 142nd Inf, May 1950, NARA RG 319, OCMH, CA, box 5 (filled with cognac).
“state of perturbation”: Sevareid, “On the Standards of the 36th” Te
xas, 377 (“Most unbecoming”).
Through Thursday afternoon: Fisher, “A Classic Stratagem,” 15–17; memoir, Paul H. Duffey, 141st Inf, ts, n.d., Texas MFM (“didn’t bother me”); CtoA, 200; dispatch, Wick Fowler, Dallas Morning News, n.d., in A Pictorial History of the 36th “Texas” Infantry Division (“The town is yours”).
“torn wide open”: AAR, Schmalz; Molony VI, 276; Wagner, 180 (“Going fine”).
Expulsion of the Barbarians
Cypress trees stood sentinel: Harold L. Bond, Return to Cassino, 182; Sevareid, 408 (dead man’s boots); Gray, 108; O’Rourke, 197 (scratched their initials).
“Over each one of them”: Il Tempo, June 1, 1984, from “The First Special Service Force: Participants in the Liberation of Rome,” ts, n.d., MHI, 3; James O’Neill, “Welcome to Rome,” Yank, June 18, 1944, 10+ (“Is he hurt”).
Clark took nothing for granted: CtoA, 188 (“handsprings”), 192 (369,000 strong); Starr, ed., 254; Howe, 337; msg, A. Gruenther to MWC, June 2, 1944, 2230 hrs, MWC, Citadel, box 63.
“I’m disappointed in the 45th”: G-2/G-3 journal, VI Corps, June 2, 1944, 1840 hrs, NARA RG 319, OCMH, CA, box 6.
With casualties climbing: Most of the damaged tanks were disabled by mines and soon repaired. Molony VI, 272, 277 (“a combined attack”); addendum, “Statistical Data on Italian Campaign,” in corr, E. N. Harmon to GCM, July 15, 1944, GCM Lib, box 70; Matthews, “Drive to Rome,” 411 (“get into the act”); “Clark’s Mother Happy,” NYT, June 5, 1944, 4 (“frazzled out”).
“Rome is now in Allied hands”: diary, MWC, June 2, 1944, Citadel, box 65; Churchill, Closing the Ring, 608; Neillands, 299 (few Tommies could be found); Patrick Howarth, My God, Soldiers, 165 (Polish contingent).
“The attack today”: diary, MWC, June 2, 1944, Citadel, box 65.
Valmontone was found abandoned: Molony VI, 276; journal, 3rd ID, June 2, 1944, 0730 hrs, NARA RG 319, OCMH, CA, box 8; CtoA, 202, 206; Schrijvers, 123 (Italian barbers).
Palestrina, an ancient Etruscan town: Karl Baedeker, Central Italy and Rome, 482–83; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestrina.
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