humans, parallels to orcas, 33–35
humpback whale sounds, 26
humpback whales, 89
Hunter, Robert, 134–135
hunting
cooperative nature of, 88–90
of transient whales, 74–75
Hyak, 132, 141–142
hydrophone
boat-engine noise, 187, 195–196, 196, 197–199
use of, 35, 41, 65, 151
Iceland
capture of orcas, 123–129
Keiko’s return, 214–218
photo identification research, 217
imitative learning, 23
infections, 231
Ingres, Jean Auguste Dominique, 99, 100
insular cortex, 33
intelligence
brain size, 30
defining, 24–29
dolphins, 22–23
g factor, 30
“species-specific” intelligence, 28–29
see also echolocation
International Whaling Commission (IWC), 135
J pod
Granny (J2), 11, 18–19, 83
Haida, 122
Mike (J26), 1, 65, 138
Polaris (J28), 63–65, 64
Ruffles (J1), 83
Slick (J16), 65
social organization, 83
Star (J46), 63
J2 pod, S1 calls, 54–55
Japan, 98, 239
Jeffries, Steve, 75
Jerison, Harry, 251
Jett, John, 125
Johnstone Strait, 133, 134, 136–137
Junior, 230
K pod
Cappucino (K21), 83–84, 84
Georgia (K11), 87
Lummi (K7), 87
monitoring, 177–178
Raggedy (K40), 83–84
Kasatka, 126
Keef, Marilee, 214, 230
Keet, 65
Keiko
photograph, 204
arrival in Norway, 218–220
as a candidate for release, 213
death, 219
Reino Aventura, 207–208
return to Iceland, 214–218
Spong on, 220–221
transport to Newport, 205–206, 209–213
Keiko Project, 213–221
Keystone XL pipeline, 200
Killer Whale! (Cook 1963), 105
Killer Whale (Orcinus Orca) Foundation (KWOOF), 131–132
“Killer Whale” (song), 108
killer whales
derivation of name, 100–101
see also orcas
Kinder Morgan, 200–201, 203
Kirby, David, 127
Koski, Kari, 189, 193
Krestchmer, Hans, 104
Kshamenk, 239
Kwakwaka’waka tribe, 15–17, 95–97, 260–263, 261
L pod
Dyes Inlet, 171–172
Luna (L98), 55–62, 152–153
Onyx (L87), 87
Skana (L79), 162
Solstice (L89), 162
Spirit (L22), 162
L22 (Spirit), 162
land-based whale watching, 193–194, 269
land-use issues, 259
language, defining traits, 50
Lansing, Robert, 110–111
Larson, Darcie, 177
Laurentis, Dino de, 115–117
Lewis, Paul Owen, 5
Lilly, John, 25, 134, 146
Lime Kiln State Park, 148, 151, 162, 193–194, 269
“Linking Prey and Population Dynamics: Did Food Limitation Cause Recent Declines of ‘Resident’ Killer Whales in British Columbia?” (Ford 2006), 175
Listening to Whales (Morton), 146
Living Oceans Foundation, 202–203
Lolita (Tokitae)
photograph, 12, 228, 233
age, 11
as a candidate for release, 240–242
capture, 120, 234–235
enclosure, 12, 233–238, 241–242
entertainment shows, 242–245, 243
Free Lolita campaign, 240–242
l awsuit, 237–238
Miami Seaquarium acquisition, 235
The Lost Whale (Parfit), 62
Lucette attack, 104
Lummi (K7), 87
Luna (L98), 55–62, 152–153
Makah tribe, petroglyphs, 14
Malia, 251
Maori people, 98
Maquinna, Albert, 59
Marine Mammal Protection Act (1972), 119
The Marine Mammals of the Northwestern Coast of North America (Scammon 1874), 103
marine parks
Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks (AMMP), 208, 214, 230, 240
enclosures, 12
entertainment shows, 229
licensing, 238
portrayal of killer whales, 10
proposal for future, 256
see also captivity; Marineland of the Pacific; Miami Seaquarium; Seattle Aquarium; SeaWorld Entertainment; Vancouver Aquarium
Marine Studios, 105–106
Marineland of the Pacific
capture of orcas, 106–107
death of Wanda, 106
employment of Morton, 21, 146
purchase by SeaWorld, 121
see also SeaWorld Entertainment
Marino, Lori
on brain structure, 31–33
on DAT, 19
on echolocation, 42
on the intelligence of dolphins, 22–23
on the intelligence of orcas, 28–29
on learning from orcas, 159–160
on personhood, 250
on understanding calls, 35
Max’inuxw, meaning, 16
McCaw, Craig, 215, 217
McCowan, Brenda, 25–26
McDonald, Dan, 170
measurable intelligence, 30
Melville, Herman, 71
mercy, 7
Mesonychid, 70
Miami Herald, 242
Miami Seaquarium
code violations, 241
education outreach programs, 228
expansion attempts, 241–242
Keiko, 219
licensing, 237
sale of, 242
see also Lolita (Tokitae)
Mike (J26), 1, 65, 138
mimicry, 55, 57–58
mirror self-recognition, 23
Moby Dick (Melville), 71, 104–105
Moby Doll, 107, 141–142
Morgan, 212, 239
Morin, Philip, 77–78, 173
Morton, Alexandra, 21, 145–147
Morton, Robin, 147
The Mouth of Heaven (Goldman), 262
movies, influence on public opinion, 117
Mowachaht/Muchalaht tribe, 59
multiculturalism, 262
Munro, Ralph, 119
music, Spong’s experiments with, 132, 134
mysticetes, 72
mythical creatures, 15
myths, 67–69, 95, 98
Namu
captivity, 109–110
capture, 108
death, 112
Namu, the Killer Whale (Tors),
110–111
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), 223, 236–237
Native American artifacts, ferry transportation of, 20
Natsilane, 67–68
Nepo, 115
New Zealand, 89, 98
Newfoundland, 98
Nightingale, John, 226–230
non-human personhood, concept of, 249–255
Nonhuman Rights Project (NhRP), 253–254
Nootka (T5), 85–86
Nootka 4, 123
Norberg, Brent, 178
North Atlantic killer whales, 89
Northern Resident population
calls, 35, 44–46, 48–49
cataloging, 137
Corky, 21, 21–22, 146, 239
observations, 37–39
Orky, 21, 146
Norway, Keiko’s arrival, 218–220
Noviello, Don, 203
>
Ocean Futures Society, 216, 220
Ocean Sun (L25), 236
Odontocetes, 72
Offshore Killer Whale, 77, 79–80
oil spill risks, 199–203
Olson, Joe, 222
Olympic National Park, 180
Onyx (L87), 87
Orca Conservancy, 157, 223
Orca Network, 90–91
see also Garrett, Howard
Orca Relief Citizens Alliance, 188–189
Orca: The Killer Whale (de Laurentis 1977), 115–117
OrcaLab
establishment of, 133–134
Springer (A73), 222, 223–224
see also Spong, Paul
orcas
creation myths, 67–69
diet, 171
ecotypes, 77–82
lifespans, 231, 236
parallels to humans, 33–35
physical size, 40
Orcinus orca, derivation of name, 98–99
Orcinus Orca (Killer Whale) Foundation (KWOOF), 131–132
orcs, 99–100, 99
Oregon Coast Aquarium, 210, 214–215
Orky
captivity, 146
Northern Resident population, 21
Osborne, Rich, photo identification research, 73
Otis, Bob, 150–152, 162
Pacific Legal Foundation, 174
Pack Ice Killer Whale, 81
Pakicetus, 70–71
Palace Entertainment, 242
paralymbic system, 32
see also brain structure
Parfit, Michael, 58, 61–62
Payne, Roger, 134
PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) levels, 182–184
PDBEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers), 184
pectoral slaps, 21–22
Corky, 21–22
Penn Cove capture (1970), 11, 118–120, 234–235
People for Puget Sound, 223
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), 254
performances. see entertainment shows
persistent organic pollutants (POPs), 183–184
personhood, concept of, 249–255
Peters, Ken, 126
petroglyphs, 14
Phillips, Dave, 208–209
photo identification research, 73–74
Physterids, 72
Pliny the Elder, description of orcas, 99
pods
social organization, 83–88
see also individual pods
pollution risks, 164
polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PDBEs), 184
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels, 182–184
POPs (persistent organic pollutants), 183–184
Poulter, Thomas, 110
predator status, 29–30, 154–155, 157, 182–184
Project SeaWolf, 223
Protocetidea, 70–71
psychic contact, 18–19
recreational boaters, 188
Rector, Russ, 241
Reiff, Ivan, 191–195, 192
Reino Aventura, 207–208
Reiss, Diana, 22–23
Remingtonocetus, 71
Rendell, Luke, 91–92
Resident Killer Whale
Bigg’s observations, 73–74
ecotype description, 78–79
hunting of salmon, 89, 90
interactions with Bigg’s killer whales, 172
interactions with “transient” killer whales, 76
right whales, 72
Robson Bight, 17, 48, 137–138
Roger Delivrant Angelique (Ingres), 99, 100
Rose, Naomi, 209, 216–217, 219, 238, 256
Rose, Robert, 244
Rose Parade protests, 232
Ross, Peter, 183
Ross Sea Killer Whale, 81
S1 calls, 54–55
Sagan, Carl, 26
Salish Sea
boat-engine noise, 196–197, 201
oil spill risks, 199–203
salmon in, 24, 163
salmon
Chinook salmon, 175–178
decline, 165
Elwha River, 179–182
endangered status, 169
historical abundance, 166–174
hunting of, 89, 90
recovery plans, 190
in the Salish Sea, 24, 163
seines, 168
San Juan County Park, 148, 269
Save Our Wild Salmon, 169–170, 177
Scammon, Charles, 100, 103
Schwarzman, Stephen, 129
Schweitzer, Jeff, 250
Scott, Robert, 104
sea lions
hunting of, 89
mimicry of, 57–58
Sea Shepherd Society, 135
Sea World (Orlando), 212
Sea World (San Diego)
acquisition of Bjossa, 143
death of Nootka (T5), 86
see also SeaWorld Entertainment
Sealand of the Pacific, 122–123, 144
seals, 89, 90
Seaquarium. see Miami Seaquarium
Sears, Mark, 152–153, 221
Seattle Aquarium, captivity of Namu, 108–112
SeaWorld Entertainment
“Blackfish effect,” 232
claims by, 257
education outreach programs, 228
enclosures, 121–122
Iceland operations, 123–129
lawsuits, 119, 236
marketing, 121–122
motto, 227
ownership, 121
Sea World (Orlando), 212
Sea World (San Diego), 86, 143
Shamu (original), 9, 114
stock performance, 232
“The Truth About SeaWorld” website, 128
use of Shamu name, 9, 114
seines, 168
senses, 27–29
SETI Institute, 25
shachi, 98
shachihoko, 98
Shamu (name), 9, 114
Shamu (original)
attack of Eckis, 114
capture, 9
death, 114
replacement, 114
shipping traffic, 188, 202
shore-based whale watching, 193–194, 269
Shostak, Seth, 25, 27
Siberia, 98
sight, sense of, 27. see also senses
Sigi. see Keiko
Simmons, Mark, 220
sixth sense. see echolocation
Skana, 131, 141–142
Skana (L79), 162
sleep, 46–48, 47
Slick (J16), 65
Smith, Deborah, 195
Snake River, 169
social behavior, 23
social organization, 83–88
Solstice (L89), 162
SoundWatch, 188–189
Southern Resident population
calls, 35, 54–55
capture of Shamu, 9
census of killer whale populations, 139
Corky II, 11
decline, 17–174
elderly females, 11
endangered status, 157, 164, 236, 258–260
Granny (J2), 11
Hugo, 236
Luna (L98), 55–62
oil spill risks, 201
winter months, 175
see also J pod; K pod; L pod
speciation research, 73–74
“species complex” concept, 77–82
“species-specific” intelligence, 28–29
Spirit (L22), 162
spirits, 15
Spong, Paul
on being an objective scientist, 151
biographical sketch of, 131–136, 131
concerns of, 258–259
experiments with music, 134
on Keiko’s release, 220–221
on learning from orcas, 153–154
meeting with Morton, 21
photo identification research, 73
return of Luna (L98), 59–60
return of Springer (A73), 223–224
see also
OrcaLab
Springer (A73), 152–153, 221–225
spyhopping, 8, 84
sting rays, 89
stress levels, 191
see also boat-engine noise
Subantarctic (Crozet) Killer Whales, 82
Suquamish tribe, 20
symbolic interactionism, 158–159
Symonds, Helena, 222
T1 (Charlie Chin), 85
T2 (Florencia), 85–86
T2a, 86–87
T2b, 86–87
T2c, 87
T3, 85–86
T4 (Chimo), 85, 145
T5 (Nootka), 85–86
Taima, 212
tar-sands oil tankers, 199–203
Terra Nova Expedition, 104
“The Case for Captive Animals” (Nightingale), 227
Thunderbird, 15, 17
Tilikum
attacks on humans, 124–129
capture, 123–129
Tlingit tribe, 67
Tokitae. see Lolita (Tokitae)
Tolkien, J.R.R., 99
toothed whales, 72
top predator status, 29–30, 154–155, 157, 182–184
Tors, Ivan, 109–112
totem poles, 15
toxins, 182–184
Trans Mountain pipeline, 200, 203
transformation myths, 98
see also myths
“transient” killer whales
Bigg’s observations, 74
see also Bigg’s killer whales
“The Truth About SeaWorld” website, 128
Tsimshian tribe, 69
Uchuck III, 56
upokohue, 98
Vancouver Aquarium
acquisition of Skana, 131–132
capture of Moby Doll, 107
death of Chimo (T4), 86
death of Finna, 143
employment of Ellis, 144
employment of Ford, 142
employment of Spong, 131–132
Finna and Bjossa, 225
Hyak, 132, 141–142
public scrutiny, 143
return of Luna (L98), 60
support of marine scientists, 229
Vashon Island, 221
Veirs, Val
on breaking the communication barrier, 158
on orca calls, 54–55
Viers, Val, on boat-engine noise, 198–199
vision, sense of, 41
vocalization. see calls
Wanda, death, 106–107
warehousing orcas, 230
Warner Brothers, 209
Wasgo (mythical creature), 15
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 176, 203
Washington Farm Bureau Federation, 174
water, qualities, 40–41
water bubbles, 37, 38–39
Watson, Paul, 135
Weiss, Brigitte, 55
Western mythology, 98–101, 99
see also myths
Western Prince, 149, 185–186, 185, 191, 195
“whale laundering,” 230
Whale Museum, 223
whales, evolution, 69–73
whale-watching industry, 185–195
whaling, 98, 100–103
White, Jesse, 244
White, Thomas, 28, 250–252
Whitehead, Hal, 91–92
Wieland, Monika, 149–150, 165, 260
winter months, 175
Wise, Steven M., 254
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