by Stefan Ekman
center. See center and periphery
Cherryh, C. J., Faery in Shadow, 71
chōrographica, 42
Chrétien de Troyes, Perceval, 187, 258n34
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 131–32
cities: Amaz (Goldstein), 190–94; Armada (Miéville), 154, 162–65; Caras Galadhon (Tolkien), 105, 108, 135–36, 138, 140–41; in fantasy, 129, 134–35; Instruere (Kirkpatrick), 30–32; Las Vegas (Powers), 188–89; Minas Tirith (Tolkien), 12, 135–41, 173–76, 218;as nature/culture interfaces, 12, 129, 134, 161, 173; New Crobuzon (Miéville), 12, 135, 154–62, 165–67, 173–76, 218; Newford (de Lint), 12, 71, 135, 141–54, 155, 159–61, 167, 173–76, 218; Ombria (McKillip), 12, 135, 166–76, 218; uncommon in Middle-earth, 58–59, 135–36
Clarke, Susanna, Jonathan Strange & Mr. Norrell, 71
Clute, John, 2, 90, 135, 175, 233n2, 241n47, 249n63, 250n98; on polders, 100, 121, 125; on the Ryhope Wood series, 111, 113; on thresholds, 68–69, 75, 77, 98; on water margins, 26, 28, 173
Cogswell, Theodore, “The Wall Around the World,” 72
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 235n26
Conan the Barbarian, 10, 15, 24, 231, 240–41n46
Conrad, Joseph, Heart of Darkness, 43
contours, 39–40, 42, 242n70. See also hill signs
Cook, Glen, The Black Company, 197–98, 212
Cooper, Louise, Aisling, 32
Cooper, Rich Paul, 155
Cornish, D. M., Monster-Blood Tattoo/The Foundling’s Tale series, 38
crosshatches, 69, 71, 75–77, 86–87, 90, 94
Crowley, John, Little, Big, 71
culture: controlling nature, 132; definitions of, 130–33; feral, 158, 164. See also Darwinism; nature; scala naturae; second nature
damnatio memoriae, 191–92, 194, 214
Dante Alighieri, 7, 14, 18, 20, 74, 115, 196–97, 209, 212
Dark Realms. See landscapes of evil
Darwinism, 133
Day, Frank W., 15–16, 240n43
Dayton, Gail, The Barbed Rose, 28
de Lint, Charles, 12, 71, 135, 141–55, 159–61, 167, 173–76, 218, 220
Dickerson, Matthew, 141, 198, 202, 261n70
Dickson, Gordon R., The Dragon and the George, 236n34
disbelief, 91–92, 235n26
Discworld. See Pratchett, Terry
Divina Commedia. See Dante Alighieri
docemes, 21–22, 31–32, 35, 39, 45, 59, 67; definition of, 21
Doležel, Lubomír, 10, 127
domains, definition of, 10–11
Donaldson, Stephen R., 13, 28, 178, 198–99, 204–8, 210–12, 215
Doob, Penelope Reed, 113–14
Duane, Diane, 15
Dunsany, Lord, The King of Elfland’s Daughter, 71–72, 105
dyadic worlds, 10, 127
Eco, Umberto, 21, 41, 113–14
ecocriticism, 3–4. See also topofocal
Eddings, David and Leigh: The Belgariad, 259n48; The Dreamers, 134; The Mallorean, 28
Elgin, Don D., 2, 8–9, 255n83, 256–57n11
Eliot, T. S., The Waste Land, 185–86
Elmore, Larry and Robert, Runes of Autumn, 41–42
empty map space. See blank spaces
Ende, Michael, The Neverending Story, 92, 181–83, 215
eucatastrophe, 107, 179. See also happy ending
Evans, Jonathan, 141, 198, 202, 261n70
evil lands. See landscapes of evil
Faerie, 6, 11, 71–72, 85, 219, 246–47n25, 247n38; in Stardust (Gaiman and Vess), 12, 82–92, 98–100, 128; Lothlórien, related to, 101–2, 105, 109;in Newford (de Lint), 141, 143–44, 147–148, 151; in War of the Flowers (Williams), 183. See also mundanity, descriptions of
fantastic, definition of, 4–5, 234n20
fantasy, definitions of, 4–7, 126–27. See also high fantasy, low fantasy
Farthest Shore, The (Le Guin), 180–81
Feist, Raymond E.: A Darkness at Sethanon, 70; The King’s Buccaneer, 28; Magician, 17, 38
Fforde, Jasper, Something Rotten, 70
Fisher King figure, 13, 178, 183–91, 219, 258n30, 258nn34–35, 258n37, 258–59n39
Fletcher, Charlie, Stoneheart, 23
Flieger, Verlyn, 106–7, 138, 140
folktales, 6, 71, 85, 90, 179, 246n25
Ford, Jeffrey, “The Annals of Eelin-Ok,”247n25
Frazer, James, 95, 185–86
fuzzy set, fantasy as, 4, 6–9, 219, 221, 236n28, 250n98
Gaiman, Neil, 23, 71, 222, 236n33, 247n38; Stardust, 12, 72, 82–93, 95, 98, 247n36
Gardner, Martin, Visitors from Oz, 27, 241n57
Garner, Alan: Elidor, 178; The Weirdstone of Brisingamen, 23
Garth, John, 200
Gate of Ivory (also Gate of Ivory, Gate of Horn; Holdstock). See Holdstock, Robert
Genette, Gérard, 20–21. See also paratexts
Gentle, Mary, Grunts, 259n50
Glotfelty, Cheryll, 3
Goldstein, Lisa, 13, 178, 190–94, 214, 236n33
Goodkind, Terry, 259n48
Gordon, Joan, 155, 160
Granström, Erik, Svavelvinter, 236n34
Groos, Arthur, 258n34
hachures, 40, 42, 242n70. See also hill signs
Hambly, Barbara, The Magicians of Night, 195–97
Hammond, Wayne G., 108
happy endings, 64, 179, 182. See also eucatastrophe
Hardy, Lyndon, Master of the Sixth Magic, 251n104
Harley, J. B., 51–52
Harvey, P. D. A., 25, 50
healing, 103, 138; and rulers, 139–40, 179–80, 182, 187, 190, 256–57n11
Hedrick, Charles W., Jr., 191
hells, 72, 91, 196–97; in Dante, 14, 18, 20, 74, 196–97, 212; in Milton, 196–97, 209, 212
Helms, Randel, 199, 201
“Here be dragons” (expression), 39, 85–86
Hickman, Tracy, Dragonlance Chronicles, 236n34
high fantasy, 2, 42, 250n98; definition of, 10; maps in: 14–15, 22–23, 65, 223; as pseudomedieval, 41, 66. See also portal-quest fantasy; immersive fantasy; secondary worlds
Hilbert, Betsy S., 255n83
hill signs, 39–42, 49–50, 66, 242n80. See also contours; hachures; oblique view; profile view
Hobbit, The (Tolkien), 17, 62, 199; subtitle describes plot, 47, 63, 99; Thror’s map, 21, 24–26, 31, 42. See also Tolkien, J. R. R.; Tolkien maps
Holdstock, Robert: Merlin Codex, 70, 116, 236n33; Mythago Wood Cycle, 12, 101, 109–117, 122, 249n81
Hollowing, The (Holdstock). See Holdstock, Robert
Homer, The Odyssey, 70, 127, 197
Howard, Robert E., Conan stories, 10, 240n46. See also Conan the Barbarian
Hume, Kathryn, 4, 234n20
Hunt, Peter, 16–17
Imhof, Eduard, 242n78
immersive fantasy, 8, 115, 135, 212, 250n98; description of, 7
Inferno (Dante). See Dante Alighieri
International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA), 221
introduction, formulaic, 10, 84
intrusive fantasy, 8, 110–11, 135; description, 7
Iron Council (Miéville). See Miéville, China
Irvine, Ian, Geomancer, 30, 33–34
Irwin, W. R., 6, 235n24
“Jack” (Miéville). See Miéville, China
Jackson, Peter, 245n133, 262n89
James, Edward, 240n45
Johnson, Mark, 236n28
Jones, Alexander, 241n53
Jones, Diana Wynne, 127, 259n50; The Tough Guide to Fantasyland, 15, 17, 35–37, 180, 188
Jordan, Robert, 13, 16, 178, 195, 199, 208–12, 214
Jourde, Pierre, 17, 60, 239n22
Jowett, G. H., 223
Jung, Carl, 143, 184
Kavenay, Roz, 14, 69, 99–100, 238n4
Kay, Guy Gavriel, Fionavar Tapestry, 259n48
Kincaid, Paul, 115–16
King Lear (Shakespeare), 196
Kirkpatrick, Russell, The Right Hand of God, 30–32, 40–41, 242n61
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Kluckhohn, Clyde, 130
Kocher, Paul H., 107, 136
Kroeber, Alfred L., 130
Kushner, Ellern, Thomas the Rhymer, 247n25
labyrinths, 113–17, 171
Lakoff, George, 236n28
land of the dead, 11, 70, 196–97, 217, 219; Dragaeran (Brust), 12, 56, 72–82, 98, 127; returning from, 78–79, 93
landforms. See hill signs
landscape, definition of, 11
landscapes of evil, 13, 178, 194–213, 218–19, 260n57; in Donaldson, 13, 178, 204–8, 209–13; in Jordan, 13, 178, 208–13; in Tolkien, 13, 60, 63, 176, 178, 195–98, 199–205, 207–13
Langford, David, 69, 85, 122
Larke, Glenda, Gilfeather, 28–29
Last Call. See Powers, Tim
Lavondyss. See Holdstock, Robert
Lee, Keekok, 130–31, 165
legends. See maps
Le Guin, Ursula K., Earthsea, 16, 18, 28–29, 180–81
Leiber, Fritz, “The Price of Pain-Ease,” 70
Lewis, C. S., 233n2, 238n4; The Last Battle, 177; The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, 198, 256n3, 259n49; The Magician’s Nephew, 133, 259n49
liminal fantasy, 219, 236n38; description of, 7–8
Lindgren, Astrid, Mio, My Son, 197, 260n57
Lirael. See Nix, Garth
Lord Foul’s Bane. See Donaldson, Stephen R.
Lord of the Rings, The (New Line Cinema). See Jackson, Peter
Lord of the Rings, The (Tolkien), 2–3, 10, 91, 220, 221, 233n2, 252n30; endings of, 63, 179, 256n11, 257n14; evil, nature of, 102–3, 137, 200–204, 210, 215; forests and woods, 56, 59–60, 63, 245n127; importance to fantasy, 6–9, 238n4; Lothlórien, 12, 17, 38, 56, 59–60, 63, 101–9, 116–18, 125–26, 128, 135, 138–41 (see also polders); Minas Tirith, 12, 56, 135–42, 144, 154–55, 160–61, 166, 173–75, 218; Mordor, 13, 23, 44, 55–56, 58–60, 63, 136–37, 176, 178, 195–98, 199–205, 207–13 (see also landscapes of evil); as portal-quest fantasy, 46, 135, 208, 250n98 (see also portal-quest fantasy); rightful ruler, 141, 173–75, 179, 256n11 (see also healing; stewardship); similarities to other works, 196–97, 204–5, 211, 260n57; time in, 104, 106–8, 116–18, 125–26 (see also time). See also Hobbit, The; “On Fairy-stories”; Silmarillion, The; Tolkien, J. R. R.; Tolkien maps
low fantasy, 16, 23, 65, 90, 223, 240n45; definition of, 10
Lund, Niels Windfeld, 21. See also docemes
Lundin, Steve, 242n80
Lynam, Edward, 49, 242nn70–71
MacKillop, James, 258n39
magic: at borders, 75–76, 89–91, 94–96; disappearance of, 63–64, 90–91, 182. See also thinning
Mains, Christine, 171, 173
Malory, Thomas, Le Morte Darthur, 187–88, 222
Manlove, Colin N., 126–27
map authors. See cartographers; map-makers
mapmakers, 19, 44, 50–52, 54, 217. See also cartographers
maps: definition of, 19–20; elements, 26–35, 35–42 (see also hill signs; roads; topographical map elements); graticules, 30–32; hemispheres, 29–31, 66; legends, 30, 32–35, 41, 216, 243n85; medieval, 25–26, 40–41, 85–86; orientation, 24–26, 42, 66; prevalence in fantasy, 22–24; pictorial embellishments on, 85–86, 240–41n46; projections, 15, 30–32, 35, 39, 41, 242n61, 243n85; scales, 21, 23–24, 32, 44, 50, 55, 216; subjects, 24, 44–45, 55; tenses, 48–49, 60–62; themes, 44, 46–48, 60–62. See also blank spaces; cartographers; map-makers; plan view; Tolkien maps; water margins
Märchen, 179. See also folktales
margin of error, determining, 223
Mårtensson, Bertil, Vägen tillbaka, 246–47n25
Mathews, Richard, 233n2
May, Julian (pseudo. Lee N. Falconer), 15
McKillip, Patricia A.: Ombria in Shadow, 12, 135, 144, 166–76, 218; Riddlemaster series, 181
Mendlesohn, Farah, 4, 43, 91, 158; fantasy categories, 7–8, 219, 233n2, 236n38, 240n45; land and morality, 180, 195–97, 213; Mythago Wood (Holdstock), 110–11, 249n81
Mercator, Gerardus, 243n85
Merlin, 7; as fantasy character, 70, 116, 127, 236n33
Middle-earth. See Hobbit, The; Lord of the Ring, The; Silmarillion, The; Tolkien, J. R. R., Tolkien maps
“Midsummer Night’s Dream, A” (Gaiman and Vess), 247n38
Midsummer Night’s Dream, A (Shakespeare), 71, 92, 247n38, 257n24
Miéville, China, 8, 254–55n67; Armada, 162–65; Iron Council, 164–65; New Crobuzon, 12, 135, 144, 154–67, 173–76, 218, 220
Mighall, Robert, 4
Miller, J. Hillis, 4
Milton, John, Paradise Lost, 196–97, 209, 212
Mirrlees, Hope, Lud-in-the-Mist, 72, 221
Miyazaki, Hayao, Spirited Away, 177
monomyth. See Campbell, Joseph
Moorcock, Michael, 177
More, Thomas, Utopia, 14, 17–18
Moretti, Franco, 4
mundanity, descriptions of, 71–72, 184. See also Faerie; Gaiman, Neil; Powers, Tim; Vess, Charles
Mythago Wood. See Holdstock, Robert
mythotopes, 113–17
Narnia. See Lewis, C. S.
nature: cultural representations of, 136, 138, 141, 163–65, 167–68, 172–73; definitions of, 130–33; feral, 132, 136, 143, 146, 148, 152–53, 158–60, 163, 165–66, 171. See also culture; Darwinism; scala naturae; second nature
neomedieval. See pseudomedieval
Newford stories. See de Lint, Charles
New Weird, the, 255n67
“Nicholas Sayre and the Creature in the Case.” See Nix, Garth
Niven, Larry, The Burning City, 33, 35
Nix, Garth, 12, 72, 92–98, 220, 248n40
nuclear weapons, 97, 211–12
oblique view, 39–40, 42, 49–50, 66, 242n70. See also hill signs
Ombria in Shadow. See McKillip, Patricia A.
“On Fairy-stories” (Tolkien), 5–7, 9, 91, 102, 179, 235n24, 235n26; recovery, 6, 175. See also Cauldron of Story; Tolkien, J. R. R.
Oziewicz, Marek, 111
Padrón, Ricardo, 18–19, 60–62, 238n4
palimpsests, 13, 158, 165–66, 178, 190–94, 214, 259n46
Palmer, Christopher, 155
paranormal romance, 240n45
paratexts, 20–22, 31–32, 39, 45, 54–55, 59, 66–67, 82; definition of, 20
Paths of the Dead, The. See Brust, Steven
Perdido Street Station. See Miéville, China
Perilous Realm, the. See Faerie
periphery. See center and periphery
Petchenik, Barbara Bartz, 19–20, 53
plan view, 21, 30, 50, 242n70
polders, 12, 69, 77, 99, 126–28, 217, 219; definition of, 100; Djelibeybi (Pratchett), 101, 117–26; Lothlórien (Tolkien), 101–9, 125–26, 128; Ryhope Wood (Holdstock), 101, 109–17, 125–26; and time, 85, 100, 104, 106–9, 116–20, 124–26, 217
portal-quest fantasy, 36, 39, 96, 115, 135, 218, 250n98; description, 7; landscapes of evil in, 195–96, 198, 212; ruler/realm connection in, 178, 180; starting point of, 46, 91
Porter, Tom, 259n46
possible-worlds semantics, 10
Post, J. B., An Atlas of Fantasy, 15
Pournelle, Jerry, The Burning City, 33, 35
Powers, Tim, 13, 178, 183–90, 191, 219, 258n30; On Stranger Tides, 91
Power That Preserves, The. See Donaldson, Stephen. R.
Pratchett, Terry, 29, 221–22, 257n21; Eric, 134; Pyramids, 12, 101, 117–25, 257n21; Small Gods, 91; the Watch, 257n21; Wyrd Sisters, 181–82, 213
Pratt, Tim, “Another End of the Empire,” 259n50
primary worlds, definition of, 9–10
profile view, 39–40, 42, 66, 242n70. See also hill signs
projections. See maps
Propp, Vladímir, 179
pseudomedieval, 41, 49, 66, 92
Ptolemy, 42, 241n53, 243n85
Pyramids. See Pratchett, Terry
quantum mechanics, 119–20
Rabkin, Eric S., 234n20
Ranson, Cl
are, 15–16
roads, 33, 36–38; in Middle-earth, 57, 59, 61, 64; in the Shire, 46–49, 51–52; in Stardust (Gaiman and Vess), 83–84
Robinson, Arthur H., 19–20, 53
Rosebury, Brian, 233n2
Rossetti, Christina, Goblin Market, 90, 247n36
Rothfuss, Patrick, The Name of the Wind, 236n34
Rowling, J. K., Harry Potter, 259n48
rulers, restoration of, 178–83
Sabriel. See Nix, Garth
sample, map survey, 221–22
sampling frame, 222, 240n45
scala naturae, 133
scales. See maps
Scar, The. See Miéville, China
Schlobin, Roger C., 2, 233n2
Scull, Christina, 108
secondary belief, 5, 46–47, 55, 57, 59
secondary worlds, 11, 28–29, 39, 69, 91, 126, 133; defined by maps, 14, 24, 30–31, 45, 48, 59; definition of, 9–10; divided up, 45, 68; languages of, 14, 57; map conventions of, 26, 29–31; maps of, 16, 28, 31, 45, 51, 60; as predominant map subjects, 21–22, 24–25, 65–66, 217. See also high fantasy
second nature, 131–32, 156–57, 165
Selling, Kim, 41, 241n59
Senior, W. A., 113, 204–7
SF-Bokhandeln, 222
shaded relief, 39–40, 42, 242n78. See also hill signs
Shakespeare, William, 7, 71, 92, 182, 196–97, 236n33, 247n38, 257n24
Sherman, Delia, Changeling, 71
Shippey, Tom, 47, 57, 102–4, 196, 235n22
Shuler, Linda Lay, Let the Drum Speak, 33
Silmarillion, The, 56, 133, 199, 249n63, 259n48. See also Tolkien, J. R. R.
Slovic, Scott, 3–4
Snyder, Gary, 145
social criticism: in Brust, 72–82, 98; in de Lint, 141–54, 174–75
Soper, Kate, 130–31
Stableford, Brian, 9
Stardust. See Gaiman, Neil; Vess, Charles
sterility: in Last Call (Powers), 187–90; in Minas Tirith, 139, 155, 174; of ruler and realm, 180, 214, 218; See also Fisher King figure; landscapes of evil
Stevenson, Robert Louis, Treasure Island, 14, 21
stewardship, 141, 174–76, 199, 255n83
Suvin, Darko, 126, 250n98
Swanwick, Michael, The Iron Dragon’s Daughter, 236n34
Swift, Jonathan, Gulliver’s Travels, 14, 18
Swinfen, Ann, 25–26, 200
Taltos. See Brust, Steven
Tam, Nicholas, 18–19
thinning, 90–92. See also healing
Thormählen, Marianne, 258n30
thresholds: between work and reader, 21–22, 45, 55, 66–67 (see also paratexts); in fantasy landscapes, 68–69, 72, 75, 77, 98–99, 126–28, 169, 172–73 (see also borders; boundaries)