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Index
A
Accumulation index, for T. infestans in houses, 180
Acquired resistance, to Chagas’ disease, 207-10
Acute Chagas’ disease:
acquired resistance to, 207-10;
pathology of, 196-202
Adaptation:
Aymara and Quechua cultures and environmental, 142-43;
of T. cruzi in Andes and Bolivia, 20, 52-58;
of T. infestans in Bolivia, 52-58, 191
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and T. infestans, 173
Adobe, mechanical compaction of, 121, 235 n. 1-16
Agriculture, and prevention of Chagas’ disease, 148-49. See also Livestock
AIDS:
herbal medicine and, xvii;
meningoencephalitis and T. cruzi infection, 229 n.1;
similarities between Chagas’ disease and, xv, 87;
T-cells and Chagas’ disease, 210. See also HIV
Albo, Xavier, 104, 147
Alcázar, Jose Luis, 229n.6
Allergies, to T. infestans, 56
Allison, M. J., 19
Allopurinol, 223
Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M), 201
Altitude:
adaptation of T. infestans to, 191;
chagasic heart disease and, 20, 81, 83, 165, 204
Alva, Juan José, 147
Amando Phillippi, Rodolfo, 28
Amastigotes, of T. cruzi, 160, 160 , 162, 212
Amazon Basin, spread of Chagas’ disease to, 96-97
Amoebic dysentery, 1
Amphibians, resistance to T. cruzi, 205
Andes:
Chagas’ disease and ethnomedicine, 30-45;
chagasic heart disease and altitude, 20, 81, 83-84;
history of Chagas’ disease in, 19-29.
See also Bolivia; Peru
Andrade, Z., 200
Animal husbandry, 148
Animals, as hosts for T. cruzi, 47, 51, 194-95
Antezana, Gerardo, 199-200
Anthropology, and interdisciplinary approach to prevention of Chagas’ disease, 146-47
Antibiotics, 87
Antibody, and immune response to T. cruzi infection, 206, 208, 210-12
Antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), 208, 209, 213
Antigenic mimicry hypothesis, 86
Antigens:
African trypanosomes and variation in, 213;
immunization for T. cruzi and, 169-70
Anti-laminin antibodies, 215
Arata, Andy, xx
Archaeology:
evidence of Chagas’ disease in mummies from Chile, 19-20, 23, 164, 206;
evidence of Chagas’ disease from preceramic period in Peru, 22-23
Arctic biomes, and species of triatomines, 193
Argentina, infestation of houses with T. infestans, 184
Armadillos (Dasypus), 163, 195
Arnold, D. Y., 90
Arrazola, Suzanna, 229 n.6
Arrhythmia, and chagasic heart disease, 203, 204, 232 n.4
Arriaza, B., 19
Artemisia absinthum, 43
Assassin bugs. See T. infestans
Atawallpa (Inca king), 27
Ausangate (Peru), 38
Autoantibody, 225, 232 n.6
Autoimmune response:
immunization for T. cruzi and, 171;
pathogenesis of Chagas’ disease and, 213-16
Avila, Father Francisco de, 156
Aymara (Bolivia):
adaptation to environment, 142-43;
colonization and migration of, 96;
housing and, 90, 92-93, 96, 100, 101, 140
Aynisiña (mutual aid), and housing improvements, 93, 117, 119, 152
Azara, Felix de, 9
B
Bachelard, Gaston, 89
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), 209
Banda Navia, John, 179-80
Banzer, Gen. Hugo, 233n.2
Barbeiros. See Triatoma infestans
B-cells, 199
Behavior, and preventative health measures, 115
Bell’s Palsy, 108, 109
Beltran, José, xviii, 56, 124-33, 233n.3, 235n.3, 235n.6
Beni, Department of (Bolivia), 97
Benznidazole, and treatment of Chagas’ disease:
efficacy of, 224;
ethnomedicine and, 45;
maternal transmission to fetus and, 61;
recommendations on use of, 222-23;
therapeutic efficacy of, 50
Bermúdez, H., 237n.1
Beta-carotene alkaloids, 44
Binary fission, and reproduction of T. cruzi, 160, 161
Biocultural diversity, in Bolivia, 155
Biomedicine:
Bolivian class system and, 39, 231n.2;
Culture Context Model for Chagas’ prevention, 141-42;
definition of illness, 40;
ethics of in Bolivia and Indians as trial subjects, 228-29n.2;
integration with ethnomedicine in Bolivia, xvi-xvii;
interdisciplinary approach to prevention of Chagas’ disease, 146-49;
Kallawaya herbalists and, xvi-xvii
Birds, resistance to T. cruzi, 205-206
Bisquinaldines, 220
Bittencourt, A. L., 230 n.6
Blastocrithidia spp., 187
Blood:
cultures and diagnosis of Chagas’ disease, 217, 218;
life cycle of T. infestans and, 173;
transfusions and transmission of T. cruzi infection, 59-60, 223, 229-30n.4, 230n.5
Bolivia, and Chagas’ disease:
authoritarian governments, 233n.2;
baseline studies in Chuquisaca, 226-27;
biomedical ethics and Indians as trial subjects, 228-29n.2;
case study of chagasic esophagus, 75-76;<
br />
case study of enlarged colon, 20-22, 65-75;
case study of heart disease, 78-87;
culture context model for control, 134-45;
decreased productivity and, 149-53;
environment of, 154-57;
epidemiology of, 46-64;
housing and physical proximity of parasites, vectors, and hosts, 88-106, 179-83;
housing and prevention programs, 107-23, 124-33;
integration of biomedicine and ethnomedicine, xvi-xvii;
interdisciplinary approach to prevention, 146-49;
Kallawaya herbalists and ethnomedicine, 30-45;
public awareness of, xv, 113;
restoration of traditional culture and prevention of, 29;
triatomine vectors of T. cruzi in, 191-93
Borda Pisterna, Mario, 196
Borrelia burgdorferi, xv
Bourdy, Gene, 229 n.6
Brazil:
blood transfusions and Chagas’ disease, 59;
chagasic esophageal problems, 231n.7;
Chagas’ research on malaria, 3-6;
infestation of houses with T. infestans, 184;
oral transmission of T. cruzi, 62;
socioeconomic impact of Chagas’ disease, 84;
xenodiagnosis and nifurtimox treatment of Chagas’ disease, 221
Breast-feeding, and transmission of T. cruzi, 62-63
Briceno-León, Roberto, xxi, 89, 147, 184-85
Browne, Janet, 10
Bryan, Ralph, 229n.3
Bureaucracy, and prevention programs, 109-10
C
Calamus drago, 40
Campesino (peasants):
health education and, 132;
housing in urban Bolivia, 100, 101
Canada, blood transfusions and Chagas’ disease, 230n.5
Cancer, and herbal medicine, xvii
Carbon dioxide, and
T. infestans, 174
Cárdenas, Victor Hugo, 100
Cardiomegaly, 19, 85, 197
Cargo system, 112-13
Caritas (Roman Catholic relief organization), 144, 235n.2
Carrasco, Nicolás, 39-42, 44
Carrasco, Roxanna, 199-200
Carrying capacity, for T. infestans, 180
La Casa Enferma: Sociologia de la Enfermedad de Chagas
(Briceño-León, 1990), xxi
Casanovas, Alberto, 81, 82-83, 203
Castor oil, 44, 228n.1
Catholic Church, 109-10, 144.
See also Caritas; Proyecto Británico Cardenal Maurer
Cats, infection with T. cruzi, 47, 194
Cattle, as hosts for T. cruzi, 195
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 45, 128, 233n.2, 236n.1
Central America:
infestation of houses with T. infestans, 184;
rates of T. cruzi vectors in, 190. See also specific countries
Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico de la Enfermedad de Chagas-Sucre, 81-82
Cestrum mathewsi, 43
Chagas, Carlos:
congenital transmission of Chagas’ disease and, 230 n.6;
description of symptoms of Chagas’ disease, 196;
discovery of Chagas’ disease, xiii, 1-18, 194, 217;
Romafia’s sign and, 49
Chagas’ disease:
Andean ethnomedicine and, 30-45;
author’s personal awareness of, xviii-xx;
autoimmune components ofpathogenesis, 213-16;
baseline studies in Chuquisaca, 226-27;
case studies of enlarged colon, 20-22, 65-75;
case study of esophagus, 75-76;
case study of heart disease, 78-87;
chemotherapy for, 220-25;
chronic heart disease and symptoms of, 203-204;
cultural context model for control of, 134-45;
decreased productivity in Bolivia and, 149-53;
diagnostic tests for, 217-19;
discovery of, 1-18;
epidemiology of, 46-64;
geographic distribution of in Latin America, xiv;
history of in Andes, 19-29;
housing in Bolivia and physical proximity of parasites, vectors, and hosts, 88-106, 179-83;
housing in Bolivia and prevention programs, 107-23, 124-33;
immunization against T. cruzi and, 166-72;
interdisciplinary approach to prevention of, 146-49;
pathology of acute, 196-202;
public awareness of in Bolivia, xv;
review of literature on, xx-xxiii;
scope of as public health problem in Latin America, xiii;
in United States, xxi-xxii, 60, 63, 94, 230 n.5;
statistics on infestation of houses with T. infestans, 184-85.
See also Trypanosoma cruzi
Chagas’Disease in Bolivia: The Work of the SOH/CCH Chagas Control Pilot Program (1994), xxi
Chagas’ Disease and the Nervous System (Pan American Health Organization, 1994), xxi
Chagoma, 7, 8, 49, 196-97
Chemotherapy, for Chagas’ disease:
benznidazole, 45, 50, 61, 222-23, 224;
D0870, 225;
epidemiology in Bolivia and, 50-51;
evasive strategies of T. cruzi and, 229 n.2;
gentian violet, 223-24;
lytic antibody (LA) levels and, 211;
nifurtimox, 45, 50, 61, 71, 220-22, 224;
possible new drugs, 223, 224-25
Chickens, resistance to T. cruzi infection, 195, 206
Chifleras (women herbal vendors), 151
Children, and Chagas’ disease:
attitudes toward T. infestans in Bolivia, 54, 56;
contamination with feces of T. infestans, 59;
immunization for T. cruzi and, 171;
nifurtimox and, 220;
public education and, 111-16, 31;
statistics on death in Bolivia, 48;
subcutaneous nodules and, 49-50. See also Congenital transmission
Child Survival Program (USAID), xix-xx
Chile:
archaeological evidence of Chagas’ disease in mummies from, 19-20, 23, 164, 206;
infestation of houses with T. infestans, 184;
records of T. infestans in 1800s, 28
Chinchona calasaya, 4
Cholo (peasants):
class and housing in urban Bolivia, 99-101
Choromoro (Bolivia), 20-22, 226
Chuquisaca, Department of (Bolivia), and Chagas’ disease:
baseline studies in, 226-27;
chagasic colonopathy, 73;
chagasic esophageal problems, 75-76;
high incidence of, 81-82, 183;
housing and prevention, 107-23;
infestation of houses with T. infestans, 182, 183
Cielsielski, S., 94
Class:
health education projects and, 132-33;
housing and urbanization in Bolivia, 97-101;
stratified system of Bolivian society, 39, 132-33
Climate:
epidemiology of Chagas’ disease and, 182-83;
of Tarija (Bolivia) and incidence of Chagas’ disease, 125-26;
triatomine vectors of T. cruzi in Bolivia and, 191;
vectorial transmission of T. cruzi and, 192. See also Ecology
Clubes de Madres (mother’s clubs), 144
Coca leaves, 34-35, 44, 75-76
Cochamba, Department of (Bolivia), 182, 183
Colon, and Chagas’ disease:
archaeological evidence of in mummies, 19;
case studies of in Bolivia, 20-22, 65-75;
Kallawaya herbalists and, 35
Colonialism, spread of Chagas’ disease and political economy of, 28-29
Colonization, Bolivian agrarian reform and spread of Chagas’ disease, 95-97
Colostomy, 70
Columbia, infestation of houses with T. infestans, 184
Columbus, Christopher, 28
Communication, and Culture Context Model of Chag
as’ prevention, 138. See also Cross-cultural communication
Community, participation of in Chagas’ prevention programs, 121-22
Community and Child Health (CCH), 182, 233 n.2, 235 n.2, 236 n.1
Community health workers (CHW):
agriculture and animal husbandry, 148-49;
housing improvement and concepts of aynisiña and turqasiña, 93;
infrastructure for Chagas’ control projects and, 112, 113, 234 n.9;
training of in Bolivia, 67
Complement, and immune response to T. cruzi infection, 205, 206, 211, 212
Complement-fixation test (CFT), 219
Complement-mediated lysis, 211, 212
Concientización (Consciousness-raising), and public education on Chagas’ disease, 113-15, 122, 234 n.8
Congenital transmission, of Chagas’ disease:
epidemiology in Bolivia, 60-62, 64, 230-31 n.7-9;
epidemiology in Latin America, 230n.6;
heart disease and, 80;
nifurtimox and benznidazole, 224
Constipation, and T. cruzi infection in Bolivia, 71. See also Colon
Contamination, and feces of T. infestans, 58-59
Control of Chagas’ Disease (WHO, 1991), xx-xxi
Cooperatives, in Bolivia, 152
Costa Rica, infestation of houses with T. infestans, 184
Cost-benefit analysis, of economic impact of Chagas’ disease, 150
Couto, Miguel, 16-18
C-reactive protein (CRP), 201
Credit problems, and loans for housing improvement, 139
Cross-cultural communication, and health education, 131, 133
Cross-cultural community participation (CCCP), and Chagas’ prevention programs, 122
Cross-reactive autoantibodies, 232 n.6
Croton roborensis. See Sangre de Drago
Cruz, Oswaldo, 2-3, 12, 14-15, 16
CSA (conventional serological antibodies), 210-11
Culture, and Chagas’ disease:
Andean ethnomedicine and, 45;
context model for control, 134-45;
housing and physical proximity of vectors and hosts in Bolivia, 88-106;
restoration of traditional and prevention in Bolivia, 29
Culture Context Triangle (CCT), 134-45
Cunha-Neto, Edécio, 232 n.7
Cunningham, D. D., 1
Curanderos.
chagasic colon and, 21;
Culture Context Model for Chagas’ prevention and, 135;
Kallawaya herbalists and Chagas’ disease, 30-45
Cuzco (Bolivia), 26
Cytokines, and immune response to T. cruzi infection, 209-10
D
Darwin, Charles, 8-11
Datura sanguinea, 44
DDT (insecticide), 34
Defecation index, for triatomes, 177
The Kiss of Death Page 39