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The Age of Faith Page 90

by Will Durant


  Nestor & the Russian Chronicle

  1056–1133:

  Hildebert of Tours, poet

  1066–87:

  William I King of England

  1066–1200:

  Norman architecture in England

  1076–1185:

  Gilbert de la Porree, phil’r

  1079–1142:

  Abélard, philosopher

  1080:

  Consuls in Lucca; rise of self-governing cities in Italy

  1080–1154:

  William of Conches, phil’r

  1081–1151:

  Abbot Suger of St. Denis

  1083–1148:

  Anna Comnena, historian

  1085:

  English Domesday Book

  1086–1127:

  William X, Duke of Aquitaine, first known troubadour

  1088f:

  Irnerius & Roman law at Bologna

  1088–99:

  Pope Urban II

  1089–1131:

  Abbey of Cluny

  1090–1153:

  St. Bernard

  1093–1109:

  Anselm Archb’p of Canterbury

  1093–1175:

  Durham Cathedral

  c. 1095:

  Chanson de Roland

  1095:

  Proclamation of First Crusade

  1095–1164:

  Roger II of Sicily

  1098:

  Cistercian Order founded

  1098–1125:

  Henry V King of Germany

  1099:

  Crusaders take Jerusalem

  1099–1118:

  Pope Paschal II

  1099–1143:

  Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem

  1099–1179:

  St. Hildegarde

  c. 1100:

  Arabic numerals in Europe; paper manufactured in Constantinople

  1100–35:

  Henry I King of England

  1100–55:

  Arnold of Brescia, reformer

  1104–94:

  Transition style in architecture

  1105:

  Adelard’s Quaestiones naturales

  1110:

  University of Paris takes form

  1113:

  Prince Monomakh quiets revolution in Kiev

  1114–58:

  Otto of Freising, historian

  1114–87:

  Gerard of Cremona, translator

  1117:

  Abélard teaches Héloïse

  1117–80:

  John of Salisbury, phil’r

  c. 1120:

  Est’t of the Hospitalers

  1121:

  Abélard condemned at Soissons

  1122:

  Concordat of Worms

  1122–1204:

  Eleanor of Aquitaine

  1123:

  First Lateran Council

  1124–53:

  David I King of Scotland

  1127:

  Est’t of Knights Templar

  1133f:

  Abbey of St. Denis rebuilt in Gothic

  1135–54:

  Stephen King of England

  1137:

  The first Cortes; Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Britonum

  1137–96:

  Walter Map (es), satirist

  1138:

  Conrad III begins Hohenstaufen line

  1139–85:

  Alfonso I Enriquez, first king of Portugal

  1140:

  Abélard condemned at Sens

  1140–91:

  Chrétien de Troyes

  1140–1227:

  The Goliardic poets

  1142:

  Rise of Guelf & Ghibelline factions

  1142:

  Decretum of Gratian

  1145–1202:

  Joachim of Flora

  1146–7:

  Revolt of Arnold of Brescia

  1147–1223:

  Giraldus Cambrensis, geographer

  c. 1150:

  The Nibelungenlied

  1150:

  Sententiae of Peter Lombard; sculptures of Moissac; flying buttress used at Noyon

  1150–1250:

  Heyday of French troubadours

  1152–90:

  Frederick I Barbarossa emperor of Holy Roman Empire

  1154–9:

  Pope Hadrian IV

  1154–89:

  Henry II begins Plantagenet line

  1154–1256:

  York Minster

  1156:

  Moscow founded

  1157:

  Bank of Venice issues gov’t bonds

  1157–82:

  Valdemar I King of Denmark

  1157–1217:

  Alexander Neckham, naturalist

  1159–81:

  Pope Alexander III

  c. 1160:

  The Cid

  1160–1213:

  Geoffrey de Villehardouin, hist’n

  1163–1235:

  Notre Dame de Paris

  1165–1220:

  Wolfram von Eschenbach, poet

  1165–1228:

  Walther von der Vogelweide, poet

  1167:

  Lombard League formed; beginning of Oxford University

  1167–1215:

  Peire Vidal, troubadour

  1170:

  Murder of Thomas à Becket; “Strongbow” begins conquest of Ireland; Peter Waldo at Lyons

  1170–1221:

  St. Dominic

  1170–1245:

  Alexander of Hales, phil’r

  1172f:

  Palace of the Doges

  1174–1242:

  Wells Cathedral

  1175–1234:

  Michael Scot

  1175–1280:

  Early English Gothic

  1175f:

  Canterbury Cathedral

  1176:

  Carthusian Order est’d; Frederick Barbarossa defeated at Legnano

  1178f:

  Albigensian heresy; Peterborough Cathedral

  1178–1241:

  Snorri Sturluson, hist’n

  1179:

  Third Lateran Council

  c. 1180:

  University of Montpellier est’d; Marie de France, poetess

  1180–1225:

  Philip II Augustus of France

  1180–1250:

  Leonardo de Fibonacci, math’n

  c. 1180–1253:

  Robert Grosseteste, scientist

  1182–1216:

  St. Francis of Assisi

  1185–1219:

  Lesser Armenia fl. under Leo III

  1185–1237:

  Bamberg Cathedral

  1189–92:

  Third Crusade

  1189–99:

  Richard I Coeur de Lion

  1190:

  Teutonic Order founded

  1190–7:

  Henry VI of Germany

  1192–1230:

  Ottakar I King of Bohemia

  1192–1280:

  Lincoln Minster

  1193–1205:

  Enrico Dandolo Doge of Venice

  1193–1280:

  Albertus Magnus

  1194–1240:

  Llywelyn the Great of Wales

  1194–1250:

  Frederick II of Sicily

  1195–1231:

  St. Anthony of Padua

  1195–1390:

  Bourges Cathedral

  1198–1216:

  Pope Innocent III

  1199–1216:

  King John of England

  c. 1200:

  David of Dinant, phil’r

  1200–1304:

  Cloth Hall of Ypres

  1200–59:

  Matthew Paris, hist’n

  1200–64:

  Vincent of Beauvais, encyclop’t

  1201:

  Germans conquer Livonia

  1201–1500:

  Cathedral of Rouen

  1202–4:

  Fourth Crusade
>
  1202–5:

  Philip II of France takes Normandy, Anjou, Maine, and Brittany from England

  1202–41:

  Valdemar II King of Denmark

  1204–29:

  Albigensian Crusades

  1204–50:

  La Merveille of Mont St. Michel

  1204–61:

  Latin Kingdom of Constant’ple

  1205:

  Oldest Christian reference to magnetic compass; Hartman von Aue’s Der arme Heinrich

  1205–1303:

  Cathedral of Leon

  1206–22:

  Theodore Lascaris Eastern emp.

  1207–28:

  Stephen Langton Archb’p of Cant’y

  1208:

  St. Francis founds Friars Minor; Innocent III lays interdict on Engl’d

  1209:

  Cambridge University founded

  1210:

  Aristotle forbidden at Paris; Gottfried of Strasbourg’s Tristan

  1211–1427:

  Reims Cathedral

  1212:

  Children’s Crusade; Santa Clara founds Poor Clares

  1213–76:

  James I King of Aragon

  1214:

  Philip II wins at Bouvines

  1214–92:

  Roger Bacon

  1215:

  Magna Carta; Fourth Lateran Council; Dominican Order founded

  1216–27:

  Pope Honorius III

  1216–72:

  Henry III King of England

  1217:

  Fifth Crusade

  1217–52:

  Ferdinand III of Castile

  1217–62:

  Haakon IV of Norway

  1220–45:

  Salisbury Cathedral

  1220–88:

  Amiens Cathedral

  1221–74:

  St. Bonaventure

  1221–1567:

  Cathedral of Burgos

  1224:

  University of Naples est’d

  1224–1317:

  Jean de Joinville, hist’n

  1225:

  Laws of the Sachsenspiegel

  1225–74:

  St. Thomas Aquinas, phil’r

  1225–78:

  Niccolò Pisano, sculptor

  1226–35:

  Regency of Blanche of Castile

  1226–70:

  Louis IX of France

  1227:

  University of Salamanca est’d; beginning of papal Inquisition

  1227–41:

  Pope Gregory IX

  1227–1493:

  Cathedral of Toledo

  1227–1552:

  Cathedral of Beauvais

  1228f:

  Church of San Francesco at Assisi

  1228:

  Sixth Crusade; Frederick II recovers Jerusalem

  1229–1348:

  Cathedral of Siena

  1230f:

  Cathedral of Strasbourg

  1230–75:

  Guido Guinizelli

  1232–1300:

  Arnolfo di Cambio, artist

  1232–1315:

  Raymond Lully, phil’r

  1235–81:

  Siger of Brabant, phil’r

  1235–1311:

  Arnold of Villanova, physician

  1237:

  Mongols invade Russia; William of Lorris’ Roman de la Rose

  1240:

  Victory of Alexander Nevsky on Neva

  c. 1240:

  Aucassin et Nicolette

  1240–1302:

  Cimabue

  1240–1320:

  Giovanni Pisano, artist

  1241:

  Mongols defeat Germans at Liegnitz, take Cracow, and ravage Hungary

  1243–54:

  Pope Innocent IV

  1244:

  Moslems capture Jerusalem

  1245:

  First Council of Lyons deposes Frederick II

  1245:

  Giovanni de Piano Carpini visits Mongolia

  1245–8:

  Ste. Chapelle

  1245–72:

  Westminster Abbey

  1248:

  St. Louis leads Seventh Crusade

  1248–1354:

  The Alhambra

  1248–1880:

  Cathedral of Cologne

  1250:

  St. Louis captured; Frederick II d.; Bracton’s De legibus et consuetudinibus Angliae

  1252–62:

  Formation of Hanseatic League

  1252–82:

  Alfonso X the Wise of Castile

  1253–78:

  Ottokar II of Bohemia

  1254–61:

  Pope Alexander IV

  1255–1319:

  Duccio of Siena, painter

  1258:

  Haakon IV of Norway conquers Iceland

  1258–66:

  Manfred King of Sicily

  1258–1300:

  Guido Cavalcanti

  c. 1260:

  Flagellants

  1260–1320:

  Henri de Mondeville, surgeon

  1261:

  Michael VIII Palaeologus restores Eastern Empire at Constantinople

  1265:

  Simon de Montfort’s Parliament

  1265–1308:

  Duns Scotus, phil’r

  1265–1321:

  Dante

  1266:

  Opus maius of Roger Bacon

  1266–85:

  Charles of Anjou King of Sicily

  1266–1337:

  Giotto

  1268:

  Defeat of Conradin; end of Hohenstaufen line

  1269:

  Baibars takes Jaffa and Antioch

  1270:

  Louis IX leads Eighth Crusade

  1271–95:

  Marco Polo in Asia

  1272–1307:

  Edward I King of England

  1273–91:

  Rudolf of Hapsburg Emperor of Holy Roman Empire

  1274:

  Second Council of Lyons

  1279–1325:

  Diniz King of Portugal

  1280–1380:

  English Decorated Gothic

  1282:

  Sicilian Vespers; Pedro III of Aragon takes Sicily

  1283:

  Edward I reconquers Wales

  1284:

  Belfry of Bruges

  1285–1314:

  Philip IV the Fair of France

  c. 1290:

  Golden Legend of Iacopo de Voragine; Jean de Meung’s Roman de la Rose

  1290–1330:

  Cathedral of Orvieto

  1291:

  Mamluks take Acre; end of Crusades; League of the Swiss cantons

  1292–1315:

  John Balliol King of Scotland

  1294:

  Lanfranchi founds French surgery

  1294:

  Church of Santa Croce at Florence

  1294–1303:

  Pope Boniface VIII

  1294–1436:

  Cathedral of Santa Maria de Fiore at Florence

  1295:

  Edward I’s “Model Parliament”

  1296:

  Boniface’s bull Clericis laicos

  1298:

  Wallace defeated at Falkirk; Palazzo Vecchio and Baptistery at Florence

  1298f:

  Cathedral of Barcelona

  1302:

  Flemish defeat the French at Courtrai; Boniface’s bull Unam sanctarn; Philip IV calls States General

  1305–16:

  Pope Clement V

  1308–13:

  Henry VII Western Emperor

  1309:

  Clement removes papacy to Avignon

  1310–12:

  Suppression of Templars in France

  1314:

  Scotland wins independence at Bannockburn

  1315:

  Swiss defeat Hapsburg army at Morgarten and establish the Swiss Confederacy

  CHAPTER XXIII

 
The Crusades

  1095–1291

  I. CAUSES

  THE Crusades were the culminating act of the medieval drama, and perhaps the most picturesque event in the history of Europe and the Near East. Now at last, after centuries of argument, the two great faiths, Christianity and Mohammedanism, resorted to man’s ultimate arbitrament—the supreme court of war. All medieval development, all the expansion of commerce and Christendom, all the fervor of religious belief, all the power of feudalism and glamor of chivalry came to a climax in a Two Hundred Years’ War for the soul of man and the profits of trade.

 

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