102. R. E. Rubenstein and J. Crocker, “Challenging Huntington,” Foreign Policy, no. 96 (1994): 113–28; S. M. Walt, “Building Up New Bogeymen,” Foreign Policy, no. 106 (1997): 176–89.
103. J. Fox, “Two Civilizations and Ethnic Conflict: Islam and the West,” Journal of Peace Research 38 (2001): 459–72; R. Inglehart and P. Norris, “The True Clash of Civilizations,” Foreign Policy, no. 135 (2003).
104. B. Russett, J. Oneal, and M. Cox, “Clash of Civilizations or Realism and Liberalism Déjà Vu? Some Evidence,” Journal of Peace Research 37 (2000): 583–608; E. A. Henderson and R. Tucker, “Clear and Present Strangers: The Clash of Civilizations and International Conflict,” International Studies Quarterly 45 (2001): 317–38; N. Ferguson, Civilization: The West and the Rest (London, 2011), pp. 313–14.
105. Huntington, Clash of Civilizations, p. 30. The role of the neocon intellectuals in promoting (and in some ways misrepresenting) the Huntington thesis is fully discussed in Bonney, False Prophets, chs. 3, 4, 6.
106. E. Abrahamian, “The US Media, Huntington, and September 11,” Third World Quarterly 24 (2003): 529–44; Bonney, False Prophets, p. 40.
107. Bonney, False Prophets, chs. 7, 8; D. Reynolds, America, Empire of Liberty: A New History (London, 2009), pp. 558–61.
108. Bonney, False Prophets, pp. x, 2–3; Todorov, Fear of Barbarians, pp. 90–92.
109. Bonney, False Prophets, pp. 5–9; C. Hitchens, “What I’ve Learnt,” Times Magazine (London), July 25, 2010, p. 6.
110. Sen, Identity and Violence, p. 68.
111. S. Halper and J. Clarke, America Alone: The Neo-Conservatives and the Global Order (Cambridge, 2004), esp. pp. 331–32.
112. R. Sanders, “Iraq: The Blair Mission,” Prospect, February 2010, p. 25; P. Toynbee, “Forgotten Lessons,” Guardian, March 28, 2003; P. Riddell, “Forget the Money, It’s the Political Costs That Will Hurt,” Times (London), March 27, 2003.
113. Bonney, False Prophets, p. 47.
114. D. Milliband, “ ‘War on Terror’ Was Wrong,” Guardian, January 15, 2009.
115. Editorial, “End of the Clash of Civilizations,” New York Times, April 12, 2009; http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Remarks-by-President-Obama-to-the-Turkish-Parliament-4-06-09.
116. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Remarks-by-the-President-at-Cairo-University-6-04-09. For another approach, see J. Sacks, The Dignity of Difference: How to Avoid the Clash of Civilizations (London, 2002).
117. J. S. Mill, Essays on Politics and Culture (London, 1962 ed.), pp. 51–52; Ferguson, Civilization, p. xxvii.
118. Bulliet, Case for Islamo-Christian Civilization, pp. 1–9.
119. Fernández-Armesto, Civilizations, pp. 25–26.
120. Bonney, False Prophets, pp. 224–29.
121. Sen, Identity and Violence, pp. 16–21; Bonney, False Prophets, pp. 229–31.
122. K. Clark, Civilisation: A Personal View (London, 1969), pp. xvii, 1–7.
123. A. Kuper, “Culture and Identity Politics,” British Academy Review 9 (2006): 6; D. Senghaas, “A Clash of Civilizations—An Idée Fixe?” Journal of Peace Studies 35 (1998): 127–32. For a recent example of the continued appeal of the Manichean view of the world, see N. Cliff, Holy War: How Vasco da Gama’s Epic Voyages Turned the Tide in a Centuries-Old Clash of Civilizations (London, 2011).
CONCLUSION
1. J. Black, “Contesting the Past,” History 93 (2008): 227.
2. E. S. Morgan, Inventing the People: The Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and America (New York, 1988), pp. 13–15.
3. A. Sen, Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny (New York, 2006), pp. xii–xiii.
4. Matthew Arnold, “Dover Beach” in M. Arnold, The Poems of Matthew Arnold, 1840–1867 (London, 1913), pp. 401–02; M. MacMillan, Dangerous Games: The Uses and Abuses of History (New York, 2009), p. 43.
5. For two contrasting views of the “fall” of apartheid, see H. Giliomee, “Surrender Without Defeat: Afrikaners and the South African ‘Miracle,’ ” Daedalus, no. 126 (Spring 1997): 113–46; G. M. Fredrickson, “The Strange Death of Segregation,” New York Review of Books, May 6, 1999, pp. 36–38.
6. R. Kipling, “We and They,” in Debits and Credits (London, 1926), pp. 263–64.
7. W. Cantwell Smith, “Christianity’s Third Great Challenge,” Christian Century, April 27, 1960, pp. 505–08.
8. V. S. Naipaul, India: A Million Mutinies Now (London, 1998), p. 395.
9. For some recent and honorable exceptions, see S. Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (New York, 2011); S. Bowles and H. Gintis, A Cooperative Species: Human Reciprocity and Its Evolution (Princeton, 2011); M. Pagel, Wired for Culture: The Natural History of Human Co-operation (London, 2012); R. Sennett, Together: The Rituals, Pleasures and Politics of Co-operation (London, 2012). Significantly, none of these authors is an historian: Pinker is a psychologist, Bowles and Gintis are behavioral scientists, Pagel is an evolutionary biologist, and Sennett a sociologist.
10. T. Bender, A Nation Among Nations: America’s Place in World History (New York, 2006), p. 301.
11. J. H. Plumb, The Death of the Past (London, 1969), p. 141.
12. W. G. Runciman, “Altruists at War,” London Review of Books, February 23, 2012, p. 19; J. H. Elliott, “Rats or Cheese?,” New York Review of Books, June 26, 1980, p. 39.
13. W. H. McNeill, “Mythistory, or Truth, Myth, History, and Historians,” American Historical Review 91 (1986): 7.
14. U. Frevert, “European Identifications: What European History Can and Cannot Contribute,” European Studies Forum (Spring 2008): 12–21.
INDEX
Aborigines, 4.1, 5.1
accommodationism, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1
Adam, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2
Affair, The (Snow)
Afghanistan
African National Congress (ANC)
Age of Revolution, The (Hobsbawm)
Agincourt, Battle of
Akbar, Emperor
Albania, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1
Alexander the Great
Alfonso VI, King of Castile
Alfred the Great, 2.1, 2.2
All Children Together
Alliance of Civilizations, The
Al Qaeda
Also Sprach Zarathustra (Nietzsche)
America as a Civilization (Lerner)
American Association of Physical Anthropologists
American Dilemma, An (Myrdal)
Amores, Francisco de
Anderson, Benedict, 2.1, 2.2
Anderson, Perry, 3.1, 3.2
Angelou, Maya
Anglican Church, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Anglo-Saxons, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 6.1
Annaliste school, 2.1, 3.1
anti-Semitism, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 5.10, 5.11, 5.12, con.1
apartheid, itr.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5
“Appeal Against Female Suffrage, An” (Ward)
Appeal of One-Half of the Human Race (Thompson)
Arabs, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 2.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Arbroath, Declaration of (1320)
Are Men Necessary? (Dowd)
aristocracy, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 4.1
Aristophanes
Aristotle, 1.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1
Arnold, Matthew
Aryan, The: His Social Role (Lapouge)
Aryans, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, con.1
Ash, Timothy Garton
Ashraf Pahlavi, Princess
Ash’s Dictionary
Atlantic Charter (1941)
Attila the Hun
Augsburg, Peace of (1555), 1.1, 1.2
Augustine, Saint
Australia, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7
Austria, 2.1, 2.2, 2.
3, 2.4, 2.5, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Austro-Hungarian Empire, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2
Awolowo, Obafemi
Azeglio, Massimo d’
Bagehot, Walter
Baldwin, Stanley
Balfour Declaration (1917)
Bancroft, George
Bandaranaike, Sirimavo
barbarians and barbarism
see civilization
“Barbarism: A User’s Guide” (Hobsbawm)
Barbarism and Civilization (Wasserstein)
Barnabas, Saint
Baron-Cohen, Simon, 4.1, 4.2
Baronio, Cesare
Barrios de Chungara, Domitila
Barzun, Jacques, 5.1, 5.2
Beard, Charles A.
Beard, Mary R.
Beauvoir, Simone de, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7
Bede, Venerable
Belgium, 2.1, 5.1
Bell, Clive
Bell, David
Bellini, Gentile
Belloc, Hilaire
Benedict, Ruth
Benedict XVI, Pope, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
Benjamin, Walter
Berlin Wall, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 6.1
Berman, Edgar F.
Bernstein, Eduard
Best, Geoffrey
Bethlen, Gábor
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
Bible, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 6.1
bin Laden Osama, itr.1, 6.1
Birgham, Treaty of (1290)
Bismarck, Otto von, 2.1, 3.1
blacks, itr.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 6.1, con.1, con.2
Blair, Tony, 6.1, 6.2
Bloch, Marc, epi.1, 2.1
Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, 5.1, 5.2
Boas, Franz, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Bodin, Jean, 1.1, 1.2
Bolsheviks, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 6.1
Boswell, James
Bouvines, Battle of
Boyne, Battle of the
brain capacity, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 5.2
Braudel, Fernand, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1
Brenner, Robert
Breuilly, John
British Association for the Advancement of Science
British Empire, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5
see also Great Britain
Brunn, Geoffrey
Bryce, James, 2.1, 5.1
Bucer, Martin
Buckle, H. T.
Buddhism, 6.1, 6.2
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de, 5.1, 5.2
Bulgaria, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1
Burckhardt, Jacob
Bush, George H. W.
Bush, George W., itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, itr.4, itr.5, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, con.1
Byars, W. V.
Byzantine Empire, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 6.1
Calvin, John
Calvinism, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 5.1
Camper, Peter
Canada, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 6.1
capitalism, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 6.1, con.1
Caribbean islands, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4
“Cast Away Illusions” (Mao)
Castellio, Sebastian, 1.1, 1.2
Castillon, Battle of
Castro, Fidel
Catherine II, Empress of Russia, 2.1, 6.1
Catholic Church, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1
Cavour, Camillo Benso, Count of
Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 5.1, 5.2
Chamberlain, Joseph, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1
“Changing History” (MacAleese)
Chanson de Roland, La
Charlemagne
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 2.1, 6.1
Charles V, King of France
Charles IX, King of France
Chaucer, Geoffrey
Chiang Kai-shek
China, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
Christianity, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 5.10, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 6.10, 6.11, con.1, con.2, con.3, nts.1n
see also Catholic Church; Protestantism
Churchill, R. S.
Churchill, Winston S., 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, nts.1n
“Civilisation” (Churchill)
civilization
barbarism vs., 1.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, con.1, nts.1n–17n
clash of, 6.1, 6.2
definition of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
development of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Eastern, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5
hegemony and
historical analysis of, itr.1, 6.1, 6.2, con.1, nts.1n–17n
as human identity, epi.1, itr.1, itr.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 6.10, 6.11, con.1
imperialism and, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
“Kultur” compared with, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
Manicheanism in, itr.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
morality and
nationalism compared with, 6.1, 6.2 238, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6
plurality of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
race compared with, 6.1, 6.2, con.1
religion compared with, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 6.10
rise and fall of, 6.1, 6.2
warfare and, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Western, itr.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7
“Zivilisation” compared with, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Civilization and Its Discontents (Freud)
Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, The (Burckhardt)
Civilizing Process, The (Elias)
Civil War, British
Civil War, English
Civil War, U.S., 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 5.1
Clark, Kenneth
Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order, The (Huntington)
class
agricultural (peasantry), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 5.1
consciousness of, itr.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
economic impact of, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 6.1, con.1
“for itself” vs. “in itself”, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2
formation of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 4.2
gender compared with, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, 4.11, 4.12, 4.13
global application of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5
historical analysis of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 5.1
as human identity, itr.1, itr.2, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, con.1, con.2
industrialization and, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6
labor and, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 4.1, 5.1
Manicheanism in, itr.1, 3.1, 3.2
Marxist analysis of, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 5.1
means of production and, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.1, 4.2
middle (bourgeoisie), 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14, 3.15, 3.16, 3.17, 3.18, 3.19, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
nationalism and, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12
political and social aspects of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9
private property and, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.1
race compared with, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9
religion compared with, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9
revolution and,
3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1
struggle of, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8
urbanization and, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1
working (proletariat), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 (118) (110–112), 3.6, 3.7, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 5.1, 6.1
Cleveland, Grover
Clinton, Bill, itr.1, itr.2, 5.1, 6.1
Cobban, Alfred
Cold War, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7
Commons Sense (Paine)
Commonwealth Franchise Act (1902)
Communism, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6
Communist International (Comintern)
Communist League
Communist Manifesto, The (Marx and Engels), 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 4.1, 5.1
Communist Party Historians’ Group
Concerning Heretics (Castellio)
Condition of the Working Class in England, The (Engels), 2.1, 3.1
Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de
Confederation of Warsaw (1573)
Constant, Baron d’Estournelles de
Constantine I, Emperor of Rome, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4
Constantinople, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 6.1
Constitution, U.S., 5.1, 5.2
Contarini, Gasparo
contraception, 4.1, 4.2
Cook, Thomas
Coolidge, Calvin
Cornish, Samuel
Counter-Reformation
Courcelle, Pierre
craniometry, 5.1, 5.2
Crécy, Battle of (1346)
Crèvecoeur, J. Hector St. John de
Crick, Francis
Cromwell, Oliver
Crusades, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 5.1, 6.1
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
cuius regio, cuius religio principle
Curtis, William
Curzon, George
Czechoslovakia, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 5.2
Dalrymple, William
Dangerous Games (MacMillan)
Darwin, Charles, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2
Dawson, William
Deakin, Alfred
Dean, Jodi
Declaration of Independence
The Undivided Past Page 40