by Read, Simon
British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), 205
British government’s promise to bring killers to justice, 31, 32, 33, 98. See also Special Investigating Branch (SIB), RAF
British Intelligence, 34, 45, 62, 65. See also London Cage
British Military Court, 223. See also Sagan Case trial
British murdered escapees, 31. See also specific murdered escapees
British Occupation Zone, 38, 40, 58, 62, 66, 99, 117, 141, 151, 153, 158, 205, 208, 223
Brno/Zlín (Gestapo and Kripo), xiv–xv. See also specific members
investigation of, 73–84
van der Bijil and, 64, 65–67, 72
Zlín Frontier Police headquarters, 81–83
Broli (Major), 246
Bruchardt, Reinhold (Venediger’s right-hand man), xv, 164, 165, 166–170, 231
Brüx, Germany, 101, 103, 105
Buchenwald concentration camp, 14, 155
Bull, Lester (Flight Lieutenant), viii, 100–101, 102, 103, 104, 239
Bushell, Roger Joyce “Big X” (Squadron Leader), viii, 239
background of, 2–3
escape artist, 3–4, 11, 146–149, 234
murder of, 98, 149–150, 150–159, 162, 218, 224, 230
X-Organization, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 204
Canadian murdered escapees, 31. See also specific murdered escapees
Carter (Flight Lieutenant), 247
Casey, Mike (Flight Lieutenant), viii, 186, 239
Catanach, James (Squadron Leader), viii, 239
background of, 201–203
escape from Stalag Luft III, 20–21
murder of, 19, 20, 22–26, 162, 201, 208, 209, 210–211, 212–213, 221, 222, 224, 230, 231, 232–233
recapture of, 21, 22, 202, 202
Central Registry of Prisoners of War, 18
Central Registry of War Criminals and Security Suspects (CROWCASS), 38, 196
Central Security Office, Berlin, 16, 16n, 21, 38, 39, 75, 114, 181, 192, 232
Christensen, Arnold (Pilot Officer), viii, 239
background of, 202, 202, 203–204
escape from Stalag Luft III, 20–21
murder of, 19, 20, 22–26, 27, 162, 201, 208, 209, 210–211, 212–213, 221, 222, 224, 230, 231, 232–233
recapture of, 21, 22, 202, 202
Churchill, S. A. “Dick” (Flight Lieutenant), 171–172, 174
Clausen, Herman (Kiel Security Police), 208
Cochran, Dennis (Flying Officer), viii, 240
background of, 129–130
escape from Stalag Luft III, 130, 247
murder of, 130, 132–138, 138–142, 162, 192–193, 224, 229, 230
recapture of, 130
cold case, 32, 33–42
Colditz concentration camp, 4, 103, 147
Cologne, Germany, 40, 57, 202
compass factory, X-Organization, 7, 10, 171, 245
concentration camps, xv, 14–15, 64, 65, 110, 131, 187. See also specific concentration camps
“cooler, the” (solitary confinement), 28, 30
Cornish, M. S. (Captain), 184–186, 187, 188
Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC), U.S., 86, 87, 166, 199
Courtney, Stephen (Flight Lieutenant), xiii. See also Special Investigating Branch (SIB), RAF
Achter interrogation, 113–114
Fritz (German Shepherd), 62, 96
Gassner interrogation, 110–112
Geith interrogation, 124–127
Graes interrogation, 96–99, 163
Greiner interrogation, 112–113
Hebberling interrogation, 127–128
internment camps canvassing, 62–63, 109, 113, 117–118, 121
McKenna and, 62–63
Schneider interrogation, 121–124
Smit and, 62
Weil interrogation, 115–117
cremation of murdered escapees, 15, 19, 25–27, 31, 40, 41, 83–84, 89, 96, 101, 103–104, 105, 109, 112, 115, 126, 130, 133, 136, 150, 153, 155, 169, 171–172, 173, 174, 178, 197, 199, 205–206, 209
Criminal Police. See Kriminalpolizei (Kripo)
Cross, Ian (Squadron Leader), viii, 186, 240
cyanide capsules for suicide, 54, 64, 232
Czech Army Intelligence, 76
Czech girl raped and murdered by Zacharias, 93–94
Czech murders ordered by Hitler, 147
Czechoslovakia, 17, 64–65, 72, 73, 85, 101, 102, 161, 162n, 227
Czechoslovakian murdered escapee, 243. See also specific murdered escapee
Czech Security Police, 103, 222
Dachau concentration camp, 62–63, 115, 138, 195, 198
Dakota transports, 36, 39, 90, 103
Daniel, R. M. (Flight Sergeant), xiii, 176–179, 182–184, 219–220
Danzig (Gestapo and Kripo), xv, 39, 96, 97, 98, 162–170. See also specific members
Denkmann, Artur (Kiel Gestapo driver), xv
Catanach, Christensen, Espelid, and Fuglesang murders, 23, 209–210, 212–213, 224
Denmark, 17, 204, 214
Dick tunnel, 4, 9
Diels, Rudolf, 57, 58
Dingermann, Gustav (Saabrücken Kripo), 149–150, 150–151
disguises of escapees, 7, 9, 70, 71, 101, 130, 148, 245
Dissner, Max (Strasbourg Gestapo), xvi, 197, 198, 199–200
Distinguished Flying Cross, 203
dreams of McKenna, 47–48
Dulag Luft transit camp, 2, 129, 144–146
Düsseldorf, Germany, 40, 42, 43, 44, 140
“duty pilots,” 5
“duty” to escape, 27, 28, 233
Eastern Cemetery, Munich, 126
Eden, Anthony (British Foreign Secretary), 31, 32, 35, 98, 126–127
Egypt, 108
Einsatzgruppen B, 181–182
escapees (seventy-six), 11, 13, 25, 29, 30, 33. See also Great Escape, The
escape from Stalag Luft III, 9–11, 28, 33, 34, 49, 148. See also Great Escape, The
escape-proof design of Stalag Luft III, 1–2
escapes from prison camps plaguing Germany, 14–15, 16. See also Great Escape, The
Espelid, Hallada (Lieutenant), viii, 240
background of, 204–205
escape from Stalag Luft III, 21
murder of, 19, 20, 22–26, 26–27, 162, 201, 208, 209, 210–211, 212–213, 221, 222, 224, 230, 231, 232–233
recapture of, 21, 202, 202
Evans, Brian (Flight Lieutenant), viii, 172–173, 189, 240
excavated dirt, hiding, 2, 6
execution list by Nebe, 18, 181
execution of Stalag Luft escapees and Scharpwinkel, 17, 34, 36, 47, 176–179, 185–186, 187–188, 189, 222. See also murders of escapees (fifty) by Gestapo
exhaustion of McKenna, 132
exit order, 9–10
Fanshawe, Peter (Lieutenant Commander), 6
“ferrets,” 2, 5, 8–9
Fifty, The, viii–ix, 15–16, 17, 18, 31, 41, 222, 239–243. See also Great Escape, The; Special Investigating Branch (SIB), RAF; specific murdered escapees
final report on Sagan Case, 222
First World War (WWI), 27, 91, 206, 226
Flensburg, Germany, 19, 21, 22, 205, 208, 209, 215
Focke-Wulf 190 fighters, 205
“following orders,” 20, 23, 29, 67, 74, 88, 116, 124, 127, 133, 134, 137, 139, 140, 141–142, 153, 158–159, 169, 177, 179, 186, 195, 210, 224, 225–226, 228, 229, 230
forgery department, X-Organization, 6–7, 10, 11, 71, 130
4th Armored Division, Third Army, 119–121
14th Armored Division, Third Army, 121
France, 3
Frankfurt, Germany, 3, 40, 41, 87, 130, 144
Free French, 148
French breakout from Oflag XVII-A, 14
French murdered escapee, 31. See also specific murdered escapee
French Occupation Zone, 38, 40, 75, 99, 100, 131, 151, 157, 158, 223
French Resistance, 33, 130, 148
French War Crimes and Political Prisoners Burea
u in Paris, 99
Freshour (Lieutenant), 86, 87
Frontier Police. See Zlín, Frontier Police
Fuglesang, Nils (Lieutenant), viii, 240
background of, 205
escape from Stalag Luft III, 21
murder of, 19, 20, 22–26, 26–27, 162, 201, 208, 209, 210–211, 212–213, 221, 222, 224, 230, 231, 232–233
recapture of, 21, 202, 202
Ganninger, Otto (Deputy Commandant of Natzweiler), xv, 135–136, 137, 138
Garmisch-Partenkirchen internment camp, 110
Gassner, Anton (Munich Kripo), xvi, 110–112
Gehrum, Julius (Strasbourg Gestapo), 195
Geith, Eduard (Munich Gestapo), xvi
Gouws and Stevens murders, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 122, 123–124, 124–127, 224
Sagan Case trial, 224, 229, 230
Geneva Convention, 30, 92
German Military Penal Code, 226
Germany. See also American Occupation Zone; British Occupation Zone; French Occupation Zone; Gestapo; Great Escape, The; Hitler, Adolf; Kriminalpolizei (Kripo); Nazi Party; Russian Occupation Zone
citizens murdering Allies, 143–144
concentration camps, xv, 14–15, 64, 65, 110, 131, 187
escapes from prison camps plaguing Germany, 14–15, 16
highway banditry, 179–180
interrogations of POWs, 144–145
Luftwaffe, 13, 30, 63, 73, 106, 129, 144, 149, 173, 174
microphones used by, 2, 4, 8, 145–146
National Socialism, 181
Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (Army High Command), 13
records, destroyed, 21, 64, 81, 117, 127, 141, 208
ruins of, 39, 40, 43, 45, 52, 54, 143, 179
Sicherheitsdienst (SD), 53
solitary confinement for POWs, 144, 145, 146
Stufe Römisch III order, 15
Volkssturm (Home Guard), 174
Wehrmacht, 49, 56, 149, 150
winter of 1946-1947, 213–214
Gestapo, xiv–xvi. See also Breslau (Gestapo and Kripo); Brno/Zlín (Gestapo and Kripo); Munich (Gestapo and Kripo); specific members
Counter Espionage Branch, 115
cremation of murdered escapees, 15, 19, 25–27, 31, 40, 41, 83–84, 89, 96, 101, 103–104, 105, 109, 112, 115, 126, 130, 133, 136, 150, 153, 155, 169, 171–172, 173, 174, 178, 197, 199, 205–206, 209
Danzig (Gestapo), xv, 39, 96, 97, 98, 162–170
“following orders,” 20, 23, 29, 67, 74, 88, 116, 124, 127, 133, 134, 137, 139, 140, 141–142, 153, 158–159, 169, 177, 179, 186, 195, 210, 224, 225–226, 228, 229, 230
Karlsruhe (Gestapo), xv, 131, 132, 133–138, 139, 141
Kiel (Gestapo), xv, 20, 22–27, 205–216, 216–217, 218–219, 220–222
Kripo vs., 17
Liberec (Gestapo), xvi, 100–101, 103, 104, 105
mural of Gestapo satyrs, 77
murders of escapees (fifty), viii–ix, 15–16, 17, 18, 31, 41, 222, 239–243
Operation Bullet (Aktion Kugel), 15
Strasbourg (Gestapo), xvi, 192, 193, 195, 197, 198
Gmeiner, Josef (Karlsruhe Gestapo), xv
Cochran murder, 133–134, 136, 137, 139, 141–142, 224, 230
Gollwicer, 54. See also Seetzen, Heinrich (Breslau Security Police)
Göring, Hermann (Reichmarschall), xiii, 1, 13, 15, 38, 110, 232
Görlitz, Germany, 49, 52, 101, 106, 176, 178
Görlitz prison, 17, 34, 37, 39, 41, 171, 172, 173, 174, 185, 186, 187, 189. See also Breslau (Gestapo and Kripo)
Gouws, Johannes (Lieutenant), viii, 240
background of, 108
escape from Stalag Luft III, 108, 109
murder of, 109, 113, 114, 115–118, 121–127, 224, 229, 230, 232
recapture of, 111
Graes, Erich (Danzig Kripo), xv, 96–99, 163
Great Escape, The, 1–11. See also Gestapo; Kriminalpolizei (Kripo); Sagan Case trial; Special Investigating Branch (SIB), RAF; specific escapees
approval for escape, 27
ballot process, 9
compass factory, 7, 10, 171, 245
“cooler, the” (solitary confinement), 28, 30
Dick tunnel, 4, 9
disguises, 7, 9, 70, 71, 101, 130, 148, 245
“duty pilots,” 5
“duty” to escape, 27, 28, 233
escapees (seventy-six), 11, 13, 25, 29, 30, 33
escape from Stalag Luft III, 9–11, 28, 33, 34, 49, 148
escape-proof design of Stalag Luft III, 1–2
excavated dirt, hiding, 2, 6
exit order, 9–10
“ferrets,” 2, 5, 8–9
forgery department, 6–7, 10, 11, 71, 130
German discovery of escape, 11
Harry tunnel, 4–5, 9–11, 14, 14, 172, 172, 235, 245
Hut 104, 4–5, 11, 14, 14, 235
Hut 122, 4
Hut 123, 4, 8–9
intelligence section, 172, 204
letters to home written by POWs, 9–10, 69, 70–71, 204
maps, 7, 10
memorial at Stalag Luft III, 234, 234
monument at Stalag Luft III, 107
murdered escapees (fifty), viii–ix, 15–16, 17, 18, 31, 41, 222, 239–243
Piccadilly Circus interchange station, 9
recaptured escapees, 17–18, 27–28, 30, 34, 36–37, 49
scrounging for materials by prisoners, 7–8
“stooges” (prisoner lookouts), 5
survivor escapees (three), 17, 33–34
Tom tunnel, 4, 8–9
tunneling difficulty, 1–2, 4–6, 7, 8
underground microphones, 2, 4, 8
urns of murdered escapees, 27, 31, 40, 41, 84, 96, 101, 103, 104, 109, 112, 130, 136, 150, 169, 171–172, 173, 174, 199, 201, 206, 209
victory, symbolic, 234–235
waste sacks escapes, 247
X-Organization, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 204
Greek murdered escapee, 31. See also specific murdered escapee
Greiner (Munich Kripo), xvi, 111, 112–113
Grisman, William (Flight Lieutenant), viii, 173, 240
Grosch, Walther (General Inspector), 63
Grossfahndung order, 14, 36, 176, 225
guilty verdicts, Sagan Case trial, 230
Gunn, Alastair (Flight Lieutenant), viii, 173, 240
Hagamann (Lieutenant), 55–56. See also Scharpwinkel, Wilhelm (Breslau Gestapo)
Hake, Al (Flying Officer), viii, 7, 171, 186, 240
Hall, Charles (Flight Lieutenant), viii, 189, 240
Hamburg, Germany, 40, 52, 53, 93, 95, 99, 144, 163, 202, 213, 215, 216, 222
Hampden bombers, 202, 203
Hanover, Germany, 40, 45, 52, 63
Hansel, Max Richard (Görlitz Gestapo), xiv, 176–179, 231
Harrison, Harold (Flight Lieutenant), xiii, 179–180, 195–199
Harry tunnel, 4–5, 9–11, 14, 14, 172, 172, 235, 245
Hartbee bombers, 108
Haselsberger (Greiner’s deputy), 112
Haw-Haw, Lord, 69
Hayter, Anthony (Flight Lieutenant), viii, 191–200, 224, 229, 240
Hebberling, Lore and father, 127–128
Heidt, Marianne (Post’s mistress), 215–216, 220
Helmut, Babette (Müller’s secretary), 182
Hemer internment camp, 208
Hendon Police Staff College, 73
Hephart, Von Walter, 187
Herberg, Walter (Karlsruhe Gestapo), xv
Cochran murder, 132–138, 139, 140, 192–193, 224, 230
Herrman, Jakob (Home Guard), 193–194
Herrmann, Alfred (Home Guard), 193–194
Heydrich, Reinhard (Gestapo), 64–65, 147
Hilker, Heinrich (Strasbourg Gestapo), xvi, 192–193, 196–197, 198, 199, 200
Hilker, Mathilde (Heinrich’s wife), 199
Himmler, Heinrich (Reichsführer-SS), xiii, xiv
death of, 38, 232
“fifty” escapees to be executed, 15–16
&
nbsp; Hitler and, 13
Kaltenbrunner and, 15–16, 38, 75
Nebe and, 181
response to escape from Stalag Luft III, 13–14
Hitler, Adolf, xiii. See also Germany; Nazi Party
Blitzkrieg on France and the Low Countries, 3
Czech murders ordered by, 147
death of, 38, 45
Himmler and, 13
murders of escapees (fifty) ordered by, 15–16, 17, 18
Nebe and, 181
response to escape from Stalag Luft III, 13–14, 15–16, 17
Winter Olympics (1936), 110
Hitler Youth, 144
Hoffman, Rudolf (General), 63
host families of evacuees, 47, 48
Hotel Esplanade in Prague, 64
humanity view of McKenna, 138
Humphreys, Edgar (Flight Lieutenant), viii, 41, 189, 241
Hut 104, 4–5, 11, 14, 14, 235
Hut 122, 4
Hut 123, 4, 8–9
intelligence section, X-Organization, 172, 204
internment camps canvassing, 42, 45–46, 62–63, 98, 100, 109, 113, 117–118, 121, 138, 151, 163, 176, 208–209, 214, 220
interrogations. See also specific members of Special Investigating Branch (SIB)
London Cage, 62, 63, 90–96, 110, 113, 114, 137, 140, 142, 150, 159, 170, 175, 184, 199, 212, 222, 223
POWs by Germany, 144–145
investigation as a complex machine, 161
Jacobs, Walter (Kiel Gestapo), xv
Christensen, Espelid, and Fuglesang murders, 22, 24, 27, 209–210, 210–211, 212, 224, 230
Jaffke (Saarbrücken Kripo), 151
jeep problems, McKenna, 59–61
“Jews Not Wanted” signs, 110
Johns Hopkins University, 69
Judge Advocate General’s Office, 41, 57–58, 63–64
justice, escaped, 161, 219, 223, 232
justice vs. revenge, McKenna, 233, 234
Kaehler, Hans (Kiel Gestapo), xv
Catanach, Christensen, Espelid, and Fuglesang murders, 22, 23, 24, 25–26, 209–210, 211–212, 224, 230
Kah, Ernst (Breslau SD), xiv, 52–54, 58, 61–62
Kaltenbrunner, Ernst (SS Obergruppenführer), xiv, 217
Central Security Office, 21
Graes and, 96–97
Himmler and, 15–16, 38, 75
mass escapes plaguing Germany, 16
Müller and, 16, 209
Nebe and, 18
Nuremberg trials, 38, 232
police officer murder expectations of, 217
Schauschütz and, 75
Karlsruhe (Gestapo and Kripo), xv, 131, 132–137, 138–142, 162. See also specific members
Karlsruhe, Germany, 140, 196, 199
Keitel, Wilhelm (Feldmarschall), xiii, 13, 38, 232
Kempton Park Racecourse, London, 94, 95, 152, 152
Kensington Palace Gardens, England, 62, 90, 92