pg. 75 It was somewhat unprecedented. See Associated Press, “Orcas Devouring Harbor Seals,” Feb. 24, 2003, http://www.seattlepi.com/news/article/Orcas-devouring-harbor-seals-1108256.php
pg. 75 Dubbed “the slippery six”: See Associated Press, “Six Killer Whales Extend Stay in Puget Sound for Record Time,” July 29, 2005, http://articles.latimes.com/2005/jul/09/nation/na-orcas9.
pg. 76 Finally, in 2003: See K.M. Parsons, J.W. Durban, D. E. Claridge, “Comparing two alternative methods for genetic sampling of small cetaceans,” Marine Mammal Science, 19:224–231. An earlier study—Lance Barrett-Lennard, “Population Structure and Patterns of Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) as Revealed by DNA Analysis,” University of British Columbia, December 2000—indicated similar results. See also P.A. Morin, R.G. LeDuc, K.M. Robertson, N.M. Hedrick, W.F. Perrin, M. Etnier, P. Wade, B.L. Taylor, “Genetic Analysis of Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) Historical Bone and Tooth Samples to Identify Western U.S. ecotypes,” Marine Mammal Science 22, 897–909, 2006, and Kim M. Parsons, John W. Durban, Alexander M. Burdin, Vladimir N. Burkanov, Robert L. Pitman, Jay Barlow, Lance G. Barrett-Lennard, Richard G. LeDuc, Kelly M. Robertson, Craig O. Matkin and Paul R. Wade, “Geographic Patterns of Genetic Differentiation among Killer Whales in the Northern North Pacific,” Journal of Heredity, Volume 104, Issue 6, pp. 737–754, 2013.
pg. 77 By 2011, a general consensus: See Lance Barrett-Lennard, “Killer Whale Evolution: Populations, Ecotypes, Species, Oh, My!”, Journal of the American Cetacean Society, Vo. 40, No. 1, pp. 48–53.
pg. 77 The debate focused around: See P.A. Morin, F.I. Archer, A.D. Foote, J. Vilstrup, E.E. Allen, P.R. Wade, J.W. Durban, K.M. Parsons, R. Pitman, L. Li, et al., “Complete Mitochondrial Genome Phylogeographic Analysis of Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) Indicates Multiple Species,” Genome Research, 20:908–91, 2010.
pg. 84 In other orca ecotypes: See Robin Baird and Hal Whitehead, “Social Organization of Mammal-Eating Killer Whales: Group Stability and Dispersal Patterns” Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78: 2096–2105 2000, as well as Robin W. Baird and Lawrence M. Dill, “Ecological and Social Determinants of Group Size in Transient Killer Whales,” Behavioral Ecology, Volume 7, Issue 4, pp. 408–416.
pg. 85 The best-documented case: See John K.B. Ford and Graeme M. Ellis, Transients: Mammal-Hunting Killer Whales (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999), pp. 20–21.
pg. 89 Sting-Ray Teamwork: See Ingrid Visser, et. al, “Benthic Foraging on Stingrays by Killer Whales (Orcinus Orca) in New Zealand Waters,” Marine Mammal Science, 15(1): 220–227, January 1999.
pg. 90 Beach Snatchers: A video of a killer whale snatching a baby elephant seal at Valdes can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N53DchkdUUM
pg. 90 Ice-Floe Harmonics: A video of a team of killer whales using harmonics to force a seal from an ice floe can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3xmqbNsRSk
pg. 91 As scientists: See Luke Rendell and Hal Whitehead, “Culture in Whales and Dolphins,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24 (2):309–324, 2001.
Chapter 5
pg. 95 Four sisters are out walking: This story is one of several oral-history legends that can be heard online at “Legends of the Kwakwaka’wakw,” CBC Radio, June 28, 2013. http://www.cbc.ca/ideas/episodes/2013/06/28/legends-of-the-kwakwakawakw/
pg. 97 In the telling of the S’Klallam tribe: See “Kakantu, the Chief’s Daughter Who Married a Blackfish: A Traditional Klallam Story,” told by Amy Allen, translated by Lawrence C. Thompson and Martha Charles John, in M. Terry Thompson, and Steven M. Egesdal, Salish Myths and Legends: One People’s Stories (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008), pp. 401–404.
pg. 98 There were other cultures: See Hans Rollmann, “Religion in Newfoundland and Labrador,” Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage, Memorial University of Newfoundland, http://www.heritage.nf.ca/society/religion.html. See also the Wikipedia entry on Shachihoko, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shachihoko
pg. 98 The Japanese, dating back to at least: See Toshio Kasuya, “Japanese Whaling,” in Perrin, William F., Wursig, Bernd, and Thewissen, J.G.M., eds. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (London: Academic Press, 2009), pp. 643–649.
pg. 98 In Siberia, the indigenous Yupik people: See “The Orphan Boy With His Sister,” p. 156 in E. S. Rubcova, Materials on the Language and Folklore of the Eskimoes, Vol. I (Chaplino Dialect. Leningrad: Academy of Sciences of the USSR), 1954.
pg. 99 They frightened Pliny the Elder: See Gaius Plinius Secundus, Historia Naturalis 9.5.12 (Latin).
pg. 100 According to Ariosto: See Lodovico Ariosto, The Orlando Forioso, Vol. 1, translated by William Stewart Rose (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1854), pp. 173–177. Online at http://books.google.com/books?id=LlkJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA173&lpg=PA173
pg. 101 These same Basques: See Eric Jay Dolin, Leviathan: The History of Whaling in America (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2001), pp. 22–23.
pg. 101 There was one whaling operation, however: See the documentary by Klaus Toft, Klaus, Killers in Eden (Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2007), online at http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/killers-in-eden/introduction/1048/. A website is also devoted to the subject, titled “Killers of Eden,” http://www.killersofeden.com/
pg. 103 “Three or four of these voracious animals: Scammon quoted in Obee and Ellis, Guardians of the Whales, p. 6.
pg. 104 Earlier that same summer: See Dougal Robertson, Survive the Savage Sea (Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Sheridan House, 1994).
pg. 105 There was, as it happens: See Nathaniel Philbrick, In the Heart of the Sea: The Tragedy of the Whaleship Essex (New York: Penguin Books, 2001), pp. 115–116.
pg. 105 A 1963 book: See Joseph J. Cook, Killer Whale! (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1963).
pg. 106 Then, in November of 1961: Brocato was interviewed by Frontline for its 1997 investigative documentary report, A Whale of a Business. Online at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/whales/
pg. 107 Finally, in 1964: See Hoyt, Orca: The Whale Called Killer, pp. 16–19, 113–26, 238–52. See also Daniel Francis and Gil Hewlett, Operation Orca: Springer, Luna and the Struggle to Save West Coast Killer Whales (Vancouver: Harbor Publishing, 2007), pp. 60–66.
pg. 109 Tors was in the middle: Ted Griffin was also interviewed for PBS for its documentary A Whale of a Business, online at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/whales/.
pg. 114 Apparently Shamu had been: David Kirby, Death at SeaWorld: Shamu and the Dark Side of Killer Whales in Captivity (New York: St. Martins Press, 2012), pp. 168, 173–174.
pg. 118 One of the worst of these: See Sandra Pollard, Puget Sound Whales for Sale: The Fight to End Orca Hunting (Charleston, S.C.: The History Press, 2014), pp. 74–90.
See also the website devoted to the incident, “The Penn Cove Captures,” http://us.whales.org/issues/penn-cove-orca-captures
pg. 119 The issue came to a head: See Pollard, pp. 133–151.
pg. 122 The first effort: See Hoyt, Orca: The Whale Called Killer, pp. 114–127.
pg. 123 His trainer, a young Canadian: See Vivian Kuo, “Orca Trainer Saw Best of Keiko, Worst of Tilikum,” CNN, Oct. 28, 2013. Online at http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/26/world/americas/orca-trainer-tilikum-keiko/
See also Tim Zimmerman, “The Killer in the Pool,” Outside, July 30, 2010. Online at http://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/nature/The-Killer-in-the-pool.html.
pg. 124 In 1999: See Kirby, Death at SeaWorld, pp. 257–260.
pg. 125 John Jett: See the documentary Blackfish (2013), in which Jett is interviewed.
pg. 126 A few right-wing voices: See Kyle Mantyla, “Fischer: SeaWorld Death Due to West’s Failure to Follow Scripture,” Right Wing Watch, Feb. 25, 2010, http://www.rightwingwatch.org/content/fischer-sea-world-death-due-wests-failure-follow-scripture
pg. 128 During a panel discussion on Crossfire: See David Neiwert, “Dodging ‘Blackfish’: What SeaWorld Doesn’t Want You To Know,” Crooks and Liars, Oct. 29, 2013, http://crooksandliars.com/david-neiwert/dodging-blackfish-why-sea-w
orld-does
pg. 128 Rather than back down: The website ‘The Truth About Blackfish’ is at http://seaworld.com/truth/truth-about-blackfish/.
pg. 128 However, shortly after the SeaWorld website: See Jason Garcia, “Blackstone Chief Blames Brancheau for Own Death, Contradicting SeaWorld,”Orlando Sentinel, Jan. 24, 2014. http://www.orlandosentinel.com/business/tourism/tourism-central-florida-blog/os-blackstone-chief-blames-brancheau-for-own-death-contradicting-seaworld-20140124-post.html
Chapter 6
pg. 132 Skana was spunky: See Hoyt, Orca: The Whale Called Killer, pp. 41–44. See also Francis and Hewlett, Operation Orca, pp. 67–71, and Obee and Ellis, Guardians of the Whales, pp. 16–19.
pg. 136 Mike Bigg also showed up: See Hoyt, Orca: The Whale Called Killer, pp. 69–83. See also Obee and Ellis, Guardians of the Whales, pp. 19–24.
pg. 138 In 1983, he was first: See Obee and Ellis, Guardians of the Whales, pp. xii–xiii.
pg. 144 Graeme Ellis knew Bigg, too: See Obee and Ellis, Guardians of the Whales, pp. 11–16, 21–27.
pg. 145 Alexandra Morton, like most: Morton tells her own story eloquently in her book Listening to Whales: What Killer Whales Have Taught Us (New York: Ballantine Books, 2002).
Chapter 7
pg. 164 In Alaska, the resident killer whale population: See especially Eva Saulitis, Into Great Silence: A Memoir of Discovery and Loss Among Vanishing Orcas, (Boston: Beacon Press, 2013).
pg. 166 Salmon are a uniquely useful species: See David R. Montgomery, King of Fish: The Thousand-Year Run of Salmon (Boulder: Westview Press, 2003).
pg. 168 That was nothing, of course: See Jim Lichatowich, Salmon Without Rivers: A History of the Pacific Salmon Crisis (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1999), and Bruce Brown, Mountain in the Clouds: A Search for the Wild Salmon (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995)
pg. 170 These arguments, however: See Mike Lee and Kim Bradford, “Thousands Rally to Save Snake Dams,” Tri-City Herald, Feb. 19, 1999.
pg. 171 The decision to list the orcas: See “Endangered Species Status of Puget Sound Killer Whales,” NOAA Fisheries West Coast Region, 2014. http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/protected_species/marine_mammals/killer_whale/esa_status.html
pg. 171 Probably the best public demonstration: See Jim Simon, “Orcas Put Bite On Salmon Catch—Pod’s Appetite Prompts Closure Of Dyes Inlet Fishery,” Seattle Times, Nov. 13, 1997.
pg. 173 Once that was decided: See Morin, et. al., “Complete Mitochondrial Genome Phylogeographic Analysis of Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) Indicates Multiple Species,” Genome Research, 20:908–91, 2010.
pg. 179 This is all part of a grand experiment: See the documentary Undamming the Elwha, produced by Katie Campbell and Michael Werner for KCTS-TV, http://kcts9.org/undamming-elwha and the documentary Return of the River, by John Gussman and Jessica Plumb, http://www.elwhafilm.com/synopsis.htm,
pg. 182 It took some work: See Robert McClure, “Dead orca is a ‘red alert,’” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, May 7, 2002, http://www.eurocbc.org/page96.html
pg. 183 There are three specific kinds of POPs: See D.L. Cullon, M.B. Yunker, C. Alleyne, N.J. Dangerfield, S. O’Neill, M.J. Whiticar, P.S. Ross, “Persistent Organic Pollutant in Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): Implications for Resident Killer Whales of British Columbia and Adjacent Waters,” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 28(1): 148–161, 2009.
See also Cathy Britt, “The Killer Affecting Killer Whale Populations,” QUEST Northwest, July 19, 2011, http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/19/the-killer-affecting-killer-whale-populations/
pg. 187 Scientists have been studying: See David E. Bain, Jodi C. Smith, Rob Williams, and David Lusseau, “Effects of Vessels on Behavior of Southern Resident Killer Whales,” NMFS Contract Report, March 4, 2006, and Rob Williams, Andrew W. Trites, and David E. Bain, “Behavioural Responses of Killer Whales (Orcinus Orca) to Whale-Watching Boats: Opportunistic Observations and Experimental Approaches,” Journal of the Zoological Society of London, 256, 255–270, 2002.
pg. 191 Research released in the summer of 2014: See “Causes of Decline Among Southern Resident Killer Whales,” Center for Conservation Biology, University of Washington, June 2014, http://conservationbiology.uw.edu/research-programs/killer-whales/. See also Ayres, Katherine L., Rebecca K. Booth, Jennifer A. Hempelmann, Kari L. Koski, Candice K. Emmons, Robin W. Baird, Kelley Balcomb-Bartok, M. Bradley Hanson, Michael J. Ford, Samuel K. Wasser, “Distinguishing the Impacts of Inadequate Prey and Vessel Traffic on an Endangered Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) Population,” PLoS ONE 7(6): e36842, 2012.
Chapter 8
pg. 212 In 2013, Russian fishermen: See Erich Hoyt, “Russian Orca Captures: The Inside Story,” Whale and Dolphin Conservation, Nov. 11, 2013. Online at http://us.whales.org/blog/erichhoyt/2013/11/russian-orca-captures-inside-story
pg. 215 When PBS’s Frontline: See the transcript at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/whales/interviews/mccaw1.html
pg. 215 Aquarium director Phyllis Bell: See transcript at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/whales/etc/script.html
pg. 215 Phyllis Bell was so enraged: See Kirby, Death at SeaWorld, pp. 243–244. See also Associated Press, “Executive Director at Oregon Coast Aquarium Resigns,” July 4, 2002, http://www.seattlepi.com/news/article/Executive-director-at-Oregon-Coast-Aquarium-1090674.php, and Larry Bacon, “Dealings of Bell Will Be Investigated,” Eugene Register Guard, July 26, 2002, http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&dat=20020726&id=O75YAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1OsDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2503,5960930, and “Ex-Aquarium Chief Guilty of Forgery,” Lincoln City News Guard, Oct 25, 2003.
pg. 216 When Rose paid a subsequent visit: See Kirby, Death at SeaWorld, pp. 266–270.
pg. 218 “We were sort of waiting: See the documentary, Keiko: The Untold Story (2010), which features interviews with Baird. http://www.keikotheuntoldstory.com/
pg. 220 “My belief is that Keiko: See Paul Spong, “Keiko’s Incredible Journey,” Earth Island Institute, March 19, 2010. http://keiko.com/pSpongStatement.html
pg. 221 Springer was first noticed: See Leigh Calvez, “Springer the Lost Orca Part 2: Orca Behavior and a Whale of a Mystery Solved,” Inside Bainbridge, July 24, 2013. http://www.insidebainbridge.com/tag/mark-sears/
See also Francis and Hewlett, Operation Orca, pp. 87–169.
pg. 224 Springer has not only been: See Keven Drews, “Springer, the rescued orphaned killer whale, spotted with calf off Vancouver Island,” The Canadian Press, July 9, 2013, http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2013/07/09/springer_the_rescued_orphaned_killer_whale_spotted_with_calf_off_vancouver_island.html
pg. 230 Most of all, we now know: See Naomi Rose, “Killer Controversy: Why Orcas Should No Longer Be Kept in Captivity,” Humane Society International, 2011. http://www.hsi.org/assets/pdfs/orca_white_paper.pdf
pg. 232 SeaWorld stock: See David Neiwert, “SeaWorld and Its Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Week,” Crooks and Liars, Aug. 18, 2014, http://crooksandliars.com/2014/08/seaworld-and-its-terrible-horrible-no-good
pg. 236 In January 2014: See Craig Welch, “Feds Want Endangered Status for Captive Orca Lolita,” Seattle Times, Jan. 24, 2014, http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2022749958_lolitaxml.html
pg. 237 Lolita is also at the center: See Sasha Luque, “Animal Activists File Lawsuit to Free Lolita,” NBC Miami, Nov. 18, 2011, http://www.nbcmiami.com/news/Animal-Activists-file-lawsuit-to-try-to-free-Lolita-134121753.html
pg. 241 Damning video footage: The footage can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wt2F9iYCff8&feature=youtu.be
See also Madeline Bar-Diaz, “Aquatic Attraction Cited for Code Violations,” Sun Sentinel, Sept. 13, 2003, http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2003-09-13/news/0309130059_1_animals-or-employees-code-violations-miami-dade-county-building and Andres Viglucci, “Miami Seaquarium Allowed to Open After Most-Urgent Repairs Completed,” Miami Herald, Sept. 16, 2003, http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-107815075.html and Associated Press, “Repaired Seaqua
rium Reopens Today,” Tampa Bay Times, Feb. 11, 2006, http://www.sptimes.com/2006/02/11/State/Repaired_Seaquarium_r.shtml
pg. 242 A twist in Lolita’s story: See Hannah Sampson, “California Theme Park Company to Buy Miami Seaquarium,” Miami Herald, March 28, 2014.
pg. 244 In 2010, Robert Rose: See Robert Samuels, “Lolita Still Thrives at Miami Seaquarium,” McClatchy News Service, Sept. 15, 2010. http://seattletimes.com/html/travel/2012903643_webwhale16.html
Chapter 9
pg. 247 Three Kwakwaka’wakw boys: This story is one of several oral-history legends that can be heard online at “Legends of the Kwakwaka’wakw,” CBC Radio, June 28, 2013. http://www.cbc.ca/ideas/episodes/2013/06/28/legends-of-the-kwakwakawakw/
pg. 250 “We ignore the inconvenient fact: See Jeff Schweitzer, “The Dirty Little Secret About Human Intelligence,” Huffington Post, Dec. 15, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeff-schweitzer/social-hour-understanding_b_4450076.html
pg. 250 Because personhood has always: See Thomas I. White, In Defense of Dolphins: The New Moral Frontier (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2007), p. 152.
pg. 251 Brain specialist Harry Jerison: See Harry J. Jerison, “The Perceptual World of Dolphins,” in Ronald J. Schusterman, Jeanette A. Thomas, and Forrest G. Wood, eds., Dolphin Cognition and Behavior: A Comparative Approach (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1986), pp. 141–164.
pg. 254 “No one has ever demanded: See Press Release re: NhRP Lawsuit, Dec. 2nd 2013, Nonhuman Rights Project, http://www.nonhumanrightsproject.org/2013/11/30/press-release-re-nhrp-lawsuit-dec-2nd-2013/
pg. 256 Naomi Rose, herself a onetime: See Naomi Rose, “A Win-Win Solution for Captive Orcas and Marine Parks,” CNN.com, Oct. 28, 2013. http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/24/opinion/blackfish-captive-orcas-solutions/
pg. 260 Franz Boas, the father of modern anthropology: See Franz Boas, Indian Myths and Legends from the North Pacific Coast of America (Dietrich Bertz, translator), Vancouver: Talonbooks, 2002. See also Franz Boas, “The Social Organization of the Kwakiutl,” American Anthropologist, Vol. 2, No.2, April-June 1920.
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