Again, more transparent in French: chien, ‘dog’. — Tr.
[←90 ]
French cavalier (rider, horseman) and chevalier (knight); German Reiter (rider) and Ritter (knight). The connection also pertains between French chevalier and English ‘chivalry’. — Tr.
[←91 ]
Race, Races. — Tr.
[←92 ]
‘Linguistics and the Human Sciences’. — Tr.
[←93 ]
Myth and Epic. — Tr.
[←94 ]
Vocabulary of Indo-European Institutions. — Tr.
[←95 ]
Spanish original: El problema indoeuropeo (Mexico: Universita Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 196o). — Tr.
[←96 ]
Prehistoric Europe. — Tr.
[←97 ]
The Prehistory of Europe. — Tr.
[←98 ]
The Civilisations of Ancient Europe. — Tr.
[←99 ]
Summary of European Protohistory. — Tr.
[←100 ]
The Europeans An Ethnohistorical Survey (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1969). — Tr.
[←101 ]
Roman Ideas. Roman Festivals of Summer and Autumn. Myth and Epic. — Tr.
[←102 ]
Atlantis — The Mystery Unravelled (New York: Citadel Press, 1956). — Tr.
[←103 ]
neuvième courbe, literally ‘ninth curve’. Benoist is citing Spanuth in French translation. I have rendered it ‘ninth sphere’ as Egyptian (and Egyptian-influenced) cosmologies frequently enumerate a series of concentric circles or spheres (as did Plato’s description of the capital of Atlantis). ‘Curves’, however, seems out of place, while ‘ninth parallel’ does not make any geographic sense in this context. — Tr.
[←104 ]
The Mystery of Atlantis. — Tr.
[←105 ]
Atlantis: People from the Land of Amber. — Tr.
[←106 ]
The Atlantis Controversy: The Most Debated Tale of Antiquity. — Tr.
[←107 ]
Memory of Reality. — Tr.
[←108 ]
Heligoland and the Earliest Copper of the North. — Tr.
[←109 ]
A Small Historical Map of Friesland Between Ems and Jade. — Tr.
[←110 ]
Greek Civilisation. — Tr.
[←111 ]
Gefolgschaft, ‘allegiance, fealty, loyalty’, indicating a reciprocal relationship of loyalty and protection established between a lord and his retinue of warriors. — Tr.
[←112 ]
Thalassocracy, from thalassa (sea) + kratein (to rule); empire at sea, naval supremacy. — Tr.
[←113 ]
This is the French translation of Chadwick’s The Decipherment of Linear B (Cambridge University Press, 1959). — Tr.
[←114 ]
The World of Odysseus. — Tr.
[←115 ]
Benoist uses the term aèdes, derived from the Greek aoidoi (singular, aoidos), the bards, singers, chanters; epic poets of the oral tradition. — Tr.
[←116 ]
The Resurrection of Homer. — Tr.
[←117 ]
As far as I have been able to ascertain, this society no longer exists. — Tr.
[←118 ]
Homer in the Feminine. — Tr.
[←119 ]
The translation rendered here is from the French edition cited by Benoist (Il faut choisir le Bon Empire. Il procure le sort le plus avantageux à celui qui agit avec zèle. Par la Justice, celui-ci accèdera, pour ces actions, ô Sage ! au souverain bien ».) For comparison, D. J. Irani’s English translation of Yasna 51 from The Gathas: The Hymns of Zarathustra (Center for Ancient Iranian Studies, 1998) reads: ‘A righteous government is of all the most to be wished for, Bearing of blessing and good fortune in the highest. Guided by the law of Truth, supported by dedication and zeal, It blossoms into the Best of Order, a Kingdom of Heaven! To effect this I shall work now and ever more’. — Tr.
[←120 ]
Or perhaps ‘to attack brilliantly’ (à la brillante attaque). — Tr.
[←121 ]
I have transliterated the names of the Amesha Spenta according to current English conventions. A few points of clarification are nevertheless helpful regarding Benoist’s usage. For Asha Vahishta, Benoist uses the alternate transliteration, Arta, and glosses it as l’Ordre (Order); its broader range of meanings encompasses ‘truth, existence, and [that which is] right’ (cf. Vedic rta-). For Haurvatāt, Benoist uses the alternate form, Sarvatāt. Armaiti is glossed as la Pensée pieuse, literally ‘Pious Thought’, but I have followed the convention in Zoroastrian scholarship of rendering it as ‘Sacred Devotion’. — Tr.
[←122 ]
Benoist has ‘Saravasti’ here, but possibly means Sarasvati (Saraswati), a Hindu river goddess associated with the flow of wisdom, knowledge, and speech (cf. the Vedic goddess, Vāc). — Tr.
[←123 ]
Fr. comptoirs. — Tr.
[←124 ]
Literally ‘stir up’: Je me suis mis d’une société qui va remuer les Etrusques. — Tr.
[←125 ]
Etruscan Art and Civilisation. — Tr.
[←126 ]
Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis. — Tr.
[←127 ]
Language. — Tr.
[←128 ]
The Etruscans Begin to Speak. — Tr.
[←129 ]
The End of the Etruscan Mystery. — Tr.
[←130 ]
Etruscan Protohistory. — Tr.
[←131 ]
Etruscan Studies. — Tr.
[←132 ]
The Origin of the Umbrians. — Tr.
[←133 ]
Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Indo-European. — Tr.
[←134 ]
Balkan Linguistics. — Tr.
[←135 ]
Introduction to the History of Indo-European Linguistics. — Tr.
[←136 ]
The End of the Etruscan Mystery. — Tr.
[←137 ]
Corpus of Etruscan Inscriptions. — Tr.
[←138 ]
Carthage or Rome. — Tr.
[←139 ]
Celts and Gallo-Romans. — Tr.
[←140 ]
Celtic Gaul and Roman Gaul. — Tr.
[←141 ]
The Celts. — Tr.
[←142 ]
The Celtic Epic of Ireland and The Celtic Epic of Brittany. — Tr.
[←143 ]
The Celtic Epic in Ireland and The Irish Epic. — Tr.
[←144 ]
Ammanius Marcellinus, Roman Antiquities, 15.9. — Tr.
[←145 ]
Ammanius Marcellinus, Roman Antiquities, 15.9, adapting John C. Rolfe’s translation (Loeb, 1939–1950). — Tr.
[←146 ]
Strabo, Geography, VII, 1.2. In the last line, the French translation cited by Benoist differs significantly from the English translation of Horace Leonard Jones (Loeb, 1924), which for comparison reads: ‘And I also think that it was for this reason that the Romans assigned to them the name “Germani”, as though they wished to indicate thereby that they were “genuine” Galatae, for in the language of the Romans “germani” means “genuine”. — Tr.
[←147 ]
The Epic of the Celts. — Tr.
[←148 ]
Moral and Critical Essays. — Tr.
[←149 ]
Brittany and France. — Tr.
[←150 ]
French roman means ‘novel’ (narrative), but in the literary context of High Medieval chivalry, is usually translated as ‘romance’. — Tr.
[←151 ]
Ammanius Marcellinus, Roman Antiquit
ies, 15.12, adapting John C. Rolfe’s translation (Loeb, 1939–1950). — Tr.
[←152 ]
Plutarch, De Mulierum Virtutibus, 2.22. Note that where Benoist has ‘Gallic’ (gauloise), F. C. Babbitt’s translation (Loeb, 1931) has ‘Galatian’. I have not compared the original Greek. — Tr.
[←153 ]
Polybius, Histories, 2.29, adapting W. R. Paton’s translation (Loeb, 1922–1927). — Tr.
[←154 ]
Strabo, Geography, 4.4.2, adapting H. L. Jones’s translation (Loeb, 1917–1932). — Tr.
[←155 ]
Marcus Junianus Justinus, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, 25.2. — Tr.
[←156 ]
The Romance of the Round Table, Boulenger. Celtic Gaul (From its Origins to 50 BCE) and Roman Gaul (50 BCE to 500 CE), Rachet. The Celtic Epic of Ireland, Markale. Celts and Gallo-Romans, Hatt. The Celts, Harmand. Brittany and France, Sérant. The Epic of the Celts, Mauduit. — Tr.
[←157 ]
The Celtic Kingdoms. — Tr.
[←158 ]
Celtic Ogham-Tradition. — Tr.
[←159 ]
Etymological Dictionary of Ancient, Middle, and Modern Breton. — Tr.
[←160 ]
History of Gaul. — Tr.
[←161 ]
History of Roman Gaul. — Tr.
[←162 ]
Commentarii de Bello Gallico (Commentaries on the Gallic War), Julius Caesar’s firsthand account of the Gallic Wars. — Tr.
[←163 ]
These are the dates of his rule; he lived from 121–180. — Tr.
[←164 ]
Also known as Trèves. — Tr.
[←165 ]
French paysans, which carries the resonance with pagani, ‘pagans’. — Tr.
[←166 ]
History of Roman Gaul. — Tr.
[←167 ]
Vercingetorix the Gaul. — Tr.
[←168 ]
The Times of the Gallic Emperors. — Tr.
[←169 ]
With Caesar in Gaul. — Tr.
[←170 ]
Gallic Antiquity. — Tr.
[←171 ]
National Antiquities. — Tr.
[←172 ]
Anthology of Ancient Nordic Poetry. — Tr.
[←173 ]
The orthography that Benoist uses here for the names of the gods follows that of Old Norse: Óðinn, Þórr, Njörðr, Freyr, and Freyja. — Tr.
[←174 ]
Gods of the Ancient Northmen (English edition, ed. Einar Haugen, University of California Press, 1973). — Tr.
[←175 ]
History and Society, in New School. — Tr.
[←176 ]
Structures of Nordic Mythology. — Tr.
[←177 ]
The Religions of Northern Europe. — Tr.
[←178 ]
The Saga of Snorri the Godhi. Burnt Njall’s Saga. The Book of the Colonisation of Iceland. — Tr.
[←179 ]
The Vikings. — Tr.
[←180 ]
Benoist describes him as a duc. — Tr.
[←181 ]
The First American. — Tr.
[←182 ]
French voyageurs, literally ‘travellers’ (voyagers), indicates in this context French Canadians involved in the fur trade who would transport animal furs by canoe over long distances. — Tr.
[←183 ]
French coureur de bois, ‘wood-runners’, indicate those engaged in the fur trade generally, rather than those focused on transportation. — Tr.
[←184 ]
Fr. coupelle de bouclier — Tr.
[←185 ]
The Sun God’s Great Journey. — Tr.
[←186 ]
America Before Christopher Columbus. — Tr.
[←187 ]
Altiplano in Spanish (Haute-Plateau). — Tr.
[←188 ]
The Inca Adventure. — Tr.
[←189 ]
The Civilisation of the Inca Empire. — Tr.
[←190 ]
Account of the Discovery and Conquest of the Kingdoms of Peru. — Tr.
[←191 ]
The Origins of American Humanity. — Tr.
[←192 ]
The Sun God’s Great Journey. — Tr.
[←193 ]
The Pre-Columbian Runic Inscriptions of Paraguay. — Tr.
[←194 ]
The Death-throes of the Sun God. — Tr.
[←195 ]
The Blond Element in Polynesia and the Nordic Migrations in Oceania. — Tr.
[←196 ]
Voyage of Marchand. — Tr.
[←197 ]
The Sun God’s Great Journey. — Tr.
[←198 ]
The Death-throes of the Sun God. — Tr.
[←199 ]
The Vikings, Creators of States and Discoverers of New Worlds. — Tr.
[←200 ]
The Civilisation of the Incas. — Tr.
[←201 ]
‘Vikings in South America?’ — Tr.
[←202 ]
Drakkar on the Amazon. The Grave of the Sun God. The Secret Geography of America Before Columbus. — Tr.
[←203 ]
Where necessary, for reasons of fidelity, I have sourced and translated many (but not all) of the Nietzsche quotes cited in this chapter from the original German. In other instances, for stylistic reasons, I have remained closer to the French translations cited by Benoist. This opening citation, for example, remains closer the French (Plus nous nous élevons, et plus nous paraissons petits à ceux qui ne savent pas voler); cf. Zarathustra, I, Vom Wege des Schaffenden: ‘aber je höher du steigst, um so kleiner sieht dich das Auge des Neides’ (the higher you climb, the smaller you seem to the eye of envy). — Tr.
[←204 ]
Ecce Homo, Warum ich so gute Bücher schreibe, Also Sprach Zarathustra, §1: ‘6000 Fuß jenseits von Mensch un Zeit’. — Tr.
[←205 ]
Nietzsche. Difference and Repetition. Nietzsche and Philosophy. — Tr.
[←206 ]
German: Der Fall Nietzsche: Aufsätze u. Vorträge (The Nietzsche Case: Essays and Lectures). — Tr.
[←207 ]
We are necessarily dealing with translations of translations here: Nietzsche’s German into French; and then the French translations cited by Benoist into our English. For proper comparison, the German of the passage in question reads: ‘Alles Seiende wollt ihr erst denkbar machen: denn ihr zweifelt mit gutem Misstrauen, ob es schon denkbar ist’ (Zarathustra II, ‘Von der Selbst-Ueberwinding’, 12). In Henri Albert’s French: ‘Vous voulez “rendre” imaginable tout ce qui est: car vous doutez, avec une juste méfiance, que ce soit déjà imaginable’; the more modern translation reads: ‘Tout ce qui est, d’abord vous le voulez “rendre” pensable, car vous doutez, avec juste méfiance, que pensable ce soit déjà’.
[←208 ]
Nietzsche, Die fröliche Wissenschaft, V, § 383: ‘Wer singt uns ein Lied, ein Vormittagslied, so sonnig, so leicht, so flügge, dass es die Grillen nicht verscheucht, — dass es die Grillen vielmehr einlädt, mit zu singen, mit zu tanzen?’ Note that the word Grillen here means both ‘crickets’ and ‘whims, freakish ideas’, evidently with a negative connotation, as the Williams/Nauckhoff/Caro edition (Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 248 n. 5) glosses it as ‘bad mood’, and the French translation (cited by Benoist) renders it as ‘black ideas’ (les idées noires). — Tr.
Heritage and Foundations Page 45