14. Radio message, Fort Mills to TAG, March 26, reports the arrival of three of these submarines at Corregidor. AG 381 (3–26–42).
15. WPD 4630-28 and 4630-29, AGO.
16. History of the United States Army Forces in the South Pacific Area, Historical Branch G-2, HQ U. S. Army Forces, Middle Pacific, p. 723.
17. A discussion of the telegram and the reply thereto is contained in Secretary Stimson’s Diary, February 9, 1942.
18. Arcadia Conference, December 24, 1941–January 14, 1942. Proceedings of the American-British Joint Chiefs of Staff Conference, ABC-337 Arcadia, December 24, 1941, AGO.
19. ABC-1 Conversations, January 29, 1941–March 27, 1941. United States-British Staff Conversations, March 27, 1941, WPD 4402-89, AGO.
20. Memo, WPD for C. of S., February 28, 1942; subject: Strategic Conceptions and Their Application to the Southwest Pacific, Exec. 4, P & O Files, Department of the Army.
21. Samuel Eliot Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. I, p. 317, and Appendix 1, p. 410.
22. “General Wavell left Delhi January 5, 1942, by air, arrived Batavia on January 10, took over command 1200 hrs GMT, 15 January.” ABDACOM, General Staff, India, p. 2, AGO.
CHAPTER 3: Command Post for Marshall
1. WD Circular No. 59, March 2, 1942, AGO.
2. “… there were insufficient facts on which to base strategic estimates; and there were no trained personnel for either strategic or combat intelligence.” A History of the Military Intelligence Division, MID, WDGS, MI 725/1, AGO.
3. German War Records transmitted to the War Department from the European Theater. German Documents Section, Historical Division, Special Staff, Department of the Army.
4. President Quezon left Corregidor by submarine on February 20, 1942, arriving in the Southern Islands on February 22. In April he traveled by bomber to Australia and finally arrived in the United States on May 8. The Sixth Annual Report of the United States High Commissioner to the Philippine Islands, pp. 10, 11.
5. OPD 320.2, Middle East, AGO.
6. Military Planning and Intelligence Division, Office of the Chief of Transportation, Department of the Army.
7. WPD 4510 and 4511, AGO.
8. Ibid.
9. Memo, C. of S., GHQ, for C. of S., January 15, 1942; subject: Future Operations, WPD 4511-49, AGO.
10. King, United States Navy at War, pp. 79–82.
11. Statistics Relating to the War Effort of the United Kingdom, presented by the Prime Minister to Parliament, November 1944, pp. 20, 21.
12. Marshall memorandum, no addressee, April 2, 1942, presented to C. of S. on April 1, 1942; subject: Operations in Western Europe, Exec. 1, OPD Files, Department of the Army.
13. The plan was also approved by the President on April 1. Secretary Stimson’s Diary, April 2, 1942.
14. Message CM-IN-2050, April 8, 1942, AGO.
15. Minutes of meeting held on April 14, 1942, WDSCA 381 (4-17-42), Section 5, AGO.
CHAPTER 4: Platform for Invasion
1. The Administrative and Logistical History of the European Theater of Operations, Part II, Vol. I, p. 22.
2. The Special Observer Group Prior to the Activation of the European Theater of Operations, Historical Section, European Theater of Operations, p. 14.
3. Marshall, Biennial Report, July 1, 1941–June 30, 1943, p. 33.
4. OPD 371 ETO (6-19-42), subject: Commanding General USAFBI designated as Commanding General, European Theater, AGO.
5. “The Service whose operations are of the greater importance for the accomplishment of a joint mission has paramount interest in such an operation.” Joint Action of the Army and Navy, Chapter II, Par. 8.
6. Generals Eisenhower and Clark left by air for London on June 23. OPD Diary, June 23, 1942.
7. OPD 371 ETO, AGO.
8. Order of Battle for divisions is shown in SHAEF daily G-3 summaries, beginning June 6, 1944, AGO.
SC-AI-9, Allied vs. Axis Air Strength Report, Statistical Control Division, Office of Management Control, Army Air Forces. Figures of combat planes actually with squadrons. Total inventory figures are considerably higher.
Ships and landing craft are shown in Allied Naval Commander Expeditionary Force Report to the Supreme Allied Commander, AEF, pp. 29, 32.
9. The Seventh United States Army Report of Operations, France and Germany, 1944–45, Vol. I, map facing p. 47, “Final Plan Anvil.”
10. Webster, A History of the United States Army Forces, Northern Ireland, pp. 35, 36.
11. Admiral Stark assumed his duties on April 30, 1942. The Administrative and Logistical History of the European Theater of Operations, Part II, Vol. I, p. 135.
12. “In June 1942, Major General Mark W. Clark assumed command, the Corps was reinforced, and on July 1, 1942, sailed from the New York Port of Embarkation.” A Brief History of the II Corps, p. 7.
13. “General Spaatz was named as commander of the VIII Air Force on May 2, 1942, but did not arrive in the Theater until July.” History of the VIII Air Force, Vol. I, p. 105.
14. An example was A Short Guide to Great Britain, War and Navy Departments, Washington, D.C., Special Service Division, Army Service Forces, U. S. Army.
15. Letter, General Eisenhower to General J. C. H. Lee, July 20, 1942. General Eisenhower’s personal files (deposited in Adjutant General’s Office, Department of the Army). Circulars 34 and 69, HQ ETOUSA, August 25, 1942, and October 30, 1942, AGO.
16. Target: Germany, p. 28.
17. “There was never any doubt in the minds of those airmen as to the ability of the Forts and Libs, given sufficient numbers, to penetrate to the heart of Germany unescorted and in daylight.” Ibid., p. 59.
18. Theoretical range of the P-39 was 900 miles (est.) and that of the P-40 was 950 miles. A-4, U. S. Air Forces, official figure for the P-40, estimated figure for the P-39.
19. Manual of Bomber Command Operations, 1942, Air Ministry War Room.
20. HQ VIII Bomber Command Narrative of Operations, Day Operation, 13 June 1943.
21. Target: Germany, p. 60.
22. “… Captain the Lord Louis Mountbatten, who was promoted … and on the 18th March 1942, Acting Vice-Admiral, when his title was changed to Chief of Combined Operations.” Combined Operations, 1940–42, Ministry of Information, p. 52.
23. Operation Overlord Report and Appreciation, Appendix M, OPD Files, Department of the Army.
24. Marshall, Biennial Report, July 1, 1941–June 30, 1943, pp. 27, 42.
25. Ibid., pp. 41, 42.
26. Memo from the President for the Hon. Harry L. Hopkins, General Marshall, Admiral King, subject: Instructions for London Conference, July 1942, July 16, 1942, WDSCA 381 (7-16-42), AGO.
27. Memorandum by the CCS, subject: Operations in 1942/1943, July 24, 1942 (SGS AFHQ 337.21), AGO.
28. General Eisenhower was officially informed on August 14. Annex I to the Minutes of Chiefs of Staff Committee, War Cabinet, August 14, 1942, in History of AFHQ, Part I, p. 3.
CHAPTER 5: Planning Torch
1. Message 1027, General Eisenhower to General Marshall, August 10, 1942, and Message 3204, August 11, in reply, AGO.
2. Diary, Office of the Commander-in-Chief, maintained on instructions of General Eisenhower by Harry C. Butcher, naval aide (deposited in Adjutant General’s Office, Department of the Army).
3. Marshall, Biennial Report, July 1, 1941–June 30, 1943, p. 18.
4. “On the Atlantic side, only seven non-consecutive days in a month afford even reasonably good conditions for landing.” Message 1406, General Handy to General Marshall, August 23, 1942, AGO.
5. “We are impressed with the disadvantages of elimination of the landing on the west coast.” Message 2834, General Marshall to General Eisenhower, August 1, 1942, AGO.
6. “Bône received 2000 high-explosive bombs during the seven weeks from December 13 to February 1, 1943.” Allied Force Headquarters, Commander-in-Chief’s Dispatch, North African Campaign, 1942–43
(370.2), p. 28.
7. Message 1480, General Eisenhower to General Marshall, August 25, 1942, AGO.
8. Allied Force Headquarters, Commander-in-Chief’s Dispatch, p. 4.
9. Memorandum for General Marshall, Survey of Strategic Situation, July 23, 1942, General Eisenhower’s personal files.
10. Message R-1573, General Marshall to General Eisenhower, October 5, 1942, AGO.
11. Marshall, Biennial Report, July 1, 1941–June 30, 1943, pp. 19–20.
12. Allied Force Headquarters, Commander-in-Chief’s Dispatch, p. 17.
13. General Patton arrived London August 9, 1942, departed August 20. Diary, Office C-in-C, pp. 107, 143.
14. Message 3103, General Marshall to General Eisenhower, August 8, 1942, AGO.
15. Letter, General Eisenhower to General Marshall, September 21, 1942, General Eisenhower’s personal files.
16. Diary, Office C-in-C, p. 255.
17. The Battle of Britain, An Air Ministry Record of the Great Days from August 8 to October 31, 1940, pp. 5, 12.
18. Message R-553, General Marshall to General Eisenhower, September 9, 1942, AGO.
19. Diary, Office C-in-C, p. 231.
20. General Noguès, French Resident General in Morocco, was minister to Sidi Mohammed Ben Youssef, Sultan of Morocco.
21. Colonel J. C. Holmes, U.S.A., minutes of London meeting with Mr. Murphy, Diary, Office C-in-C, pp. 232–36.
22. Allied Force Headquarters, Commander-in-Chief’s Dispatch, pp. 14, 15.
23. Holmes, minutes of London meeting with Mr. Murphy, Diary, Office C-in-C, pp. 232–36.
24. History of the Twelfth Air Force, Vol. I., pp. 19–23.
25. Allied Force Headquarters, Commander-in-Chief’s Dispatch, pp. 6–8; also History of the Twelfth Air Force, Vol. I, pp. 11–26.
26. Diary, Office C-in-C, p. 115.
27. Message 1186, General Eisenhower to General Marshall, August 15, 1942, AGO.
28. Diary, Office C-in-C, Book III, p. Gib.-1.
29. Ibid., pp. Gib.-12, 13.
CHAPTER 6: Invasion of Africa
1. Allied Force Headquarters, Commander-in-Chief’s Dispatch, p. 6.
2. “Msg. from Admiral Hewitt, just in, says operation proceeding on schedule. Good news.” Diary, C-in-C, Book III, p. Gib.-23.
3. Allied Force Headquarters, Commander-in-Chief’s Dispatch, p. 12.
4. The commander was Major Walter M. Oakes, C.O., 2d Battalion, 39th Infantry. Letter from Major General Charles W. Ryder to C-in-C, Allied Forces; subject: Brief Report of Operations of Eastern Assault Force, November 19, 1942, AGO.
5. Ibid.
6. Memo (s) to Commander, U. S. Naval Forces in Europe, from Captain Jerauld Wright, U.S.N., December 7, 1942; subject: Report on Operation Minerva, AG AFHQ 370.2–53, AGO.
7. Message, London to AGWAR, September 22, 1942 (CM-IN-9484), AGO.
8. Message 113, General Eisenhower to AGWAR, ABFOR, November 7, 1942, AGO.
“Regardless of the outcome of your negotiations with Giraud, we wish you to know that the stand you have taken meets with our complete approval.” Extract from message, CCS to General Eisenhower, November 8, 1942, AGO.
9. Lieutenant General F. N. Mason MacFarlane’s minutes of meeting, General Eisenhower with General Giraud, November 8, 1942, Diary, Office C-in-C, Book V, A-147-A-152.
10. Messages from General Eisenhower, November 8, 1942, OPD Diary, November 9, 1942.
11. Ibid., November 8 and 10, 1942.
12. Outline History of the II Corps, 1918–45, AGO 202.0, p. 2.
13. Allied Force Headquarters, Commander-in-Chief’s Dispatch, pp. 12, 13.
14. Diary, Office C-in-C, Book III, p. Gib.-67.
15. Ibid., p. Gib.-30.
16. Ibid., pp. Gib.-50–53.
17. Ibid., p. Gib.-57.
18. Message, General Clark to General Eisenhower, November 12, 1942 (no reference number indicated), Ibid., facing p. Gib.-57.
19. William L. Langer, Our Vichy Gamble, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1947, pp. 315, 316.
20. Message 425, General Eisenhower to General Marshall, November 12, 1942, AGO; also OPD Diary, November 15, 1942.
21. Ibid., November 11, 1942.
22. Allied Force Headquarters, Commander-in-Chief’s Dispatch, p. 16.
23. Colonel William Stirling, British Army, minutes of meeting, General Eisenhower with Admiral Darlan, November 13, 1942, Diary, Office C-in-C, Book III, pp. Gib.-83, 84.
24. Message 1160, General Eisenhower to General Marshall, November 23, 1942, AGO.
25. Message 527, General Eisenhower to CCS, November 14, 1942, AGO.
26. Langer, op. cit., pp. 63, 375. The O.N.I. Weekly, December 2, 1942, pp. 5, 21, 22.
27. “Vichy has directed Admiral Esteva to resist the Allies and cooperate with the Axis.” OPD Diary, November 17, 1942.
28. Marshall, Biennial Report, July 1, 1941–June 30, 1943, p. 23.
29. Message 644, General Eisenhower to General Clark, November 15, 1942; Press Conference, President Roosevelt, November 17, 1942, Diary, Office C-in-C, Book III, pp. Gib.-87, 89.
30. Lieutenant General K. A. N. Anderson, excerpt from a dispatch submitted to the Secretary of State for War on June 7, 1943, extracted from Supplement, London Gazette, November 5, 1946.
31. Message 539, C-in-C to CCS, November 25, 1942, AGO.
32. The attempt to seize Dakar was made on July 8, 1940. Roger W. Shugg and Major H. A. de Weerd, World War II, Infantry Journal Press, Washington, D.C., 1946, p. 149.
33. Message 882, General Eisenhower to General Marshall, November 30, 1942, AGO.
34. Message R-3796, General Marshall to General Eisenhower, December 1, 1942, AGO.
35. Diary, Office C-in-C, Book IV, pp. A-38, A-39, A-51, A-56.
CHAPTER 7: Winter in Algiers
1. Field Marshal Sir B. L. Montgomery, El Alamein to the River Sangro, pp. 13–30.
2. Allied Force Headquarters, Commander-in-Chief’s Dispatch, p. 18.
3. Anderson, op. cit.
4. Ibid.
5. Allied Force Headquarters, Commander-in-Chief’s Dispatch, p. 19.
6. Message from General Eisenhower reporting five consecutive Axis night air raids on Algiers, OPD Diary, November 26, 1942.
7. Anderson, op. cit.
8. History of the Twelfth Air Force, Vol. II, pp. 5, 6.
9. Anderson, op. cit.
10. Allied Force Headquarters, Commander-in-Chief’s Dispatch, pp. 21, 22.
11. Ibid.
12. Diary, Office C-in-C, Book IV, p. A-112.
13. Ibid., p. A-111.
14. Allied Force Headquarters, Commander-in-Chief’s Dispatch, p. 24.
15. “Orders were issued on November 15 for the movement of French troops from Algiers and Constantine eastward.” Message from General Eisenhower, OPD Diary, November 19, 1942.
16. Anderson, op. cit.
17. II Corps—Report of Operations, Tunisia, January 1–March 15, 1943, AGO 202.03, pp. 1, 2.
18. Ibid., Appendix A, Status of Strength.
19. “The mission of the II Corps as defined by AFHQ was the protection of the right flank of the Allied Forces in Tunisia.” Ibid., p. 3.
20. Allied Force Headquarters, Commander-in-Chief’s Dispatch, pp. 24–26; also Message 3457, General Eisenhower to AGWAR, December 29, 1942, AGO.
21. Anderson, op. cit.
22. Allied Force Headquarters, Commander-in-Chief’s Dispatch, pp. 31–34.
23. Anderson, op. cit.
24. II Corps—Report of Operations, Tunisia, p. 3.
25. OPD Diary, December 27, 1942.
26. Message from Ulio to General Eisenhower for Murphy from Secretary Hull, AFHQ incoming Message 140, December 12, 1942.
CHAPTER 8: Tunisian Campaign
1. Messages from General Eisenhower report Axis air attack on Casablanca. OPD Diary, January 1 and 3, 1943.
2. General Marshall and Admiral King visited Algiers January 24–26, 1942. Diary, Office C-in-C, Book V, pp. 183,
186.
3. Allied Force Headquarters, Commander-in-Chief’s Dispatch, pp. 25, 28–30.
4. Minutes JCS meeting with the President in preparation for the Casablanca Conference, January 7, 1943, confirm this attitude of President Roosevelt. OPD Exec. Files, Department of the Army.
5. The rearmament committee was established promptly after the Casablanca Conference. Allied Force Headquarters, Commander-in-Chief’s Dispatch, p. 30.
6. Marshall memorandum, no addressee, April 2, 1942; subject: Operations in Western Europe, 5 Exec. 1, OPD Files, Department of the Army.
7. The President’s unconditional surrender formula is mentioned in Minutes JCS meeting, January 7, 1943. OPD Exec. 10, Item 45, Department of the Army.
8. Allied Force Headquarters, Commander-in-Chief’s Dispatch, p. 40.
9. Marshall, Biennial Report, July 1, 1941–June 30, 1943, p. 43.
10. Anderson, op. cit.
11. Ibid.
12. Notes on Constantine Conference, Diary, Office C-in-C, Book V, p. A-160.
13. Ibid. “It is inadvisable,” said the C-in-C, “to risk our presently smaller force to flank attacks from Rommel on the south and Von Arnim on the north. The Fredendall force must be held as a mobile reserve.” Also extract of letter, Eisenhower to Anderson, January 26, 1943, “C. to protect your right (south) flank, I deem it essential that you keep the bulk of the 1st Armored Division well concentrated.” AFHQ, G-3 Div. Ops 58/2.1 Ops in Tunisia, AGO.
14. Extract from minutes of meeting, C-in-C and G.O.C., First Army, 1000 hours, February 1, 1943: “The Commander-in-Chief gave the following rulings: “… 1st Armored Division must be kept and used concentrated.” AFHQ, G-3 Div. Ops 58/2.1, Ops in Tunisia, AGO.
15. II Corps—Report of Operations, Tunisia, p. 7.
16. II Corps. A Brief History, pp. 17, 18.
17. Message 255, General Eisenhower to General Marshall, February 15, 1943, AGO.
18. “At daylight on the 14th of February, the enemy attacked our positions in front of Faid.” II Corps—Report of Operations, Tunisia, p. 7.
19. General Eisenhower’s memorandum for record, February 25, 1943, General Eisenhower’s personal files.
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