16. Wiencek, An Imperfect God, pp. 215-216; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 22, 25.
17. Alice M. Hinkle, Prince Estabrook slave and soldier, (Lexington: Pleasant Mountain Press, 2001), pp. 19, 61-62; Bonk, Trenton and Princeton 1776-77, p. 19; Caroline Cox, A Proper Sense of Honor, Service and Sacrifice in George Washington’s Army, (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), p. 8; John F. Ross, War on the Run, The Epic Story of Robert Rogers and the Conquest of America’s First Frontier, (New York: Bantam Books, 2011) pp. 149, 262; Richard S. Walling, “Prince Whipple: Symbol of African Americans at the battle of Trenton,” December 2001, internet..
18. Bonk, Trenton and Princeton 1776-77, p. 9; Don Troiani and James L. Kochan, Don Troiani’s Soldiers of the American Revolution, (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 2007), p. 93.
19. Wiencek, An Imperfect God, pp. 216-217; Billias, General John Glover and his Marblehead Mariners, pp. 68-69; Tagney, A County in Revolution, pp. 196-197; Roads, TheHistory and Traditions of Marblehead, pp. 78, 87, 281-289, 558-561; Gamage, Marblehead, pp. 77-78; Tagney, The World Turned Upside Down, pp. 19, 115; W. Jeffrey Bolster, Black Jacks, African American Seamen in the Age of Sail, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), pp. 1-232; Moses Brown Orderly Book, Beverly Historical Society, Beverly, Massachusetts; Upham, A Memoir of General John Glover, pp. 2, 4; Brookhiser, George Washington on Leadership, pp. 97-98; Lord and Gamage, The Lure of Marblehead, pp. 35, 47; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 21-22; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 328; John U. Rees, “‘They were good soldiers’,” African Americans in the Continental Army, and General Glover’s Soldier-Servants,” Military Collector & Historian, vol. 62, no. 2, (Summer 2010), p. 141; Ellis, American Creation, pp. 34-35.
20. Tagney, A County in Revolution, p. 136; Ellis, American Creation, pp. 34-35.
21. Roads, The History and Traditions of Marblehead, p. 136; Tagney, The World Turned Upside Down, pp. 116, 119, 168; Lord and Gamage, Marblehead, p. 123; Kurlansky, Cod, p. 98; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 327.
22. Bostwick Memoir, YUL.
23. Lengel, General George Washington, p. 182; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 18.
24. Charles Royster, Light-Horse Harry Lee and the Legacy of the American Revolution, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 201.
25. Ferling, Almost A Miracle, pp. 175-176; Wood, Battles of the Revolutionary War, p. 62; Chadwick, George Washington’s War, p. 14; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 18.
26. Samuel J. Newland, The Pennsylvania Militia, The Early Years, (Philadelphia: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Military and Veterans Affairs, 1997), p. 144; Lord and Gamage, Marblehead, pp. 121-122, 125; Tagney, The World Turned Upside Down, 240, 283-284, 492; Billias, General John Glover and his Marblehead Mariners, pp. 9, 66; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 129-130, 137, 141, 233; Roads, The History and Traditions of Marblehead, pp. 120-121, 493, 527; Peter Sarlie, “Tucker’s Wharf,” Marblehead Magazine, internet; Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, pp. 156, 162; Farling, Almost A Miracle, p. 176; Barbara J. Mitnick, ed., New Jersey and the American Revolution, (New Brunswick: Rivergate Books, 2005), p. 97; Bruce Chadwick, George Washington’s War, The Forging of a Revolutionary Leader and the American Presidency, (Napierville: Sourcebooks, 2005), pp. 14-15; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 27, 209, 216-217, 219; Mark Puls, Henry Knox, Visionary General of the American Revolution, (New York: Palgrace Macmillian, 2008) p. 74; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 18-19; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, pp. 131-132, 136-137; Herbert C. Bell, The History of Durham Township, (Durham: Durham Historical Society, 1993), pp. 1-32; Brochure, “The Durham Boat,” Washington Crossing Historic Park, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission; LCVP, Wikipedia, internet; Robert G. Ferris, editor, Signers of the Declaration, (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1975), pp. 137-138; Chernow, Washington, pp. 270, 272-273, 279; Edwin M. Stone, The Life and Recollections of John Howland, (Providence: George H. Whitney, 1857), pp. 71-82; John Rhodes Russell Biography, Geni, internet; D. B. Robinson’s Genealogy Data Base, Rootsweb internet; Lineage Book, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, vol. 8, (1895), (Harrisburg: Harrisburg Publishing Company, 1899), p. 229; Marblehead Marriages, Vital Records of Marblehead, Massachusetts, to the End of the Year 1849, Marriages and Deaths, vol. 2, (Public Essex Institute, 1904), p. 18; Joseph Widger, “These are My People,” April 9, 2011, internet; Frank A. Garcher, Glover’s Marblehead Regiment in the War of the Revolution, (Salem: The Salem Press, n. D.), p. 18; David Waldstreicher, Slavery’s Constitution, From Revolution to Ratification, (New York: Hill and Wang, 2009), p. 26; Ward, The War of the Revolution, pp. 293-294.
27. Caesar A. Rodney, Diary of Captain Thomas Rodney, Diary of Captain Thomas Rodney 1776-1777, (Wilmington: The Historical Society of Delaware, 1888), pp. 12, 22-23; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 19; Troiani, Military Buttons of the American Revolution, p. 137.
28. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 233; Wood, Battles of the Revolutionary War, p. 62; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 222.
29. Mulvey and Abrams, A Forensic Meteorological Perspective on the American Revolutionary War, Battles of Trenton and Princeton, AccuWeather, September 17, 2009, Power Point Presentation, internet; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 217-218, 397; Lengel, General George Washington, p. 182; New York Times, New York, January 24, 1932; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 18-19; Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, p. 1205.
30. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 371; Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, pp. 587-588; Puls, Henry Knox, pp. 34-42, 73-75; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 19; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, p. 137; Chernow, Washington, p. 273.
31. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 134, 136 note 1, 358; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 217; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, p. 45; Newland, ThePennsylvania Militia, pp. 129-131; John W. Jordan, editor, Colonial and Revolutionary Families of Pennsylvania, vol. 2, (2 vols: Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, Inc., 1978), p. 467.
32. Lengel, General George Washington, p. 182.
33. Charles R. Smith, Marines in the Revolution, A History of the Continental Marines in the American Revolution, 1775-1783, (Washington, D.C., History and Museums Divisions 1975), p. 95; Lengel, General George Washington, p. 177; “Washington Crossing Visitor Center Museum,” Information Brochure, New Jersey State Historic Site, New Jersey; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, p. 18; Caroline Alexander, The War That Killed Achilles, (New York: Viking Penguin, 2009), pp. 25, 236, note 5; Ian C. Johnston, The Ironies of War, An Introduction to Homer’s Illiad, (New York: University Press of America, 1988), pp. 1-145; Puls, Henry Knox, pp. 74-75; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, p. 132; Chernow, Washington, p. 273; Marble, James Monroe, p. 42.
34. New York Times, December 28, 1876; Kurlansky, Cod, pp. 114-115; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, pp. 250-251; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 19.
35. Roads, The History and Traditions of Marblehead, pp. 67, 549-550, 553, 557, 559; Thomas Grant, Sr. And Thomas Grant, Jr., American Silversmiths, Ancestry.com, rootsweb, internet..
36. Roads, The History and Traditions of Marblehead, pp. 240-242.
37. The Washington Post, Washington, D.C., February 11, 1883; Lengel, General George Washington, p. 182; New York Times, December 26, 1876; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 219, 390-391; A Young Patriot in the American Revolution, p. 80; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 329; Chernow, Washington, p. 273.
38. Billias, General John Glover and His Marblehead Mariners, p. 68-69; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 1; Oliver Cromwell Biographical Sketch, Oliver Cromwell, Black History Society, Inc., Burlington, New Jersey; Mitnick, ed., New Jersey in the American Revolution, p. 129; Wiencek, An Imperfect God, p. 217; Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, pp. 1198-1199; Paul Johnson, Heroes, From Alexander the Great to Julius Caesar to Churchill to De Gaulle, (New York: H
arperCollins Publishers, 2007), p. 115.
39. New York Times, December 26, 1876; Jacob Needleman, The American Soul, Rediscovering the Wisdom of the Founders, (New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam, 2003), pp. 86-87; Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, p. 161; Robert Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause, The American Revolution, 1763-1789, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 366; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 222; Wright, TheContinental Army, p. 255; “The History of Johnson’s Ferry,” NJSHA; English, General Hugh Mercer, p. 84; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 18; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, pp. 137-138; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 137; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 159; Lengel, Inventing George Washington, pp. 122-123; Chernow, Washington, p. 273; Joseph G. Bilby and Katherine Bilby Jenkins, “The Woodwards Rise Up: Revolution as Civil War in Monmouth County, New Jersey, 1776-1777,” Patriots of the American Revolution, vol. 4, issue 3, (May/June 2011), p. 46; Harriett Clement Marble, James Monroe, Patriot and President, (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1970), p. 42.
40. Needleman, The American Soul, pp. 86-87; Chernow, Washington, pp. 271-272; William Tudor, Wikipedia, internet; Cox, A Proper Sense of Honor, pp. 16, 44.
41. William Tudor letter to Delia Jarvis, December 24, 1776, Tudor Family Papers, 1773-1822, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, Massachusetts; Needleman, The American Soul, pp. 86-87; Chernow, Washington, p. 273.
42. “The History of Johnson’s Ferry,” NJSHS; Johnson Ferry House, Information Guide, New Jersey State Historical Site; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 26, 30-31; Needleman, TheAmerican Soul, pp. 86-87.
43. “The History of Johnson’s Ferry,” NJSHS; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, p. 128; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 26, 30-31.
44. Maryland Gazette, January 23, 1777; Billias, General John Glover and his Marblehead Mariners, p. 7; Ferling, Almost A Miracle, p. 165; Boatner, Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, pp. 993-995.
45. Elisha Bostwick Memoir, Yale University Library, New Haven, Connecticut; Roads, The History and Traditions of Marblehead, pp. 47-48, 67-68; Lord and Gamage, Marblehead, pp. 121-122; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 134, 136, 358; Billias, General John Glover and his Marblehead Mariners, pp. 7-8; Buchanan, The Road to Valley Force, p. 161; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, p. 249; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 216, 220-222, 391; “The History of Johnson’s Ferry,” NJSHS; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 11, 19; Chernow, Washington, p. 273; Marble, James Monroe, p. 42.
46. Thomas McCarthy Diary, William Croghan Papers, Lyman Copeland Draper Collection, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, p. 162.
47. Linklater, An Artist in Treason, p. 28.
48. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 217; Don Troiani and James L. Kochan, Don Troiani’s Soldiers of the American Revolution, (Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books, 2007), p. 116; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, p. 29.
49. A Young Patriot in the American Revolution, (Westvaco Corporation, 1981), pp. 78, 80; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 19; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 330.
50. Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, pp. 210-211; Chernow, Washington, p. 270.
51. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 209, 216, 221-222; Bonk, Trenton and Princeton 1776-77, pp. 20, 55; Wallace, Appeal to Arms, pp. 123, 130; Billias, General John Glover and his Marblehead Mariners, p. 8; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 46, 371; Buchanan, The Road to Valley Force, p. 161; Farling, Almost A Miracle, p. 176; Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, p. 107; John Laffin, Jackboot, A History of the German Soldier, 1713-1945, (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1995), p. 13; Owen Connelly, Blundering to Glory, Napoleon’s Military Campaigns, (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1999), p. 3; Marble, JamesMonroe, p. 42; Dwyer, “The Day Is Ours!,” p. 254; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 17, 19-20; Puls, Henry Knox, pp. 40-42, 67, 73-74; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, pp. 118, 137; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 328; Chernow, Washington, p. 273; Bellamy, The Private Life of George Washington, pp. 143-144; Mark Neaves, “Henry Knox, A Brief Biography,” Patriots of the American Revolution, vol. 3, issue 4 (July/August 2010), pp. 14-15; Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon, p. 340; Jac Weller, “Guns of Destiny, Field Artillery in the Trenton-Princeton Campaign, 25 December 1776 to 3 January 1777” Military Affairs, vol. 20, no. 1 (Spring 1956), pp. 4, 8, 13; Marble, James Monroe, p. 42.
52. Griffin, Catholics and the American Revolution, vol. 2, p. 368; Michael Stephenson, Patriot Battles, How the War of Independence was Fought, (New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2007), pp. 252, 257; Lengel, General George Washington, p. 182; Michael Rose, Washington’s War, The American War of Independence to the Iraqi Insurgency, (New York: Pegasus Books, 2008), p. 81; Billias, General John Glover and his Marblehead Mariners, p. 17; Willard Sterne Randall, George Washington, A Life, (New York: Henry Holt Publishers, 1998), p. 323; W. J. Wood, Battles of the Revolutionary War, (New York: Da Capo Press, 2003), pp. 58, 62; Chadwick, George Washington’s War, p. 13; Fleming, 1776, 425; Connelly, Blundering to Glory, p. 3; Troiani, Military Buttons of the American Revolution, p. 103; Chris McNab, Armies of the Napoleonic Wars, (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2009), p. 245; Fischer, Washington’sCrossing, pp. 216, 225; “The History of Johnson’s Ferry,” NJSHS; Puhls, Henry Knox, pp. 73-75; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, pp. 18-19; Linklater, An Artist in Treason, p. 28; Edgar, Campaignof 1776, pp. 328-329; Chernow, Washington, p. 273; Chastellux, Travels in North-America, pp. 28, 70; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, pp. 6-7.
53. Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon, p. 360.
54. Howard H. Peckham, The War of Independence, (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1958), pp. 52-53; Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, pp. 152, 158; Chadwick, George Washington’s War, pp. 13-15; “The History of Johnson’s Ferry,” NJSHS; Puls, Henry Knox, pp. 73-75; Theodore P. Savas and J. David Dameron, The New American Revolution Handbook, (El Dorado Hills: Savas Beatie, 2010), p. 5; Chernow, Washington, p. 273; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 397.
55. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 225, 397; Lord and Gamage, Marblehead, p. 122; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 136,138 note 2, 358, 371, 394; Bonk, Trentonand Princeton 1776-77, pp. 19-20; Tagney, The World Turned Upside Down, pp. 283-284; Farling, Almost A Miracle, p. 176; Chadwick, George Washington’s War, p. 15; Ketchum, TheWinter Soldiers, p. 252; “The History of Johnson’s Ferry,” NJSHS; “Washington Crossing Visitor Center Museum,” Information Guide, NJSHS; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20; Chernow, Washington, p. 273; Chastellux, Travels in North-America, p. 28.
56. Rodney, Diary of Captain Thomas Rodney, p. 51; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 391.
57. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 371.
58. Ibid., pp. 134, 371;Upham, A Memoir of General John Glover, p. 21; Boatner, The Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, p.657; Chadwick, George Washington’s War, p. 15; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, p. 122.
59. Smith, Marines in the Revolution, pp. 94-96; Stephenson, Patriot Battles, p. 256; Lengel, General George Washington, p. 182; Billias, General John Glover and his Marblehead Mariners, pp. 3, 6; Chadwick, George Washington’s War, p. 15; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 25-28, 209, 213; Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, pp. 136, 358, 423; Chernow, Washington, p. 274.
60. Lengel, General George Washington, p. 182.
61. Lengel, This Glorious Struggle, p. 87.
62. Clark, All Cloudless Glory, p. 304.
63. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 216-217, 219; Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, pp. 152, 158; Lengel, General George Washington, p. 182; Bonk, Trenton and Princeton 1776-77, p. 20; Farling, Almost A Miracle, p. 176; Wood, Battles of the Revolutionary War, p. 62; Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, p. 202; “The History of Johnson’s Ferry,” NJSHS; Smith, TheBattle of Trenton, p. 19; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, pp. 136-138; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 328.
64. Wood, Battles of the R
evolutionary War, p. 62; Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, p. 158; Chadwick, George Washington’s War, p. 16; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, pp. 374, 391; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, p. 138; Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 708, 734; Weller, “Guns of Destiny,” MA, p. 9; Smith, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20
65. A Young Patriot in the American Revolution, p. 80; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 391; Trenton, The Battle of Trenton, p. 20.
66. New York Times, January 18, 1862; Chadwick, George Washington’s War, p. 15; Edgar, Campaign of 1776, p. 328; Chernow, Washington, pp. 270-273.
67. Bill, The Campaign of Princeton, pp. 13, 17; New York Times, December 26, 1876; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, p. 111.
68. A Young Patriot in the American Revolution, p. 80; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, pp. 83, 137.
69. Bellamy, The Private Life of George Washington, p. 194.
70. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, p. 139; Rose, Washington’s War, p. 81; Hanser, The Glorious Hour of Lt. Monroe, pp. 110-111, 137.
Chapter II
1. Bellamy, The Private Life of George Washington, p. 183.
2. Lengel, This Glorious Struggle, p. 87; Chernow, Washington, p. 274; Fischer, Washington’sCrossing, p. 209; Clark, All Cloudless Glory, p. 304..
3. Royster, Light-Horse Harry Lee, p. 201.
4. Bellamy, The Private Life of George Washington, p. 204.
5. Ward, The War of the Revolution, p. 295.
6. Elisha Bostwick Memoir, YUL.
7. Chernow, Washington, p. 274; Ward, The War of the Revolution, p. 295; Ferling, The Ascent of George Washington, pp. 99, 120; Bellamy, The Private Life of George Washington, p. 148; Gragg, By the Hand of Providence, pp. 5-91.
8. Gragg, By the Hand of Providence, p. 91.
9. Johnson, Heroes, p. 119.
10. Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, p. 207.
11. Ferling, The Ascent of George Washington, p. 102.
George Washington's Surprise Attack Page 80