by Will Durant
PICKTHALL, MARMADUKE, The Meaning of the Glorious Koran, N. Y., 1930.
PIRENNE, H., Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe, N. Y., n.d.
History of Europe from the Invasions to the Sixteenth Century, N. Y., 1939.
Medieval Cities, Princeton, 1939.
Mohammed and Charlemagne, N. Y., 1930.
PIRENNE, J., Les grands courants de l’histoire universelle, Neuchâtel, 1946. 3v.
PLINY THE ELDER, Natural History, London, 1855. 6v.
PLUMMER, C., Life and Times of Alfred the Great, Oxford, 1902.
POKROVSKY, M., History of Russia, N. Y., 1931.
POLLOCK, F., and MAITLAND, F., History of English Law before Edward I, Camb. Univ. Press, 1895. 2v.
*POLO, MARCO, Travels, ed. Komroff, N. Y., 1926.
POOLE, R. L., Illustrations of the History of Medieval Thought and Learning, N. Y., 1920.
POPE, A. U., Introduction to Persian Art, London, 1930.
Iranian and Armenian Contributions to the Beginnings of Gothic Architecture, Bulletin of the Asia Institute, N. Y., 1946.
* Masterpieces of Persian Art, N. Y., 1945.
Survey of Persian Art, Oxford Univ. Press, 1938. 6v.
PORTER, A. K., Medieval Architecture, N. Y., 1909. 2v.
POWER, EILEEN, Medieval People, Boston, 1924. and POWER, RHODA, Cities and Their Stories, Boston, 1927.
PRESTAGE, E., Chivalry, N. Y., 1928.
PROCOPIUS, Anecdota, or Secret History, Loeb Lib.
Buildings, Loeb Lib.
History of the Wars, Loeb Lib. 5v.
PSELLUS, M., Chronographia, French tr. by Émile Renauld, Paris, n.d.
QUENNELL, M., Everyday Life in Roman Britain, N. Y., 1925.
RABY, F. J., History of Christian Latin Poetry in the Middle Ages, Oxford, 1927.
History of Secular Latin Poetry in the Middle Ages, Oxford, 1934. 2v.
RAMBAUD, A., History of Russia, Boston, 1879. 3v.
RAPAPORT, S., Tales and Maxims from the Talmud, London, 1910.
RASHDALL, H., The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, Oxford, 1936, revised by F. M. Powicke and A. B. Emden. 3v.
RAWLINSON, G., The Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy, London, 1876.
REESE, G., Music in the Middle Ages, N. Y., 1940.
RÉMUSAT, C. DE, Abélard, Paris, 1845. 2v.
RENAN, E., Averroès et l’averroïsme, Paris, n.d.
The Christian Church, London, n.d.
Marc Aurèle, Paris, n.d.
Poetry of the Celtic Races, in Harvard Classics, Vol. 38, N. Y., 1938.
RENARD, G., Guilds of the Middle Ages, London, 1918.
RICHARD, E., History of German Civilization, N. Y., 1911.
RICKARD, T., Man and Metals, N. Y., 1932. 2v.
RIEFSTAHL, R., The Parish-Watson Collection of Mohammedan Potteries, N. Y., 1922.
RIHANI, A., The Quatrains of Abu-l Ala, London, 1904.
RIVOIRA, G., Lombardic Architecture, London, 1910. 2v.
Moslem Architecture, Oxford, 1918.
ROBERTSON, J. M., Short History of Free Thought, London, 1914. 2v.
ROBILLARD, M., Chartres, Grenoble, n.d.
ROGERS, J. E. T., Six Centuries of Work and Wages, N. Y., 1890.
ROSTOVTZEFF, M., History of the Ancient World, Oxford, 1928. Vol. II: Rome.
Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, Oxford, 1926.
ROTH, LEON, Spinoza, Descartes, and Maimonides, Oxford, 1924.
ROWBOTHAM, J., The Troubadours and Courts of Love, London, 1895.
RUSKIN, J., Stones of Venice, Everyman Lib. 3v.
RUSSELL, B., History of Western Philosophy, N. Y., 1945.
RUSSELL, C. E., Charlemagne, Boston, 1930.
SABATIER, P., Life of St. Francis of Assisi, N. Y., 1909.
SA’DI, The Gulistan, in Gottheil, R., Literature of Persia, Vol. II.
The Rose Garden (Gulistan), tr. by L. Cranmer-Byng, London, 1919.
SALADIN, H., ET MIGEON, G., Manuel d’art musulman, Paris, 1907. 2v.
SALIBA, D., Étude sur la métaphysique d’Avicenne, Paris, 1926.
SALZMAN, L., English Industries of the Middle Ages, Oxford, 1923.
SANDYS, SIR J., Companion to Latin Studies, Cambridge, 1925.
SANGER, W., History of Prostitution, N. Y., 1910.
SARRE, F., Die Kunst des alten Persien, Berlin, 1925.
SARTON, G., Introduction to the History of Science, Baltimore, 1930f. 3v. in 5. A masterpiece of painstaking scholarship.
SAUNDERS, O. E., History of English Art in the Middle Ages, Oxford, 1932.
SAXO GRAMMATICUS, Danish History, London, n.d. 2v.
SCHECHTER, S., Studies in Judaism, N. Y., 1920. 3v.
SCHEVILL, F., Siena, N. Y., 1909.
SCHNEIDER, H., The History of World Civilization, N. Y., 1931. 2v.
SCHOENFELD, H., Women of the Teutonic Nations, Phila., 1908.
SCHOENHOF, J., History of Money and Prices, N. Y., 1896.
*SCOTT-MONCRIEFF, C. K., The Letters of Abélard and Héloïse, N. Y., 1926.
SEDGWICK, H. D., Italy in the Thirteenth Century, Boston, 1912. 2v.
SEEBOHM, F., The English Village Community, London, 1896.
SEIGNOBOS, C., The Feudal Regime, N. Y., 1902.
SHORT, E. H., The Painter in History, London, 1929.
SHOTWELL, J. T., and LOOMIS, L. R., The See of Peter, Columbia Univ. Press, 1927.
SIDONIUS APOLLINARIS, Poems and Letters, Loeb Lib. 2v.
SIGFUSSON, SAEMUND, The Elder Edda, London, 1907.
SIHLER, E. G., From Augustus to Augustine, Camb. Univ. Press, 1923.
SINGER, C., ed., Studies in the History and Method of Science, Oxford, 1917f. 2v.
SMITH, MARGARET, ed., The Persian Mystics: Attar, London, 1932.
SMITH, TOULMIN, English Gilds: the Original Ordinances, London, 1870.
SOCRATES, Ecclesiastical History, London, 1892.
SOZOMEN, Ecclesiastical History, London, 1855.
SPECULUM, A JOURNAL OF MEDIEVAL STUDIES, Cambridge, Mass.
SPENCER, H., Principles of Sociology, N. Y., 1910. 3v.
*SPENGLER, O., Decline of the West, N. Y., 1928. 2v.
STEPHENS, W. R., Hildebrand and His Times, London, 1914.
STERLING, M. B., The Story of Parzival, N. Y., 1911.
STEVENS, C. E., Sidonius Apollinaris, Oxford, 1933.
STREET, G. E., Gothic Architecture in Spain, London, 1869.
STRZYGOWSKI, J., Origin of Christian Church Art, Oxford, 1923.
STUBBS, WM., Constitutional History of England, Oxford, 1903. 3v.
STURLUSON, SNORRI, Heimskringla: The Norse Sagas, Everyman Lib.
Heimskringla: The Olaf Sagas, Everyman Lib.
The Younger Edda, in Sigfusson, S.
SUMNER, W. G., Folkways, Boston, 1906.
SYKES, SIR P., History of Persia, London, 1921. 2v.
SYMONDS, J. A., Studies of the Greek Poets, London, 1920.
Introduction to the Study of Dante, London, 1899.
AL-TABARI, Chronique, Fr. tr. by Zotenberg, Paris, 1867.
TAGORE, SIR R., Gitanjali, N. Y., 1928.
TAINE, H., Ancient Regime, N. Y., 1891.
Italy: Florence and Venice, N. Y., 1869.
TALMUD, Babylonian, Eng. tr., London, 1935f. 24v.
TARN, W., Hellenistic Civilization, London, 1927.
TAYLOR, H. O., The Classical Heritage of the Middle Ages, N. Y., 1911.
The Medieval Mind, London, 1927. 2v.
THATCHER, O., and MCNEAL, E., Source Book for Medieval History, N. Y., 1905.
THIERRY, A., History of the Conquest of England by the Normans, London, 1847. 2v.
THOMAS AQUINAS, ST., Summa contra Gentiles, London, 1924. 4v.
Summa theologica, tr. by Dominican Fathers, London, 1920. 22v.
THOMPSON, SIR E., Introduction to Greek and Latin Palaeography, Oxford, 1912.
THOMPSON, J. W., Economic and Social History of the Middle Ages, 300-1300, N. Y., 1928.
> Economic and Social History of Europe in the Later Middle Ages, N. Y., 1931.
Feudal Germany, Chicago, 1928.
* The Middle Ages, N. Y., 1931. 2v.
*THORNDIKE, LYNN, History of Magic and Experimental Science, N. Y., 1929f. A work of magnificent scholarship, which illuminates every subject that it touches.
* Short History of Civilization, N. Y., 1926.
TISDALL, W., Original Sources of the Qur’an.
TORNAY, S. C., Averroës’ Doctrine of the Mind, Philadelphia Review, May, 1943.
*TOYNBEE, A. J., A Study of History, Oxford, 1935f. 6v.
TRAILL, H. D., Social England, N. Y., 1902. 6v.
UEBERWEG, F., History of Philosophy, N. Y., 1871. 2v.
USHER, A. P., History of Mechanical Inventions, N. Y., 1929.
AL-UTBL, ABUL-NASR, Memoirs of the Emir Sabaktagin and Mahmud of Ghazna, tr. Reynolds, London, 1858.
VACANDARD, E., The Inquisition, N. Y., 1908.
*VAN DOREN, MARK, An Anthology of World Poetry, N. Y., 1928. The best work of its kind.
VASARI, G., Lives of the Painters, Everyman Lib. 3v.
VASILIEV, A., History of the Byzantine Empire, Madison, Wis., 1929. 2v.
VERNADSKY, G., Kievan Russia, Yale Univ. Press, 1948.
VILLARI, P., The Two First Centuries of Florentine History, London, 1908.
*VILLEHARDOUIN, G. DE, Chronicle of the Fourth Crusade, Everyman Lib.
VINOGRADOFF, P., English Society in the Eleventh Century, Oxford, 1908.
VOLTAIRE, Essay on the Manners and Morals of Europe, in Works, Vol. XIII, N. Y., 1901.
VOSSLER, K., Medieval Culture: an Introduction to Dante and His Times, N. Y., 1929. 2v.
*WADDELL, HELEN, Medieval Latin Lyrics, N. Y., 1942.
* The Wandering Scholars, London, 1927.
* Peter Abélard, N. Y., 1933.
WAERN, C., Medieval Sicily, London, 1910.
WALKER TRUST REPORT, The Great Palace of the Byzantine Emperors, Oxford, 1947.
WALSH, J. J., The Popes and Science, N. Y., 1913.
The Thirteenth the Greatest of Centuries. Catholic Summer School Press, 1920.
WALTHER VON DER VOGELWEIDE, I Saw the World, tr. Colvin, London, 1938.
Songs and Sayings, tr. Betts, London, n.d.
WAXMAN, M., History of Jewish Literature, N. Y., 1930. 3v.
WEIGALL, A., The Paganism in Our Christianity, N. Y., 1928.
WEIR, T. H., Omar Khayyam the Poet, N. Y., 1926.
WELCH, ALICE, Of Six Medieval Women, London, 1913.
WEST, A. F., Alcuin, N. Y., 1916.
WESTERMARCK, E., Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, London, 1917f. 2v.
Short History of Marriage, N. Y., 1926.
WHERRY, E. M., Commentary on the Qur’an, with Sale’s tr. and notes, London, 1896. 4v.
WHITE, E. M., Woman in World History, London, n.d.
WICKSTEED, P. H., Dante and Aquinas, London, 1913.
WILLIAM OF MALMESBURY, Chronicle of the Kings of England, London, 1883.
WILLIAM OF TYRE, Godeffroy of Bologne, or the Siege and Conqueste of Jerusalem, tr. Caxton, London, 1893.
WILLOUGHBY, W. W., Social Justice, N. Y., 1900.
WINCKELMANN, J., History of Ancient Art, Boston, 1880. 2v.
WOLFRAM VON ESCHENBACH, Parzival, tr. Weston, London, 1894. 2v.
WRIGHT, TH., ed., The Book of the Knight of La Tour-Landry, London, 1868.
A History of Domestic Manners and Sentiments in England during the Middle Ages, London, 1862.
YELLIN, D., and ABRAHAMS, I., Maimonides, Phila., 1903.
ZEITLIN, S., Maimonides, N. Y., 1935.
ZIMMERN, H., The Hansa Towns, N. Y., 1889.
Notes
Full titles of works referred to will be found in the Bibliography. Capital Roman numerals, except at the beginning of a note, indicate volumes, followed by page numbers; small Roman numerals indicate “books” (divisions of a text), followed by chapter or verse numbers.
CHAPTER I
1. Ammianus Marcellinus, xxi, 16.
2. Philostorgius, ii, 9, in Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, II, 78.
3. Sozomen, Ecclesiastical History, ii, 3.
4. Lot, Ferdinand, End of the Ancient World, 71; Bury, J. B., History of the Later Roman Empire, I, 87.
5. Cambridge Medieval History, IV, 748.
6. Ibid., I, 593.
7. Munro and Sellery, Medieval Civilization, 87, says 30,000; Bury, op. cit., says 70,000.
8. Dudden, F. H., Gregory the Great, I, 129.
9. Duchesne, L., Early History of the Christian Church, II, 127.
10. Socrates, Ecclesiastical History, i, 37-8.
11. Ibid., ii, 7-11.
12. Boissier, G., La Fin du paganisme, I, 68; Duchesne, II, 250.
13. Boissier, op. cit., I, 82.
14. Eunapius, Lives of the Sophists, 487.
15. Capes, W. W., University Life in Ancient Athens, 66.
16. Boissier, I, 178.
17. Wright, W. C., Introd. to Eunapius, p. 333.
18. Cf. Inge, W. R., Philosophy of Plotinus, I, 11.
19. In Murray, A. S., History of Greek Sculpture, I, 100.
20. In Boissier, I, 96.
21. Ammianus, xxii, 5; Duchesne, II, 262.
22. Boissier, I, 102.
23. Socrates, iii, 1.
24. Julian, Letter to the Athenians, 278D-280C; Ammianus, xvi, 11-12.
25. Ammianus, xvi, 53; Duchesne, II, 199.
26. Ammianus, xviii, 1.
27. Ibid., xvi, 10.
28. Boissier, I, 107.
29. Ammianus, xxv, 4.
30. Julian, Misopogon, 338B.
31. Socrates, iii, I; Ammianus, xxii, 4.
32. Misopogon, 340B.
33. Ammianus, xvi, 1.
34. Gardner, Alice, Julian, Philosopher and Emperor, 260.
35. Ammianus, xxii, 7.
36. Eunapius, 477.
37. Julian, Letter 441, in Works, III, 7.
38. Julian, To Edicius, 23, in Works, III.
39. Julian, Against the Galileans, 89A-94A, 106DE, 168B, 351D, 238A, 319D.
40. Julian, To the Cynic Herakleios, 205C.
41. Ibid., 217B.
42. Ibid., 237B.
43. Ammianus, xxii, 12.
44. Lucian, Panegyric, in Boissier, I, 140.
45. Julian, Letter to a Priest, 305B; To Arsacius.
46. Julian, To the High Priest Theodorus, 16.
47. Letter to a Priest, 290D.
48. Ammianus, xxii, 10.
49. Sozomen, v, 5, 18; Julian, Works, III, 41n.
50. In Boissier, I, 122.
51. Julian, Letter 10; Boissier, I, 127.
52. Julian, Misopogon, 368C.
53. Ammianus, xxii, 13.
54. Sozomen, vi, 2.
55. Ammianus, xxv, 3.
56. Milman, H. H., History of Latin Christianity, I, 112; Sihler, E. G., From Augustus to Augustine, 217.
57. Theodoret, iii, 28, in Lecky, W. E. H., History of European Morals, II, 261.
58. Duchesne, II, 268.
CHAPTER II
1. Dopsch, A., Economic and Social Foundations of European Civilization, 89.
2. William of Malmesbury, Chronicle of the Kings of England, i, 4.
3. Lea, H. C., Superstition and Force, 451.
4. Boissier, II, 180.
5. Rostovtzeff, M., Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, 479.
6. Dill, S., Roman Society in the Last Century of the Roman Empire, 297.
7. Jordanes, Gothic History, #247.
8. In Thompson, J. W., Economic and Social History of the Middle Ages, 106.
9. Jordanes, #26f; Gibbon, III, 38.
10. Ammianus, xxxi, 13.
11. Socrates, iv, 31.
12. Broglie, Duc de, St. Ambrose, 120-4.
13. Gibbon, III, 168.
14. Bury, J. B., History of the Later Roman Empire, I, 129; Gibbon, III, 175.
15. Pirenne, H.,
Medieval Cities, 36.
16. Louis, Paul, Ancient Rome at Work, 231.
17. Boissier, I, 417; Dill, op. cit., 228, 272.
18. Salvianus, De Gubernatione Dei, v, 28, in Frank, T., Economic Survey of Ancient Rome, III, 260.
19. Boissier, II, 416.
20. Ibid.
21. Louis, Paul, 235.
22. In Hodgkin, T., Italy and Her Invaders, I, 423.
23. Cf. Augustine, Ep. 232.
24. Salvian, iv, 15; vii, passim; and excerpts in Heitland, W. E., Agricola, 423, Boissier, II, 410, 420, and Bury, Later Roman Empire, 307.
25. In Dill, 56.
26. Symmachus, Ep. vi, 42; ii, 46; in Dill, 150.
27. Friedländer, L., Roman Life and Manners under the Early Empire, II, 12.
28. Lot, 178; Dill, 58; Friedländer, II, 29.
29. Ammianus, xiv, 6.
30. Symmachus, Ep. iii, 43.
31. Ammianus, xxii, 10.
32. Ibid., xxi, 1; Thorndike, L., History of Magic and Experimental Science, I, 285.
33. Ammianus, xvi, 1.
34. Macrobius, Opera accedunt integrae, Saturnalia, ad fin.
35. Ibid., i, 11.
36. Claudian, Poems, “On the Consulate of Stilicho,” iii, 130.
37. Voltaire, Works, XIII, 77.
38. Boissier, II, 180.
39. In Shotwell, J. T., and Loomis, R., The See of Peter, 675.
40. Symmachus, Ep. x, 3, in Boissier, II, 224.
41. In Boissier, II, 280.
42. Jordanes, 167f.
43. Procopius, History of the Wars, iii, 3.25.
44. Jordanes, #168.
45. Procopius, iii, 5.
46. Jordanes, #181.
47. Ibid., #254f.
48. Procopius, iii, 4.
49. Gibbon, III, 461; Sihler, 302.
CHAPTER III
1. Paul, I Cor. vii, 32.
2. Gibbon, II, 318; Lecky, History of European Morals, II, 49; Duchesne, II, 189.
3. Robertson, J. M., Short History of Free Thought, 242; Bury, History of the Eastern Roman Empire, 352f..
4. Hefele, C. J., History of the Christian Councils, III, 12.
5. Milman, I, 28If.
6. Davis, H. W. C., Medieval England. 128.
7. Ammianus, xxvii, 3.
8. Gibbon, II, 485n.
9. Ammianus, xxvii, 3; Duchesne, II, 364.
10. Cutts, E. L., St. Jerome, 30f.
11. Jerome, Letters, xxii, 30.
12. Ibid., xxxviii, 3; xxii, 13, 27.
13. Ep. cxvii, 7.
14. Ep. xxii, 14.
15. Ibid.