by Will Durant
84. Thompson, 40.
85. Ibid., 22.
86. Hearnshaw, F., Medieval Contributions to Modern Civilization, 67; Encyclopaedia Britannica, X, 702b; Hearnshaw, Social and Political Ideas of Some Great Medieval Thinkers, 145, 157, 163.
87. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 409.
88. Thompson, 349.
89. Chapman, C. E., History of Spain, 90; Carlyle, R. W., Political Theory, V, 134.
90. Cambridge Medieval History, VII, 695-702.
91. Pirenne, J., Les grands courants, II, 157.
92. Lea, H. C., History of the Inquisition in Spain, I, 58.
93. Sterling, M. B., Story of Parzival, 20f.
94. Milman, V, 61.
CHAPTER XXVI
1. In Waern, Sicily, 36.
2. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 131.
3. Sarton, II(1), 119.
4. In Waern, 50f.
5. Bryce, 292.
6. Catholic Encyclopedia, I, 749a.
7. Hazlitt, W. C., Venetian Republic, I, 190f.
8. Molmenti, I(1), 82.
9. Ibid., 84.
10. 145.
11. Thompson, Economic History of the Later Middle Ages, 11.
12. Beard, 107.
13. Ruskin, Stones of Venice, I, 8.
14. Beard, 102-5.
15. Dante, Eleven Letters, 160, letter of March 1314 to Guido da Polenta.
16. Molmenti, I(2), 49, 53.
17. Ibid., 9, 13-15; Sedgwick, H. D., Italy in the Thirteenth Century, II, 200.
18. Molmenti, I(2), 139, 154, 157.
19. Molmenti, I(1), 204.
20. Beard, 146.
21. Coulton, From St. Francis, 215.
22. Ibid.
23. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 421.
24. Sedgwick, I, 175.
25. Thompson, 441; Cambridge Medieval History, V, 230.
26. Kantorowicz, 26.
27. Ibid., 30.
28. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 137.
29. Kantorowicz, 204.
30. Ibid., 219.
31. 282.
32. 310.
33. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 150.
34. Kantorowicz, 288.
35. Ibid., 529.
36. Pirenne, J., Grands courants, II, 114; Kantorowicz, 311.
37. Ibid., 307.
38. 355.
39. 195.
40. Matt. Paris, 1238, 157.
41. Ibid.
42. Sedgwick, I, 133; Kantorowicz, 308.
43. Ibid., 251.
44. 343.
45. 460.
46. 615.
47. 624-32.
48. Nietzsche, F., Beyond Good and Evil, #200.
49. Kantorowicz, 611.
50. Sedgwick, I, 440; Kantorowicz, 332.
51. Ibid., 292.
52. Milman, VI, 240f.
53. Renard, 24; Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 496.
54. Thompson, Later Middle Ages, 259.
55. Beard, 140.
56. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 471.
57. Villari, First Centuries of Florentine History, 178.
58. Ibid., 221.
59. 498.
CHAPTER XXVII
1. In Coulton, Social Life, 15.
2. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, I, lxiv, 4.
3. In Coulton, Five Centuries of Religion, I, 60.
4. Ibid., 31.
5. Gregory I, Dialogues, iv, 30, 35, in Lecky, Morals, II, 220.
6. Ibid., 221.
7. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, I, 723; Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 71.
8. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, Supplement, xcvii, 5, 7.
9. Lea, Inquisition in Middle Ages, III, 384.
10. Ibid., 385.
11. Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 40.
12. Gregory I, Dialogues, i, 4, in Dudden, II, 367.
13. Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 445-9; II, 665.
14. Coulton, Panorama, 416.
15. Id., Social Life, 337.
16. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, I, 722.
17. Coulton, Panorama, 416.
18. Cambridge Medieval History, VII, 635.
19. Coulton, Inquisition and Liberty, 19.
20. Id., Panorama, 417.
21. Id., Medieval Village, 241.
22. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, I, xxiii, 7.
23. Coulton, Life, I, 54.
24. Lecky, Morals, II, 220.
25. In Coulton, Inquisition and Liberty, 18.
26. Lea, Auricular Confession, III, 322.
27. Dudden, II, 427.
28. Renan, E., Poetry of the Celtic Races, 177.
29. Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 75.
30. Id., Inquisition and Liberty, 2.
31. John of Salisbury, Metalogicus, vii, 2.
32. In Munro and Sellery, 489.
33. Giraldus Cambrensis, Gemma Ecclesiastica, ii, 24, in Robertson, J. M., Short History of Free Thought, II, 311.
34. Ibid., i, 51, in Robertson, II, 311.
35. Lea, Inquisition in Middle Ages, III, 558.
36. Coulton, Social Life, 218; Five Centuries, 1, 71.
37. Vincent of Beauvais, Speculum Morale, ii, 3.6; ii, 1.11.
38. Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 31.
39. Coulton, The Inquisition, 62.
40. Quoted by Berthold of Regensburg in Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 72.
41. Aucassin et Nicolette, line 22.
42. Coulton, Panorama, 17.
43. Id., Five Centuries, I, 303.
44. Reese, G., Music in the Middle Ages, 110.
45. Wright, Th., The Book of the Knight of La Tour-Landry, prologue, and ch. 35. 174.
46. Coulton, Village, 254.
47. Raby, Christian Latin Poetry, 358.
48. Durand, Rationale divinorum officiorum, in Raby, 357.
49. Raby, 356.
50. Giraldus Cambrensis, Itinerary, i, 2.
51. Vincent of Beauvais, Speculum Historiale, vi, 99, in Coulton, Life, i, 1.
52. Caesar of Heisterbach, ii, 170.
53. Ibid.
54. Milman, III, 242.
55. Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 300.
56. Moore, Judaism, II, 4.
57. Catholic Encyclopedia, I, 634.
58. Voltaire, Works, XIII, 136.
59. In Spengler, O., Decline of the West, II, 295.
60. Voltaire, III, 137.
61. Lea, Auricular Confession, II, 443.
62. Ibid., III, 285.
63. Catholic Encyclopedia, VII, 787.
64. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 678; Funk, I, 379.
65. Adams, B., Law of Civilization and Decay, 64.
66. Lanfranc, De corpore et sanguine Domini, in Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 678.
66a. Lacroix, Military, 454.
67. Matt, vi, 7.
68. Encyclopaedia Britannica, VI, 795.
69. Montalembert, I, 57.
70. Male, E., L’art religieux du XIIIe siècle en France, 309-11.
71. Coulton, Panorama, 107.
72. Coulton, Life, I, 168.
73. Addison, Arts, 65.
74. Coulton, Five Centuries, IV, 94.
75. Haskins, Renaissance of Twelfth Century, 235.
76. Jusserand, 327.
77. Ibid.
78. Coulton, Five Centuries, IV, 106.
79. Clavijo, G. de, Embassy to Tamerlane, 7, 63, 81.
80. Coulton, Five Centuries, V, 105.
81. Ibid., IV, 120.
82. V, 99.
83. Coulton, Five, IV, 98.
84. Ibid., 116.
85. 111.
86. Haskins, Renaissance, 235.
87. Coulton, Five Centuries, IV, 121.
88. Funk, J, 297.
89. Howard, C., Sex Worship, 78-93; Coulton, Life, IV, 209-10.
90. Davis, Medieval England, 202; Frazer, Sir J., Magic Art, II, 370.
91. Weigall, A., The Paganism in Our Christianity, 131.
92. Adams, H
., Mont St. Michel, 91.
93. Coulton, From St. Francis, 119.
94. In Adams, H., 262.
95. Ibid., 93, 254.
96. 259.
97. 258.
98. Funk, I, 296.
99. Catholic Encyclopedia, IX, 791d.
100. Julian Ribera in Thorndike, Short History of Civilization, 350.
101. For tr. of Dies irae cf. Van Doren, M., Anthology, 460.
102. Gibbon, VI, 494f
103. Renard, 42; Brentano in Smith, T., English Guilds, lxxxv.
104. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 674; Barnes, Economic History, 164.
105. Catholic Encyclopedia, V, 679.
106. Villari, 161.
107. Coulton, Five Centuries, IV, 333; Medieval Village, 294.
108. Ibid.
109. Maine, Ancient Law, 132.
110. Coulton, Panorama, 172, 293; From St. Francis, 293; Lea, Sacerdotal Celibacy, 283; Matthew Paris, I, 83.
111. Davis, Medieval England, 28.
112. Coulton, Panorama, 137, 154.
113. Id., Medieval Village, 295.
114. Ibid., 303; id., Panorama, 197, 204; Social Life, 213; Life, III, 39.
115. Lecky, Morals, II, 335.
116. Coulton, Panorama, 129.
117. Lea, Inquisition in Middle Ages, I, 3.
118. Thatcher, 165-6.
119. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 543.
119a. Jewish Encyclopedia, I, 550.
120. Lea, op. cit., I, 13.
121. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 8.
122. Ibid., 3; Taylor, Medieval Mind, II, 303.
123. Carlyle, R. W., Political Theory, V, 157, 182.
124. Ibid., 162.
125. Encyclopaedia Britannica, II, 370a.
126. Clayton, J., Pope Innocent III, 181.
127. Walsh, J., Thirteenth Century, 370.
128. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 2.
129. In Lea, Inquisition in Middle Ages, I, 129.
130. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 694.
131. Encyclopaedia Britannica, XII, 370b.
132. Coulton, From St. Francis, 275.
133. Funk, I, 358.
134. Coulton, From St. Francis, 277.
135. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 120.
136. Luke Wadding in Coulton, From St. Francis, 277.
137. Ibid., 225.
138. Coulton, Panorama, 165.
139. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 688.
140. Voltaire, XIII, 130.
141. Clapham and Power, 189.
142. Lea, Auricular Confession, III, 17.
143. Taylor, Medieval Mind, II, 303; Thompson, Economic Middle Ages, 689.
144. Id., Feudal Germany, 19.
145. Boissonnade, 82, 243.
146. Ibid., Lacroix, Manners, 12.
147. Fisher, H. L., Medieval Empire, II, 64.
148. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 692.
149. Ibid., 691.
150. Id., Later Middle Ages, 12.
151. Funk, I, 355.
152. Lea, Inquisition in Middle Ages, III, 624.
153. Lavisse, E., Histoire de France, III, 318.
154. Matthew Paris, I, 50.
155. Coulton, Five Centuries, IV, 522.
156. Coulton, Life, I, 36.
157. Milman, V, 139.
158. Porter, Medieval Architecture, II, 164; Coulton, Social Life, 215.
159. Cf. Lea, Inquisition in Middle Ages, I, 21-30, for many instances of ecclesiastical self-reform.
CHAPTER XXVIII
1. Coulton, From St. Francis, 12.
2. Beer, M., Social Struggles in the Middle Ages, 135, 177.
3. Luchaire in Munro and Sellery, 438.
4. Ibid.; Beer, 133.
5. Encyclopaedia Britannica, XXIII, 288b.
6. Coulton, Panorama, 463.
7. Vacandard, Inquisition, 70.
8. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 662.
9. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 21.
10. Sabatier, Life of St. Francis, 43.
11. Matthew Paris, I, 66.
12. Vacandard, 83.
13. Ibid., 74.
14. 91.
15. Luchaire, 444.
16. Vacandard, 77; Beer, 129-31.
17. Coulton, Inquisition and Liberty, 79; Vacandard, 97; Luchaire, 441.
18. Coulton, Inquisition and Liberty, 70; Vacandard, 73; Morey, Medieval Art, 255.
19. Vacandard, 77.
20. Lea, Inquisition in Middle Ages, 1, 103.
21. Rowbotham, 293.
22. Luchaire, 434.
23. Ibid., 436.
24. Lea, I, 120, 133.
25. Thatcher, 209.
26. Lea, I, 139.
27. Ibid., 141.
28. Ibid.
29. 146.
30. 153.
31. 154.
32. Guizot, France, I, 507; Coulton, Life, I, 68.
33. Lea, I, 162.
34. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 490.
35. Lea, 554.
36. Maimonides, Guide to the Perplexed, III, introd., xli.
37. Vacandard, 48.
38. Ibid.
39. 63.
40. 68.
41. Sumner, Folkways, 238.
42. Catholic Encyclopedia, VIII, 28c.
43. Lea, 237.
44. Vacandard, 63.
45. Coulton, Inquisition and Liberty, 49.
46. Vacandard, 37.
47. Lea, 69.
48. Nickerson, H., Inquisition, 61.
49. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 689; Jusserand, 280.
50. Lea, 318.
51. Ibid., 321.
52. Coulton, Inquisition and Liberty, 49.
53. Catholic Encyclopedia, VIII, 29a; Vacandard, 52.
54. Ibid., 119.
55. Coulton, Inquisition, 59; Inquisition and Liberty, 66.
56. Vacandard, 61.
57. Sarton, II (2), 546.
58. Vacandard, 183.
59. Ibid., 163.
60. Davis, Medieval England, 406.
61. Thatcher, 309.
62. Lea, 371; Vacandard, 190.
63. Lea, 381.
64. Ibid., 436.
65. 317.
66. Catholic Encyclopedia, VIII, 31d.
67. Lea, 441.
68. Catholic Encyclopedia, VIII, 31c.
69. Lea, 441.
70. Catholic Encyclopedia, VIII, 32b.
71. Ibid., 32d.
72. Ibid.
73. Coulton, Inquisition, 86.
74. Vacandard, 183.
75. Lea, II, 97.
76. Catholic Encyclopedia, VIII, 33d.
77. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 723; Vacandard, 203.
78. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 689.
79. Vacandard, 144, 178.
80. Lea, I, 549.
81. Ibid., 550.
82. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 723; Vacandard, 196; Lea, I, 551.
83. Ibid., 393.
84. 113.
CHAPTER XXIX
1. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 603.
2. Coulton, Five Centuries, IV. 15.
3. Gilson, E., Philosophy of St. Bonaventure, 31.
4. Coulton, Life, IV, 98.
5. In Coulton, From Francis, 70.
6. Coulton, Life, IV, 238.
7. Lea, I, 35.
8. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 604.
9. Milman, IV, 259.
10. Coulton, Life, IV, 155.
11. Coulton, Five Centuries, IV, 96, 367-77.
12. In Coulton, Life, IV, 199.
13. Caesar of Heisterbach, i, 249, in Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 377; Jocelyn’s Chronicle, in Carlyle, Th., Past and Present, p. 72.
14. Waddell, H., Wandering Scholars, 210.
15. Taylor, Medieval Mind, I, 268.
16. Ibid., 430.
17. Coul
ton, Five Centuries, I, 183.
18. Lacroix, Paul, History of Prostitution, 692.
19. Cf. Longfellow’s “Golden Legend.”
20. Cambridge Medieval History, V, 675.
21. Thompson, Economic History of the Middle Ages, 612.
22. Etienne de Bourbon, Anecdotes, in Coulton, Five Centuries, 1, 79.
23. Ogg, 258.
24. Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 308.
25. Ibid., IV, 165.
26. I, 304.
27. Munro and Sellery, 410.
28. In Gilson, É., La philosophie au moyen âge, I, 92.
29. W. B. Yeats, Introd. to Tagore, R., Gitanjali, xviii.
30. Munro and Sellery, 412.
31. Ibid.
32. Coulton, Five Centuries, I, 305.
33. Ibid., 391.
34. 336.
35. 387.
36. Jörgensen, St. Francis, 12.
37. In Sabatier, 149.
38. Jörgensen, 21.
39. Sabatier, 26; Bonaventure, Life of St. Francis, ch. 1.
40. Sabatier, 59f.
41. Mirror of Perfection, ch. 14.
42. Tres Socii, 35, in Sabatier, 74.
43. Mirror, ch. 69.
44. Ibid., ch. 11.
45. Ibid.
46. Coulton, Panorama, 529.
47. Tres Socii, 38-41.
48. Little Flowers of St. Francis, ch. 8.
49. Ibid., ch. 9.
50. Mirror, ch. 61.
51. Ibid., chs. 29-35.
52. Ibid., ch. 114
53. Little Flowers, ch. 22.
54. Ch. 16.
55. Sabatier, 97.
56. Arnold, M., Essays in Criticism, First Series, 155.
57. Little Flowers, ch. 11.
58. Ch. 24.
59. Sabatier, 229.
60. Ibid., 227.
61. Dr. E. F. Hartung in Time, Mar. 11, 1935.
62. Mirror, ch. 116.
63. Ch. 120.
64. Faure, É., Medieval Art, 398.
65. Text of the will in Sabatier, 337.
66. Milman, V, 242.
67. Cambridge Medieval History, VI, 737f.
68. Matt. Paris, ii, 443, in Coulton, Five Centuries, IV, 170.
69. Ibid., 388.
70. Coulton, From Francis, 101-2.
71. Ibid.
72. Funk, I, 370.
73. Crump, 413.
74. Lea, Sacerdotal Celibacy, 105.
75. Power, E., Medieval People, 64.
76. Little Flowers, ch. 33.
77. E.g., Nun’s Rule (Ancren Riwle), 105, 185.
78. Cf. pp. 294-6.
79. Montalembert, II, 703.
80. Ibid.
81. Lea, Celibacy, 264.
82. Taylor, Medieval Mind, I, 492.
83. Coulton, Panorama, 622.
84. Power, Medieval People, 80.
85. Ibid.
86. Lea, Inquisition in Middle Ages, III, 10-17.
87. Lea, I, 272.
88. Cambridge Medieval History, VII, 789.
89. Sabatier, 52.