Between the Great Divide

by Anam Zakaria

  57.Ibid., p. 113.

  58.Ibid., p. 114.

  59.Ibid.

  60.Ibid., p.115.

  61.Ibid.

  62.Shams Rehman, ‘Ban on books is azadi of Azad Kashmir?’ The Kashmir Walla, 9 March 2016. Web: http://thekashmirwalla.com/2016/03/ban-on-booksis-azadi-of-azad-kashmir/ (Last Accessed 15 January 2017).

  63.AJ&K Portal, ‘AJ&K history.’ Web: http://ajk.gov.pk/history.php (15 January 2017).

  64.According to Kashmiri journalist Jalaluddin Mughal, ‘This is particularly so because the prime minister of Pakistan has unlimited powers in the Kashmir Council. As the chairperson, he is the final authority to approve or reject any type of legislation, including financial bills and annual budgets. The president of Azad Kashmir can call the council’s session but it is subject to prior approval of the prime minister of Pakistan. Neither a legislations bill, nor a constitutional amendment bill can be tabled without the prime minister of Pakistan’s consent and prior approval. Nominated and ex-officio members (from the federal government) also use their positions to manipulate the proceedings of the council. According to some experts on the interim constitution of Azad Kashmir, the council acts as a national parliament while the legislative assembly acts as a local assembly. However, when it comes to accountability, the council neither falls under federal jurisdiction nor can it be tried in any Azad Kashmir courts. Both the Azad Kashmir legislative assembly and the Kashmir Council have no working relationship except a joint session, which is usually held once a year on some special occasion.’

  65.Ershad Mahmud, ‘Status of AJK in political milieu,’ Policy Perspectives. Web: http://cpdr.org.pk/images/publications/status-of-ajk-in-political-milieu.pdf (Last accessed: 29 May 2017), pp. 116-118.

  66.Tariq Naqash, ‘AJK: Asking for the moon,’ Dawn, 9 August 2015. Web: https://www.dawn.com/news/1198965. (Last accessed: 4 June 2017).

  67.‘In a speech on 6 October 1988, at the Lahore Naval College, Karamat suggested a formal role for the military in political decision-making processes through the creation of a National Security Council (NSC).’ This idea was strongly opposed by politicians. Nawaz Sharif, then prime minister, knew that the ‘COAS was no revolutionary type…(and) demanded from the army chief a public retraction of the idea or his resignation; Karamat opted for the latter.’ Hein G. Kiessling, The ISI of Pakistan, HarperCollins Publishers India, 2016, p. 140.

  68.BBC, ‘Kargil conflict.’ Web: http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1999.stm (Last accessed: 15 January 2017).

  69.Ibid.

  70.Newsweek Pakistan, ‘Amanullah Khan and Kashmir,’ 28 April 2016. Web: http://newsweekpakistan.com/amanullah-khan-and-kashmir/ (Last accessed: 15 January 2017).

  71.Ayesha Siddiqa, Military Inc.: Inside Pakistan’s Military Economy, Pluto Press 2007, p. 96.

  72.Ibid., p. 97.

  73.‘In his biography In the Line of Fire, Musharraf rejected Sharif’s allegation that he did not take Sharif into confidence on the Kargil issue and furnished pictorial evidence of Sharif’s visit to Kel in PoK and his briefing there by the army high command on 5 February 1999… Sharif, in his official biography, Ghaddar Kaun, written by Sohail Warraich, claimed that Musharraf was misleading the nation by distorting facts about the Kargil operation. Sharif said he possessed the audio recordings of General Musharraf’s 26 May and 29 May 1999 telephonic conversations with General Aziz Khan, which proves that the general wanted to keep Sharif in the dark about the Kargil Operation.’ Saroj Kumar Rath, Fragile Frontiers: The Secret History of Mumbai Terror Attacks, Routledge, 2015, p. 52.

  74.Peter R. Lavoy ed., Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict, Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. 189-190.

  75.For further reading on the Siachen Glacier conflict: Omer Farooq Zain, ‘Siachen Glacier conflict: Discordant in Pakistan-India reconciliation,’ Pakistan Horizon, Vol. 59, No.2 (April 2006), Pakistan Institute of International Affairs: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41394127 (Last accessed: 30 October 2017).

  76.Sanjeeb Kumar Mohanty, ‘Indo-Pak peace process: Impact of post 9/11 factors,’ The Indian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 69, No.2, April-June 2008, p. 397.

  77.The Guardian, ‘Musharraf offers Kashmir “solution”,’ 5 December 2006. Web: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/dec/05/pakistan.india (Last accessed: 25 May 2017).

  78.Ghulam Nabi Fai, ‘Musharraf’s four-point formula: the devil in the details,’ Daily Times, 3 March 2017. Web: https://dailytimes.com.pk/25377/musharrafsfour-point-formula-the-devil-in-the-details/ (Last accessed: 30 October 2017).

  79.Jawed Naqvi, ‘Musharraf’s four-stage Kashmir peace plan: We can make borders irrelevant: India,’ Dawn, 6 December 2006. Web: https://www.dawn.com/news/222111 (Last accessed: 30 October 2017).

  80.Ghulam Nabi Fai, ‘Musharraf’s four-point formula: the devil in the details,’ Daily Times, 3 March 2017. Web: https://dailytimes.com.pk/25377/musharrafsfour-point-formula-the-devil-in-the-details/ (Last accessed: 30 October 2017).

  81.Jawed Naqvi, ‘Musharraf’s four-stage Kashmir peace plan: We can make borders irrelevant: India,’ Dawn, 6 December 2006. Web: https://www.dawn.com/news/222111 (Last accessed: 30 October 2017).

  82.Dawn, ‘The four-point formula,’ 1 August 2009. Web: https://www.dawn.com/news/840425/the-four-point-formula (Last accessed: 30 October 2017).

  83.A.G. Noorani, ‘The four-point solution,’ Dawn, 5 October 2012. Web: https://www.dawn.com/news/754487 (Last accessed: 25 May 2017).

  84.The Indian Express, ‘Ram Jethmalani advocates Pervez Musharraf formula on Kashmir,’ 8 November 2014. Web: http://indianexpress.com/article/india/indiaothers/jethmalani-advocates-musharraf-formula-on-kashmir/ (Last accessed: 25 May 2017).

  85.Gowhar Geelani, ‘4-point formula may be “ideal solution” for Kashmir. But is it feasible?’ Catch News, 28 November 2015. Web: http://www.catchnews.com/india-news/4-point-formula-may-be-ideal-solution-for-kashmir-but-is-itfeasible-1448713370.html (Last accessed: 25 May 2017).

  86.Firstpost, ‘Geelani hits out at “four-point formula” for Kashmir, terms it a diplomatic trick,’ 7 January 2016. Web: http://www.firstpost.com/india/geelanihits-out-at-four-point-formula-for-kashmir-terms-it-a-diplomatic-trick-2573168.html (Last accessed: 25 May 2017).

  87.The Times of India, ‘Main problem in J&K is Pak-sponsored cross-border terrorism: India at UNHRC,’ 7 June 2017. Web: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/main-problem-in-jk-is-pak-sponsored-cross-border-terrorism-india-atunhrc/articleshow/59038755.cms (Last accessed: 31 October 2017).

  88.Hindustan Times, ‘India is mother of terrorism in South Asia: Pak responds to Swaraj’s UN speech,’ 24 September 2017. Web: http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-is-the-mother-of-terrorism-in-south-asia-pakistan-respondsto-sushma-swaraj-s-un-speech/story-eRJEIBHRCzH4FrFayFYaGM.html (Last accessed: 31 October 2017).

  89.The Times of India, ‘600 ceasefire violations by Pakistan in 2017,’ 6 October 2017. Web: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/600-ceasefire-violations-bypakistan-in-2017/articleshow/60973996.cms (Last accessed: 31 October 2017).

  90.The Express Tribune, ‘Four soldiers lay down lives in cross-LoC fire,’ 15 January 2018. Web: https://epaper.tribune.com.pk/DisplayDetails.aspx?ENI_ID=11201801160308&EN_ID=11201801160121&EMID=11201801160043 (Last accessed: 16 January 2018).

  91.The Quint, ‘Indian Army killed 138 Pak soldiers in 2017: Reports,’ 10 January 2018. Web: https://www.thequint.com/news/india/indian-army-killed138-pak-soldiers-in-2017-sources (Last accessed: 20th January 2018).

  92.Asian Review, ‘India, Pakistan summon each other’s envoys over ceasefire violations,’ 20 January 2018. Web: https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/International-Relations/India-Pakistan-summon-each-other-s-envoys-overceasefire-violations (Last accessed: 20 January 2018).

  93.The Economic Times, ‘Pakistan summons Indian envoy over “ceasefire violations”,’ 19 January 2018. Web: https://economictimes.in
diatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-summons-indian-envoy-over-ceasefire-violations/articleshow/62568783.cms (Last accessed: 20 January 2018).

  Chapter 7

  1.Human Rights Watch, ‘With friends like these,’ Volume 18. No.12, September 2006, p. 28. Web: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/pakistan0906webwcover_0.pdf (Last accessed: 15 January 2017).

  2.Ershad Mahmud, ‘The quest for empowerment,’ The News, 19 February 2018, Web: https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/282395-the-quest-for-empowerment (Last accessed: 26 March 2018); also, Azad Jammu and Kashmir Council, Council. Legislative List. Web: http://ajkcs.gov.pk/AJKCoucilLegislativeAuthority.asp (Last accessed: 26 March 2018).

  3.Geo TV, ‘Indian Army thrashes Kashmiri protestors for chanting “Pakistan Zindabad”,’ 16 April 2017. Web: https://www.geo.tv/latest/138319-Indian-army-thrashes-Kashmiri-protesters-for-chanting-Pakistan-Zindabad (Last accessed: 30 October 2017); also, Such TV, ‘Srinagar: Kashmiri students once again chant “Pakistan Zindabad” in rally,’ 13 September 2015. Web: http://www.suchtv.pk/pakistan/jammu-kashmir/item/27311-srinagar-kashmiri-students-once-again-chant-pakistan-zindabad-in-rally.html (Last accessed: 30 October 2017).

  4.Christopher Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History, HarperCollins Publishers India, 2013, p. 84.

  5.It is estimated that there are anywhere between 6.5-7.5 lakh security personnel posted in Indian-administered Kashmir. Ajaz Ashraf, ‘“Do you need 700,000 soldiers to fight 150 militants?” Kashmiri rights activist Khurram Parvez,’ Scroll. in, 21 July 2016. Web: https://scroll.in/article/812010/do-you-need-700000soldiers-to-fight-150-militants-kashmiri-rights-activist-khurram-parvez (Last accessed: 30 October 2017).

  6.Shams Rehman, ‘Ban on books is azadi of Azad Kashmir?’ The Kashmir Walla, 9 March 2016. Web: http://thekashmirwalla.com/2016/03/ban-on-booksis-azadi-of-azad-kashmir/ (Last accessed: 15 January 2017).

  7.Ibid.

  Chapter 8

  1.India Today, ‘2005 Kashmir earthquake: All you need to know about one of the deadliest earthquakes,’ 8 October 2015. Web: https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/kashmir-earthquake-267053-2015-10-08 (Last accessed: 21 January 2018).

  2.BBC, ‘Kashmir earthquake: broken city, broken promises,’ 8 October 2015. Web: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34464815 (Last accessed: 21 January 2018).

  3.India Today, ‘2005 Kashmir earthquake: All you need to know about one of the deadliest earthquakes,’ 8 October 2015. Web: https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/kashmir-earthquake-267053-2015-1008 (Last accessed: 21 January 2018).

  4.Dawn, ‘At least 7 killed, 65 injured: suicide attack on mourners in Muzaffarabad,’ 28 December 2009. Web: https://www.dawn.com/news/856356 (Last accessed: 29 May 2017).

  5.Express Tribune, ‘Neelum Valley: bid to blow up shrine foiled,’ 15 March 2016. Web: https://tribune.com.pk/story/1065719/neelum-valley-bid-to-blowup-shrine-foiled/ (Last accessed: 29 May 2017).

  6.Human Rights Watch, ‘With friends like these,’ Volume 18. No.12, September 2006, p. 5. Web: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/pakistan0906webwcover_0.pdf (Last accessed: 15 January 2017).

  7.Ibid., pp. 8-9.

  8.Saroj Kumar Rath, Fragile Frontiers: The Secret History of Mumbai Terror Attacks, Routledge, 2015, pp. 70-71.

  9.Reuters, ‘JuD on front line of earthquake and aid,’ Dawn, 30 October 2015. Web: http://www.dawn.com/news/1216385 (Last accessed: 15 January 2017).

  10.Gallup Pakistan, ‘Kashmir issue: Compilation of daily polls and 30-year polls,’ 11 March 2016, p. 10.

  11.Ibid., p. 12.

  12.Ibid., p. 20.

  13.Ibid., p. 25.

  14.Ibid., p. 25.

  15.Dawn, ‘Militants’ siege of Peshawar school ends, 141 killed,’ 16 December 2014. Web: https://www.dawn.com/news/1151203 (Last accessed: 27 January 2018).

  16.Gallup Pakistan, ‘Kashmir Issue: Compilation of daily polls and 30-year polls,’ 11 March 2016, pp. 22-31.

  17.Dawn, ‘Govt issues orders to place JuD chief Hafiz Saeed under house arrest,’ 31 January 2017. Web: https://www.dawn.com/news/1311671 (Last accessed: 29 May 2017).

  18.Pakistan Today, ‘Hafiz Saeed announces to contest coming general elections,’ 2 December 2017. Web: https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/12/02/hafizsaeed-announces-to-contest-coming-general-elections/ (Last accessed: 21 January 2018).

  19.Asad Hashim, ‘Pakistani “terrorist” charity launches political party,’ Al Jazeera, 7 August 2017. Web: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/08/pakistaniterrorist-charity-launches-political-party-170807155731521.html (Last accessed: 21 January 2018).

  20.Dawn, ‘US, India urge Pakistan to prosecute Hafiz Saeed “to the fullest”,’ 19 January 2018. Web: https://www.dawn.com/news/1383960/us-india-urgepakistan-to-prosecute-hafiz-saeed-to-the-fullest (Last accessed: 21 January 2018).

  21.Ibid.

  22.The News, ‘Charity ban on JuD, others,’ 2 January 2018. Web: https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/263448-charity-ban-on-jud-others (Last accessed: 21 January 2018).

  23.Asif Shahzad, ‘Exclusive: Pakistan plans takeover of charities run by Islamist figure US has targeted,’ Reuters, 1 January 2018. Web: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-militants-exclusive/exclusive-pakistan-plans-takeoverof-charities-run-by-islamist-figure-u-s-has-targeted-idUSKBN1EQ0T6 (Last accessed: 21 January 2018).

  24.Baqir Sajjad Sayed, ‘Anti-terror law amended to ban UN-listed groups, individuals,’ Dawn, 13 February 2018. Web: https://www.dawn.com/news/1389042/anti-terror-law-amended-to-ban-un-listed-groups-individuals (Last accessed: 17 February 2018); also, Sanaullah Khan, ‘Pakistan extends ban on terror groups, individuals identified by United Nations,’ Dawn, 13 February 2018. Web: https://www.dawn.com/news/1388987 (Last accessed: 17 February 2018).

  25.The News, ‘Interior ministry asks ECP not to register Milli Muslim League,’ 27 September 2017. Web: https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/232955-InteriorMinistry-asks-ECP-not-to-register-Milli-Muslim-League (Last accessed: 21 January 2018).

  26.Asif Shahzad and Mubasher Bukhari, ‘Seized, but not ceased: Banned charities pose challenge for Pakistan,’ Reuters, 20 February 2018. Web: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-militants-financing/seized-but-not-ceasedbanned-charities-pose-challenge-for-pakistan-idUSKCN1G423Q (Last accessed: 24 February 2018).

  27.Moeedur Rehman, ‘Tourism in GB experiences revival this year,’ Express Tribune, 31 October 2015. Web: https://tribune.com.pk/story/982315/into-thevalley-tourism-in-g-b-experiences-revival-this-year/ (Last accessed: 29 May 2017).

  28.Express Tribune, ‘More than one million tourists visited the northern areas of Pakistan this season,’ 5 August 2016. Web: https://tribune.com.pk/story/1156578/1-million-tourists-visited-northern-areas-ptdc/ (Last accessed: 29 May 2017).

  29.Ershad Mahmud, ‘The scenic AJK,’ The News, 21 May 2017. Web: http://tns.thenews.com.pk/scenic-ajk/#.WSvadPqGM1h (Last accessed: 29 May 2017).

  30.Ershad Mahmud, ‘No headway in sight,’ The News, 2 October 2016. Web: http://tns.thenews.com.pk/headway-sight/#.WSvZ2vqGM1i (Last accessed: 29 May 2017).

  31.Jalaluddin Mughal, ‘Resilience of people living near LoC,’ Rising Kashmir, 16 January 2018. Web: http://risingkashmir.com/news/resilience-of-people-livingnear-loc (Last accessed: 16 January 2018).

  32.Ershad Mahmud, ‘The scenic AJK,’ The News, 21 May 2017. Web: http://tns.thenews.com.pk/scenic-ajk/#.WSvadPqGM1h (Last accessed: 29 May 2017).

  33.Zee Media Bureau, ‘Stop all activities in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, India tells China,’ Zee News, 20 May 2016. Web: http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/stop-all-activities-in-pakistan-occupied-kashmir-india-tells-china_1887427.html (Last accessed: 15 January 2017).

  34.The Sunday Guardian, ‘Pakistan makes its presence felt in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir,’ Web: http://www.sunday-guardian.com/analysis/china-makes-itspresence-felt-in-pak-occupied-kashmir (Last accessed: 15 January 2017).

  35.Ibid.

  36.Fahad Shah, ‘Trump, Pakistan, and Ka
shmir,’ The Diplomat, 20 February 2018. Web: https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/trump-pakistan-and-kashmir/ (Last accessed: 24 February 2018).

  37.Fahad Shah, ‘Does the China-Pakistan economic corridor worry India?’ Al Jazeera, 23 February 2017. Web: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/02/china-pakistan-economic-corridor-worry-india-170208063418124.html (Last accessed: 31 May 2017).

  38.Syed Fazl-e-Haider, ‘A great game begins as China takes control of Gwadar port,’ The National, 7 October 2012. Web: http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/a-great-game-begins-as-china-takes-controlof-gwadar-port#full (Last accessed: 30 May 2017).

  39.Zofeen T. Ebrahim, ‘China Pakistan Economic Corridor: A boom for economy, a bane for locals,’ 12 May 2016. Web: http://www.dawn.com/news/1236159 (Last accessed: 15 January 2017).

  40.Deloitte, ‘How will CPEC boost Pakistan economy?’ Web: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/pk/Documents/risk/pak-china-eco-corridordeloittepk-noexp.pdf (Last accessed: 31 May 2017).

  41.Ibid.

  42.Ibid.

  43.Khurram Husain, ‘CPEC master plan revealed,’ Dawn, 18 May 2017. Web: https://www.dawn.com/news/1333101 (Last accessed: 2 June 2017).

  44.Fahad Shah, ‘Does the China-Pakistan economic corridor worry India?’ Al Jazeera, 23 February 2017. Web: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/02/china-pakistan-economic-corridor-worry-india-170208063418124.html (Last accessed: 31 May 2017).

  45.Ershad Mahmud, ‘Gilgit-Baltistan: A province or not?’ The News, 24 January 2016. Web: http://tns.thenews.com.pk/gilgit-baltistan-province/#.WS_q5vqGO34 (Last accessed: 1 June 2017).

  46.Fayaz Wani, ‘Separatists say Pakistan proposal to declare Gilgit-Baltistan as province unacceptable,’ The Indian Express, 17 March 2017. Web: http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/mar/17/separatists-say-pakistan-proposal-todeclare-gilgit-baltistan-as-province-unacceptable-1582529.html (Last accessed: 31 May 2017).