by Jon Krakauer
Praise for Jon Krakauer’s
INTO THIN AIR
“A book that offers readers the emotional immediacy of a survivor’s testament as well as the precision, detail, and quest for accuracy of a great piece of journalism.… It is impossible to read this book unmoved.”
—ENTERTAINMENT WEEKLY
“Brilliant, haunting.… This is an angry book, made even more so by the fact that hardly anyone seems to have learned a thing from the tragedy.”
—SAN FRANCISCO EXAMINER
“Every bit as absorbing and unnerving as his bestseller, Into the Wild.”
—THE NEW YORK TIMES
“A searing book.”
—OUTSIDE
“Krakauer is an extremely gifted storyteller as well as a relentlessly honest and even-handed journalist, the story is riveting and wonderfully complex in its own right, and Krakauer makes one excellent decision after another about how to tell it.… To call the book an adventure saga seems not to recognize that it is also a deeply thoughtful and finely wrought philosophical examination of the self.”
—ELLE
“Krakauer introduces the many players until they feel familiar, then leads the reader with them up the mountain and into the so-called ‘Death Zone’ above 25,000 feet.”
—SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE
“Time collapses as, minute-by-minute, Krakauer rivetingly and movingly chronicles what ensued, much of which is near agony to read.… A brilliantly told story.”
—KIRKUS REVIEWS
“[Krakauer] proves as sure-footed in prose as he was on the mountain … quietly building the suspense as we follow the ill-fated expedition through its preparation and shakedown forays, and then delivering a lucid, blow-by-blow account of the cataclysmic storm and the death and agony following in its wake.”
—THE NEW YORK OBSERVER
“Into Thin Air reads like a fine novel—the main characters breathe their way through a plot so commanding, the book is hard to put down.”
—AMAZON REVIEWS
“Make room on your shelf for mountaineering classics.… Krakauer’s grip on your emotions will leave you gasping for breath.”
—LOS ANGELES TIMES
“[A] riveting account of events leading to the death of guides Rob Hall and Scott Fischer, assistant Andy Harris and two clients.”
—BOSTON HERALD
“[A] gripping analysis of the tragedy.”
—THE TENNESSEAN
“Into Thin Air is the … intense, taut, driving account of what happened. It is an engrossing book, difficult for the reader to put down … superbly reported.”
—ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS
“Astounding … honest … eloquent.… Through objective and thorough research and in sparkling prose, Krakauer tells a story that arouses fury, disgust, admiration and tears.”
—THE TIMES-PICAYUNE (NEW ORLEANS)
“Meticulously researched and exceptionally well-written, Into Thin Air avoids the hype and easy condemnation that have infested other accounts. The book offers instead vivid details told matter-of-factly, almost quietly. The result is a deeply moving narrative that honors the courage of the people on the mountain while raising profound and possibly unanswerable questions about human behavior in a crisis.”
—NASHVILLE BOOK PAGE
“Jon Krakauer offers fresh insights into the tragedy in his superb Into Thin Air, in which he adroitly sifts through the misunderstandings, miscalculations and misguided zeal that led his fellow climbers to their doom. His new book is, on every level, a worthy successor to his outstanding Into the Wild.”
—THE PLAIN DEALER
“A taut, harrowing narrative of the most lethal season in Everest’s history … Krakauer offers a disturbing look at how technology, publicity, and commercialism have changed mountaineering.”
—WISCONSIN STATE-JOURNAL
“Just as he did in his previous book, the acclaimed Into the Wild, Krakauer employs exhaustive reporting, attention to detail, and a crisp, unpretentious writing style to shape the story.”
—HARTFORD COURANT
“The intensity of the tragedy is haunting, and Krakauer’s graphic writing drives it home.”
—PUBLISHERS WEEKLY
“[Krakauer] has produced a narrative that is both meticulously researched and deftly constructed.… His story rushes irresistibly forward.”
—THE NEW YORK TIMES BOOK REVIEW
“Though it comes from the genre named for what it isn’t (nonfiction), this has the feel of literature: Krakauer is Ishmael, the narrator who lives to tell the story but is forever trapped within it.… Krakauer’s reporting is steady but ferocious. The clink of ice in a glass, a poem of winter snow, will never sound the same.”
—MIRABELLA
“Every once in a while a work of nonfiction comes along that’s as good as anything a novelist could make up … Into Thin Air fits the bill.”
—FORBES
“Deeply upsetting, genuinely nightmarish.… Krakauer writes indelibly.… He’s brilliant.… His story contains what must be one of the essences of hell: the unceasing potential for things to become worse than you fear.”
—SALON
“Into Thin Air is a remarkable work of reportage and self-examination.… And no book on the 1996 disaster is likely to consider so honestly the mistakes that killed his colleagues.”
—NEWSDAY
“Jon Krakauer combines the tenacity and courage of the finest tradition of investigative journalism with the stylish subtlety and profound insight of the born writer. His account of an ascent of Mount Everest has led to a general reevaluation of climbing and of the commercialization of what was once a romantic, solitary sport, while his account of the life and death of Christopher McCandless, who died of starvation after challenging the Alaskan wilderness, delves even more deeply and disturbingly into the fascination of nature and the devastating effects of its lure on a young and curious mind.”
—ACADEMY AWARD IN LITERATURE
CITIATION FROM THE AMERICAN
ACADEMY OF ARTS AND LETTERS
ALSO BY JON KRAKAUER
Iceland
Eiger Dreams
Into the Wild
Under the Banner of Heaven
JON KRAKAUER
INTO THIN AIR
Jon Krakauer is the author of Eiger Dreams, Into the Wild, Into Thin Air, Under the Banner of Heaven, and Where Men Win Glory, and is the editor of the Modern Library Exploration series.
Anchor Books Mass-Market Edition, August 2009
Copyright © 1997 by Jon Krakauer
Map copyright © 1997 by Anita Karl
Postscript copyright © 1999 by Jon Krakauer
All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Anchor Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. Originally published in hardcover in the United States by Villard Books in 1997. The Anchor Books edition is published by arrangement with Villard Books.
Anchor Books and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc.
Portions of this work were originally published in Outside.
Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Krakauer, Jon.
Into thin air: a personal account of the Mount Everest
Disaster/Jon Krakauer.—1st Anchor Books ed.
p. cm.
Originally published: New York: Villard, c1997.
1. Mountaineering accidents—Everest, Mount (China and Nepal).
2. Mount Everest Expedition (1996). 3. Krakauer, Jon. I. Title.
[GV199.44.E85K725 1998]
796.52′2′092—dc21 97-42880
eISBN: 978-0-679-46271-2
www.anchorbooks.com
; v3.1_r1
For Linda;
and in memory of Andy Harris, Doug Hansen,
Rob Hall, Yasuko Namba, Scott Fischer, Ngawang
Topche Sherpa, Chen Yu-Nan, Bruce Herrod,
Lopsang Jangbu Sherpa, and Anatoli Boukreev
Contents
Cover
Other Books by This Author
About the Author
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Epigraph
Map
Introduction
Chapter One - Everest Summit: May 10, 1996 • 29,028 Feet
Chapter Two - Dehra Dun, India: 1852 • 2,234 Feet
Chapter Three - Over Northern India: March 29, 1996 • 30,000 Feet
Chapter Four - Phakding: March 31, 1996 • 9,186 Feet
Chapter Five - Lobuje: April 8, 1996 • 16,200 Feet
Chapter Six - Everest Base Camp: April 12, 1996 • 17,600 Feet
Chapter Seven - Camp One: April 13, 1996 • 19,500 Feet
Chapter Eight - Camp One: April 16, 1996 • 19,500 Feet
Chapter Nine - Camp Two: April 28, 1996 • 21,300 Feet
Chapter Ten - Lhotse Face: April 29, 1996 • 23,400 Feet
Chapter Eleven - Base Camp: May 6, 1996 • 17,600 Feet
Chapter Twelve - Camp Three: May 9, 1996 • 24,000 Feet
Chapter Thirteen - Southeast Ridge: May 10, 1996 • 27,600 Feet
Chapter Fourteen - Summit: 1:12 P.M., May 10, 1996 • 29,028 Feet
Chapter Fifteen - Summit: 1:25 P.M., May 10, 1996 • 29,028 Feet
Chapter Sixteen - South Col: 6:00 A.M., May 11, 1996 • 26,000 Feet
Chapter Seventeen - Summit: 3:40 P.M., May 10, 1996 • 29,028 Feet
Chapter Eighteen - Northeast Ridge: May 10, 1996 • 28,550 Feet
Chapter Nineteen - South Col: 7:30 A.M., May 11, 1996 • 26,000 Feet
Chapter Twenty - The Geneva Spür: 9:45 A.M., May 12, 1996 • 25,900 Feet
Chapter Twenty-One - Everest Base Camp: May 13, 1996 • 17,600 Feet
Epilogue - Seattle: November 29, 1996 • 270 Feet
Author’s Note
Postscript
Selected Bibliography
Acknowledgments
Men play at tragedy because they do not believe in
the reality of the tragedy which is actually being
staged in the civilised world.
—José Ortega y Gasset
INTRODUCTION
In March 1996, Outside magazine sent me to Nepal to participate in, and write about, a guided ascent of Mount Everest. I went as one of eight clients on an expedition led by a well-known guide from New Zealand named Rob Hall. On May 10 I arrived on top of the mountain, but the summit came at a terrible cost.
Among my five teammates who reached the top, four, including Hall, perished in a rogue storm that blew in without warning while we were still high on the peak. By the time I’d descended to Base Camp nine climbers from four expeditions were dead, and three more lives would be lost before the month was out.
The expedition left me badly shaken, and the article was difficult to write. Nevertheless, five weeks after I returned from Nepal I delivered a manuscript to Outside, and it was published in the September issue of the magazine. Upon its completion I attempted to put Everest out of my mind and get on with my life, but that turned out to be impossible. Through a fog of messy emotions, I continued trying to make sense of what had happened up there, and I obsessively mulled the circumstances of my companions’ deaths.
The Outside piece was as accurate as I could make it under the circumstances, but my deadline had been unforgiving, the sequence of events had been frustratingly complex, and the memories of the survivors had been badly distorted by exhaustion, oxygen depletion, and shock. At one point during my research I asked three other people to recount an incident all four of us had witnessed high on the mountain, and none of us could agree on such crucial facts as the time, what had been said, or even who had been present. Within days after the Outside article went to press, I discovered that a few of the details I’d reported were in error. Most were minor inaccuracies of the sort that inevitably creep into works of deadline journalism, but one of my blunders was in no sense minor, and it had a devastating impact on the friends and family of one of the victims.
Only slightly less disconcerting than the article’s factual errors was the material that necessarily had to be omitted for lack of space. Mark Bryant, the editor of Outside, and Larry Burke, the publisher, had given me an extraordinary amount of room to tell the story: they ran the piece at 17,000 words—four or five times as long as a typical magazine feature. Even so, I felt that it was much too abbreviated to do justice to the tragedy. The Everest climb had rocked my life to its core, and it became desperately important for me to record the events in complete detail, unconstrained by a limited number of column inches. This book is the fruit of that compulsion.
The staggering unreliability of the human mind at high altitude made the research problematic. To avoid relying excessively on my own perceptions, I interviewed most of the protagonists at great length and on multiple occasions. When possible I also corroborated details with radio logs maintained by people at Base Camp, where clear thought wasn’t in such short supply. Readers familiar with the Outside article may notice discrepancies between certain details (primarily matters of time) reported in the magazine and those reported in the book; the revisions reflect new information that has come to light since publication of the magazine piece.
Several authors and editors I respect counseled me not to write the book as quickly as I did; they urged me to wait two or three years and put some distance between me and the expedition in order to gain some crucial perspective. Their advice was sounds, but in the end I ignored it—mostly because what happened on the mountain was gnawing my guts out. I thought that writing the book might purge Everest from my life.
It hasn’t, of course. Moreover, I agree that readers are often poorly served when an author writes as an act of catharsis, as I have done here. But I hoped something would be gained by spilling my soul in the calamity’s immediate aftermath, in the roil and torment of the moment. I wanted my account to have a raw, ruthless sort of honesty that seemed in danger of leaching away with the passage of time and the dissipation of anguish.
Some of the same people who warned me against writing hastily had also cautioned me against going to Everest in the first place. There were many, many fine reasons not to go, but attempting to climb Everest is an intrinsically irrational act—a triumph of desire over sensibility. Any person who would seriously consider it is almost by definition beyond the sway of reasoned argument.
The plain truth is that I knew better but went to Everest anyway. And in doing so I was a party to the death of good people, which is something that is apt to remain on my conscience for a very long time.
Jon Krakauer
Seattle
November 1996
DRAMATIS PERSONAE
Mount Everest Spring 1996*
Adventure Consultants Guided Expedition
Rob Hall New Zealand, leader and head guide
Mike Groom Australia, guide
Andy “Harold” Harris New Zealand, guide
Helen Wilton New Zealand, Base Camp manager
Dr. Caroline Mackenzie New Zealand, Base Camp doctor
Ang Tshering Sherpa Nepal, Base Camp sirdar
Ang Dorje Sherpa Nepal, climbing sirdar
Lhakpa Chhiri Sherpa Nepal, climbing Sherpa
Kami Sherpa Nepal, climbing Sherpa
Tenzing Sherpa Nepal, climbing Sherpa
Arita Sherpa Nepal, climbing Sherpa
Ngawang Norbu Sherpa Nepal, climbing Sherpa
Chuldum Sherpa Nepal, climbing Sherpa
Chhongba Sherpa Nepal, Base Camp cook
Pemba Sherpa Nepal, Base Camp Sherpa
Tendi Sherpa Nepal, cook boy
Doug Hansen USA, client
Dr. Seab
orn Beck Weathers USA, client
Yasuko Namba Japan, client
Dr. Stuart Hutchison Canada, client
Frank Fischbeck Hong Kong, client
Lou Kasischke USA, client
Dr. John Taske Australia, client
Jon Krakauer USA, client and journalist
Susan Allen Australia, trekker
Nancy Hutchison Canada, trekker
Mountain Madness Guided Expedition
Scott Fischer USA, leader and head guide
Anatoli Boukreev Russia, guide
Neal Beidleman USA, guide
Dr. Ingrid Hunt USA, Base Camp manager, team doctor
Lopsang Jangbu Sherpa Nepal, climbing sirdar
Ngima Kale Sherpa Nepal, Base Camp sirdar
Ngawang Topche Sherpa Nepal, climbing Sherpa
Tashi Tshering Sherpa Nepal, climbing Sherpa
Ngawang Dorje Sherpa Nepal, climbing Sherpa
Ngawang Sya Kya Sherpa Nepal, climbing Sherpa
Ngawang Tendi Sherpa Nepal, climbing Sherpa
Tendi Sherpa Nepal, climbing Sherpa
“Big” Pemba Sherpa Nepal, climbing Sherpa
Jeta Sherpa Nepal, Base Camp Sherpa
Pemba Sherpa Nepal, Base Camp cook boy
Sandy Hill Pittman USA, client and journalist
Charlotte Fox USA, client
Tim Madsen USA, client
Pete Schoening USA, client
Klev Schoening USA, client
Lene Gammelgaard Denmark, client
Martin Adams USA, client
Dr. Dale Kruse USA, client
Jane Bromet USA, journalist
MacGillivray Freeman IMAX/IWERKS Expedition
David Breashears USA, leader and film director
Jamling Norgay Sherpa India, deputy leader and film talent