by Will Durant
Nestor & the Russian Chronicle
1056–1133:
Hildebert of Tours, poet
1066–87:
William I King of England
1066–1200:
Norman architecture in England
1076–1185:
Gilbert de la Porree, phil’r
1079–1142:
Abélard, philosopher
1080:
Consuls in Lucca; rise of self-governing cities in Italy
1080–1154:
William of Conches, phil’r
1081–1151:
Abbot Suger of St. Denis
1083–1148:
Anna Comnena, historian
1085:
English Domesday Book
1086–1127:
William X, Duke of Aquitaine, first known troubadour
1088f:
Irnerius & Roman law at Bologna
1088–99:
Pope Urban II
1089–1131:
Abbey of Cluny
1090–1153:
St. Bernard
1093–1109:
Anselm Archb’p of Canterbury
1093–1175:
Durham Cathedral
c. 1095:
Chanson de Roland
1095:
Proclamation of First Crusade
1095–1164:
Roger II of Sicily
1098:
Cistercian Order founded
1098–1125:
Henry V King of Germany
1099:
Crusaders take Jerusalem
1099–1118:
Pope Paschal II
1099–1143:
Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
1099–1179:
St. Hildegarde
c. 1100:
Arabic numerals in Europe; paper manufactured in Constantinople
1100–35:
Henry I King of England
1100–55:
Arnold of Brescia, reformer
1104–94:
Transition style in architecture
1105:
Adelard’s Quaestiones naturales
1110:
University of Paris takes form
1113:
Prince Monomakh quiets revolution in Kiev
1114–58:
Otto of Freising, historian
1114–87:
Gerard of Cremona, translator
1117:
Abélard teaches Héloïse
1117–80:
John of Salisbury, phil’r
c. 1120:
Est’t of the Hospitalers
1121:
Abélard condemned at Soissons
1122:
Concordat of Worms
1122–1204:
Eleanor of Aquitaine
1123:
First Lateran Council
1124–53:
David I King of Scotland
1127:
Est’t of Knights Templar
1133f:
Abbey of St. Denis rebuilt in Gothic
1135–54:
Stephen King of England
1137:
The first Cortes; Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Britonum
1137–96:
Walter Map (es), satirist
1138:
Conrad III begins Hohenstaufen line
1139–85:
Alfonso I Enriquez, first king of Portugal
1140:
Abélard condemned at Sens
1140–91:
Chrétien de Troyes
1140–1227:
The Goliardic poets
1142:
Rise of Guelf & Ghibelline factions
1142:
Decretum of Gratian
1145–1202:
Joachim of Flora
1146–7:
Revolt of Arnold of Brescia
1147–1223:
Giraldus Cambrensis, geographer
c. 1150:
The Nibelungenlied
1150:
Sententiae of Peter Lombard; sculptures of Moissac; flying buttress used at Noyon
1150–1250:
Heyday of French troubadours
1152–90:
Frederick I Barbarossa emperor of Holy Roman Empire
1154–9:
Pope Hadrian IV
1154–89:
Henry II begins Plantagenet line
1154–1256:
York Minster
1156:
Moscow founded
1157:
Bank of Venice issues gov’t bonds
1157–82:
Valdemar I King of Denmark
1157–1217:
Alexander Neckham, naturalist
1159–81:
Pope Alexander III
c. 1160:
The Cid
1160–1213:
Geoffrey de Villehardouin, hist’n
1163–1235:
Notre Dame de Paris
1165–1220:
Wolfram von Eschenbach, poet
1165–1228:
Walther von der Vogelweide, poet
1167:
Lombard League formed; beginning of Oxford University
1167–1215:
Peire Vidal, troubadour
1170:
Murder of Thomas à Becket; “Strongbow” begins conquest of Ireland; Peter Waldo at Lyons
1170–1221:
St. Dominic
1170–1245:
Alexander of Hales, phil’r
1172f:
Palace of the Doges
1174–1242:
Wells Cathedral
1175–1234:
Michael Scot
1175–1280:
Early English Gothic
1175f:
Canterbury Cathedral
1176:
Carthusian Order est’d; Frederick Barbarossa defeated at Legnano
1178f:
Albigensian heresy; Peterborough Cathedral
1178–1241:
Snorri Sturluson, hist’n
1179:
Third Lateran Council
c. 1180:
University of Montpellier est’d; Marie de France, poetess
1180–1225:
Philip II Augustus of France
1180–1250:
Leonardo de Fibonacci, math’n
c. 1180–1253:
Robert Grosseteste, scientist
1182–1216:
St. Francis of Assisi
1185–1219:
Lesser Armenia fl. under Leo III
1185–1237:
Bamberg Cathedral
1189–92:
Third Crusade
1189–99:
Richard I Coeur de Lion
1190:
Teutonic Order founded
1190–7:
Henry VI of Germany
1192–1230:
Ottakar I King of Bohemia
1192–1280:
Lincoln Minster
1193–1205:
Enrico Dandolo Doge of Venice
1193–1280:
Albertus Magnus
1194–1240:
Llywelyn the Great of Wales
1194–1250:
Frederick II of Sicily
1195–1231:
St. Anthony of Padua
1195–1390:
Bourges Cathedral
1198–1216:
Pope Innocent III
1199–1216:
King John of England
c. 1200:
David of Dinant, phil’r
1200–1304:
Cloth Hall of Ypres
1200–59:
Matthew Paris, hist’n
1200–64:
Vincent of Beauvais, encyclop’t
1201:
Germans conquer Livonia
1201–1500:
Cathedral of Rouen
1202–4:
Fourth Crusade
>
1202–5:
Philip II of France takes Normandy, Anjou, Maine, and Brittany from England
1202–41:
Valdemar II King of Denmark
1204–29:
Albigensian Crusades
1204–50:
La Merveille of Mont St. Michel
1204–61:
Latin Kingdom of Constant’ple
1205:
Oldest Christian reference to magnetic compass; Hartman von Aue’s Der arme Heinrich
1205–1303:
Cathedral of Leon
1206–22:
Theodore Lascaris Eastern emp.
1207–28:
Stephen Langton Archb’p of Cant’y
1208:
St. Francis founds Friars Minor; Innocent III lays interdict on Engl’d
1209:
Cambridge University founded
1210:
Aristotle forbidden at Paris; Gottfried of Strasbourg’s Tristan
1211–1427:
Reims Cathedral
1212:
Children’s Crusade; Santa Clara founds Poor Clares
1213–76:
James I King of Aragon
1214:
Philip II wins at Bouvines
1214–92:
Roger Bacon
1215:
Magna Carta; Fourth Lateran Council; Dominican Order founded
1216–27:
Pope Honorius III
1216–72:
Henry III King of England
1217:
Fifth Crusade
1217–52:
Ferdinand III of Castile
1217–62:
Haakon IV of Norway
1220–45:
Salisbury Cathedral
1220–88:
Amiens Cathedral
1221–74:
St. Bonaventure
1221–1567:
Cathedral of Burgos
1224:
University of Naples est’d
1224–1317:
Jean de Joinville, hist’n
1225:
Laws of the Sachsenspiegel
1225–74:
St. Thomas Aquinas, phil’r
1225–78:
Niccolò Pisano, sculptor
1226–35:
Regency of Blanche of Castile
1226–70:
Louis IX of France
1227:
University of Salamanca est’d; beginning of papal Inquisition
1227–41:
Pope Gregory IX
1227–1493:
Cathedral of Toledo
1227–1552:
Cathedral of Beauvais
1228f:
Church of San Francesco at Assisi
1228:
Sixth Crusade; Frederick II recovers Jerusalem
1229–1348:
Cathedral of Siena
1230f:
Cathedral of Strasbourg
1230–75:
Guido Guinizelli
1232–1300:
Arnolfo di Cambio, artist
1232–1315:
Raymond Lully, phil’r
1235–81:
Siger of Brabant, phil’r
1235–1311:
Arnold of Villanova, physician
1237:
Mongols invade Russia; William of Lorris’ Roman de la Rose
1240:
Victory of Alexander Nevsky on Neva
c. 1240:
Aucassin et Nicolette
1240–1302:
Cimabue
1240–1320:
Giovanni Pisano, artist
1241:
Mongols defeat Germans at Liegnitz, take Cracow, and ravage Hungary
1243–54:
Pope Innocent IV
1244:
Moslems capture Jerusalem
1245:
First Council of Lyons deposes Frederick II
1245:
Giovanni de Piano Carpini visits Mongolia
1245–8:
Ste. Chapelle
1245–72:
Westminster Abbey
1248:
St. Louis leads Seventh Crusade
1248–1354:
The Alhambra
1248–1880:
Cathedral of Cologne
1250:
St. Louis captured; Frederick II d.; Bracton’s De legibus et consuetudinibus Angliae
1252–62:
Formation of Hanseatic League
1252–82:
Alfonso X the Wise of Castile
1253–78:
Ottokar II of Bohemia
1254–61:
Pope Alexander IV
1255–1319:
Duccio of Siena, painter
1258:
Haakon IV of Norway conquers Iceland
1258–66:
Manfred King of Sicily
1258–1300:
Guido Cavalcanti
c. 1260:
Flagellants
1260–1320:
Henri de Mondeville, surgeon
1261:
Michael VIII Palaeologus restores Eastern Empire at Constantinople
1265:
Simon de Montfort’s Parliament
1265–1308:
Duns Scotus, phil’r
1265–1321:
Dante
1266:
Opus maius of Roger Bacon
1266–85:
Charles of Anjou King of Sicily
1266–1337:
Giotto
1268:
Defeat of Conradin; end of Hohenstaufen line
1269:
Baibars takes Jaffa and Antioch
1270:
Louis IX leads Eighth Crusade
1271–95:
Marco Polo in Asia
1272–1307:
Edward I King of England
1273–91:
Rudolf of Hapsburg Emperor of Holy Roman Empire
1274:
Second Council of Lyons
1279–1325:
Diniz King of Portugal
1280–1380:
English Decorated Gothic
1282:
Sicilian Vespers; Pedro III of Aragon takes Sicily
1283:
Edward I reconquers Wales
1284:
Belfry of Bruges
1285–1314:
Philip IV the Fair of France
c. 1290:
Golden Legend of Iacopo de Voragine; Jean de Meung’s Roman de la Rose
1290–1330:
Cathedral of Orvieto
1291:
Mamluks take Acre; end of Crusades; League of the Swiss cantons
1292–1315:
John Balliol King of Scotland
1294:
Lanfranchi founds French surgery
1294:
Church of Santa Croce at Florence
1294–1303:
Pope Boniface VIII
1294–1436:
Cathedral of Santa Maria de Fiore at Florence
1295:
Edward I’s “Model Parliament”
1296:
Boniface’s bull Clericis laicos
1298:
Wallace defeated at Falkirk; Palazzo Vecchio and Baptistery at Florence
1298f:
Cathedral of Barcelona
1302:
Flemish defeat the French at Courtrai; Boniface’s bull Unam sanctarn; Philip IV calls States General
1305–16:
Pope Clement V
1308–13:
Henry VII Western Emperor
1309:
Clement removes papacy to Avignon
1310–12:
Suppression of Templars in France
1314:
Scotland wins independence at Bannockburn
1315:
Swiss defeat Hapsburg army at Morgarten and establish the Swiss Confederacy
CHAPTER XXIII
The Crusades
1095–1291
I. CAUSES
THE Crusades were the culminating act of the medieval drama, and perhaps the most picturesque event in the history of Europe and the Near East. Now at last, after centuries of argument, the two great faiths, Christianity and Mohammedanism, resorted to man’s ultimate arbitrament—the supreme court of war. All medieval development, all the expansion of commerce and Christendom, all the fervor of religious belief, all the power of feudalism and glamor of chivalry came to a climax in a Two Hundred Years’ War for the soul of man and the profits of trade.