by Will Durant
Mathnawi-i-Ma’nawi (al-Rumi), 325
Matilda, Countess of Tuscany, 549, 726, 766, 827
Matilda, daughter of Henry I, 670
Matilda, Queen, 481, 668, 827, 851, 869
matter, 406, 955, 977, 994-997, 1004, 1009
Matthew, 353*, 794
Gospel of, 161
Maud, wife of Henry I, 669
Maurice, 146, 147, 150, 423
Mawsili, Ibrahim al-, 280
Maximus, Magnus Clemens, 25, 47, 80
Maximus of Ephesus, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 20
May Day, 841
Mayeul, Abbot of Cluny, 537
Mazdak, 144, 209, 309
Meadows of Gold and Mines of Precious Stones (al-Masudi), 238, 262
measures and weights, 680, 685
Meath, 82, 496, 499
king of, 500
Mecca, 155*-157, 159-161, 162-171, 182, 183, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 197, 198, 207, 212, 213, 215, 220, 224, 228, 229, 230, 231, 236, 262, 266, 272, 273, 280, 331, 596, 597
mechanics, 990, 995
Mechanics (Hero of Alexandria), 240
Mechilta, 352*
Mechlin, 885, 886
Médard, St., 743
Medical Aphorisms (Maimonides), 408-409
medicaments, 245, 342
medicine, 121-122, 138, 240, 246, 248-249, 288, 330, 334, 341, 352, 371, 372, 395, 403, 408, 429, 438, 456, 457, 476, 497, 505, 530, 720, 826, 913, 915, 917, 919, 920, 923, 924, 997-1003, 1006, 1007, 1013, 1022
Arabic, 245-249, 403, 911, 923
encyclopedia of, 335, 437
Greek, 1084
Italian, 923, 998, 1001
Jewish, 359, 404, 910, 923, 998
medieval, 986
Moslem, 245-249, 330, 342, 1006
Sicilian, 291
Medina (Yathrib), 155*, 156, 163, 166-171, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, 194, 199, 207, 214, 215, 225, 226, 228, 229, 273, 274, 349, 596, 624
Medinat-al-Salam (Baghdad), 232
Mediterranean, 38, 91, 132, 146, 208, 229, 283, 376, 432, 448, 450, 464, 469, 477, 525, 586, 598, 602, 614, 616, 695, 699, 703, 713, 728, 776, 845, 1051
Islam in, 289-291
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 759*
Meir, Rabbi, 351, 353, 355, 359, 364
meistersingers, 1042
Mekor Hayim (ibn Gabirol), 406, 911
Melania, Sts., 51, 78
Melchiades, St., 525, 526
Mellitus, Bishop of London, 487
melody, 896-901
Melior, papal legate, 878
Meloria, naval battle of, 713
Melormus, 854
Melrose, 683, 885
Menachem ben Saruk, 395-396
menagerie, 719, 994
Menas, 130
mendicancy, 465, 831
Meno (Plato), 912, 949
mercenaries, 282, 294, 677, 829
merchants, 157, 270, 282, 294, 370, 385, 432, 436, 447, 448, 553, 565, 617, 620, 631, 643, 647, 680, 685, 700, 709, 711, 771, 829, 839, 841, 845, 980, 1013, 1085
German, 665
Italian, 376, 652, 849, 989, 990
Jewish, 369, 370, 376, 386, 392, 395
Moslem, 447
Oriental, 440
Venetian, 455, 652, 993
Mercia, 483-484, 487, 488, 496, 678
Mercury, 987, 991
Merida, 37, 96, 292
Merlin, 987, 1019, 1045
Merovingians, 91-95
Mersen, Treaty of, 510-511
Merton, battle of, 483
Merv, 200, 207, 231, 237, 312, 317, 321, 329, 339
Merwan II, 195, 196
Mesopotamia, 13, 31, 49, 128, 151, 152, 156*, 188, 196, 202, 204, 206, 231*, 270, 273, 310, 311, 317, 340, 341, 348, 385, 558
Mesrob, 205
Mesrur, 199
Messiah, 169, 184, 217, 230, 305, 314, 356, 372, 384-385, 402, 411, 417
Messina, 290, 599, 704
Straits of, 703
metallurgy, 298, 436, 720
Metalogicon (John of Salisbury), 951
metals, 245, 298, 514, 622-623, 848, 1004
metalworkers, 275, 318, 342, 376, 700, 848
Metamorphoses (Ovid), 1018, 1085
metaphysics, 255, 336, 964, 966, 980, 982, 1006, 1007, 1057
Greek, 953
of Aquinas, 968-969
of Avicenna, 982
Metaphysics (Aristotle), 240, 255, 912, 954, 966
meter, 263, 395, 1022, 1032
Methodius, 535
Metz, 40, 88, 92, 369, 525, 526, 640, 686, 897
Cathedral, 440
Meuse River, 12, 37, 88, 617, 618, 645, 809
Michael I, 528
Michael II the Stammerer, 428, 477
Michael III, 428, 529
Michael IV, 430
Michael V, 430
Michael VI, 430
Michael VIII Paleologus, 652, 765
Michael Angelus, 651
Michael Scot, 386, 720, 911-912, 961, 988
Michelangelo, 1081
Michelet, Jules, 873
Michieli II, Vitale, 708-709
microscope, 238, 925, 1011
Midrash, 352*
midwives, 997
Mieszko I, 660
migration, 343, 445, 450, 555, 560, 642, 913, 1042
German, 473, 832
to Palestine, 392
Slav, 445, 661
Slavic, 447
Milan, 11, 25, 27, 28, 33, 40, 55, 56, 65, 66, 100, 110, 134, 135, 370, 451, 457, 542, 548, 617, 623, 624, 642, 662, 68o, 712, 714, 722, 726, 756, 778, 783, 791, 897, 916, 1063, 1064
Cathedral, 883, 888
military orders, 610-611
millionaires, 285
Milman, Henry Hart, 694*
Milton, John, 124, 489
minarets, 286, 303, 865
mineral rights, 622-623
mineralogy, 992
miniatures, 133-134, 277, 319, 441, 499, 653, 851, 852-853
mining, 118, 207, 298, 436, 514, 622-623, 660, 1004
ministeriales, 665, 1054
Minnedienst, 1039
minnesingers, 901, 1036, 1039-1042, 1058
Minorites, 795-802
minstrels, 279, 484, 684, 838, 840, 901, 1037, 1039, 1054, 1055
mint, Spanish, 294
mintage, 564, 625
miracle plays, 635, 643, 1029
miracles, 59, 60, 351, 354, 364, 416, 442, 456, 522-523, 524, 672, 742, 744, 769, 828, 878, 946, 954, 955, 984, 1019, 1020
Miriam, 185, 215
Mirror of Perfection, see Speculum perfections
mirrors, 289, 850, 1011
Mirsad al-Ibad, 322
Mishna, 185, 211, 226, 350-353, 383, 401, 409, 416
Mishna Torah (Maimonides), 409, 410, 413
Misopogon (Julian), 19
Missa de potatoribus, 900
missals, 846, 852, 906
missionaries, 261, 285, 461, 499, 522, 532, 534, 535, 802, 980
Mithraism, 9, 16, 139
Mixolydian mode, 895
mnemonic aids, 307, 927, 1022
mobs, 390, 391, 392, 771, 777-778, 780, 925
“Model Parliament,” 679, 700
Modena, 42, 642, 662, 712, 918
moderni, 932, 935, 952, 1082
modes, Greek, 895
Moesia, 24, 116, 443
Mohallabi, 210
Mohammed, 4, 93, 97, 151, 155-186, 187, 188, 191, 192, 195, 211, 217, 219, 221, 223, 224, 225, 226, 229, 235, 239, 250, 252, 256, 263, 270, 276, 282, 300, 301, 335, 368, 372, 385, 386, 395, 524, 588, 593, 597, 612, 720, 734, 746, 1068, 1072
influence of, 174
sketch of, 1020
successors of, 187-205
Mohammedan era, beginning of, 166
Mohammedanism, 170, 183, 186, 200, 204, 219, 252, 289, 301, 305, 311, 331-332, 333, 356, 406, 408, 413, 445, 585, 653, 958, 1012, 1083
Mohi, battle of, 658
Moissac, 643
monks of, 773
Moisson, synod at, 540
Molay,
Jacques du, 610
Molloy, King of Desmond, 500
monarchy, 459, 506, 572, 690, 691
absolute, 513, 699
constitutional, 677, 975
French, 783, 930
German, 664
hereditary, 566, 661
Hungarian, 658-659
monasteries, 295, 311, 313, 378, 404, 405, 423, 426, 427, 432, 435, 440, 445, 461, 466, 474, 475, 476, 481, 483, 484, 517, 520, 527, 531, 532, 533, 535, 536, 537, 552, 554, 559, 564, 627, 629, 631, 637, 643, 651, 652, 654, 693, 732, 763, 766, 767, 785-786, 802, 828, 831, 835, 837, 839, 841, 846, 863, 869, 907, 913, 914, 926, 996, 998, 1002, 1024, 1032
Benedictine, 519, 537, 909
Cluniac, 786
Cistercian, 377, 791, 847
English, 683, 853
French, 536, 868
German, 547, 906
Irish, 500
life, regulation of, 754, 785-787
orders, new, 787
reform, 764
monasticism, 51, 57-61, 62, 332, 342, 401, 518, 524, 754, 764, 785-788, 804, 805, 868, 960, 1013
Mondino, 989
money, 369, 555, 566, 625-630, 643, 767, 829
money-changing, 377
moneylenders, 377-379, 385, 392, 436, 627, 631, 669, 975
Mongolia, 208, 339, 340, 616, 655
Mongols, 204, 227, 237, 310, 312, 329, 338-341, 343, 446, 608, 652, 657, 658, 660, 817, 993
Monica, St., 64-66
monks, 401, 426, 527, 753, 891, 1019, 1078
as artists, 846, 864
Benedictine, 445, 534, 645, 805, 869
Cistercian, 666, 695, 788
Cluniac, 864
Dominican, 392, 919
Franciscan, 799, 806, 925
German, 515-516
Irish, 491, 497, 499, 534
Italian, 868
Russian, 650
Sufi, 332
monogamy, 341, 381, 826, 1053
Monologion (Anselm), 933
Monomakh Erand Prince of Kiev, 654
Monophysites, 46, 49, 103, 108, 112, 115-116, 188, 233, 305, 425, 426
monopoly, 378, 619, 635, 1084
monotheism, 261, 364
monothelism, 524-525
Monreale, 705, 852
Cathedral, 705
Mont Ste.-Geneviève, 934, 944, 951
Mont St. Michel, monastery of, 882
Montaigne, Michel Eyquem, Sieur de, 87, 983, 1086
Montaperto, battle of, 725, 727, 730
Monte Cassino, 290, 439, 457, 465, 476, 517, 519, 530, 537, 550, 786, 805, 845, 846, 916, 961
Montecatini, battle of, 1064
Montfort, Simon de (1160?-1218), 603, 775
Montfort, Simon de (1208?-1265), 678-679
months, 402-403
Montpellier, 403, 404, 415-416, 588, 617, 648, 697, 699, 771, 775, 803, 822, 918, 922, 998, 1000
University of, 249, 414, 923, 926
moon, 288, 337, 402, 985, 987, 1011, 1077
Moore, Georg Foote, 351*
Moors, 22, 38, 95, 97, 109, 249, 291, 292, 297-307, 315, 316, 370, 373, 450, 458, 459, 460, 462, 575, 663, 697, 698, 699, 702, 799, 874, 923, 1031
morale, 413, 458, 473, 792
morals, 120-121, 182, 256, 332, 336, 360, 379, 382, 433, 450, 521, 531, 547, 564, 577, 579, 732, 765, 771, 786, 819-844, 929, 931, 933, 938, 973, 1007, 1012, 1015, 1016, 1067, 1083
Anglo-Saxon, 487-488
Christian, 419, 631, 843, 976
clerical, 543
German, 665
in Gaul, 93-94
Islamic, 180-184, 223, 419
Jewish, 378-382, 939
Oriental, 705
Persian, 141
single unity of, 817
of women, 576
Moravia, 444, 535, 657, 660, 661, 663
More, Henry, 418
Morea, see Peloponnesus
Moreh Nebuchim (Maimonides), 411-414
Morgarten, battle of, 687
Morisco style, 315, 316
Morocco (Maghreb), 140, 202, 208, 219, 273, 282, 283, 285, 292, 307, 314, 315, 328, 334, 372, 396, 408
Mort Renart, La, 1054
mortality, 362, 445, 571, 821, 1003
mortgages, 627, 766
mortmain, 679, 766
Mosaic Law, 185
mosaics, 134, 272, 274, 303, 304, 317, 426, 432, 439, 440, 441, 449, 455, 457, 467, 479, 704, 705, 846, 850, 851-852, 856, 857, 876
Moscow, 654, 656
Mosella (Ausonius), 85
Moselle River, 85, 390, 617, 642
Moses, 16, 184, 211, 212, 214, 229, 350, 353, 361, 365, 408, 410, 720, 820, 939
Moses ben Chanoch, 372
Moses ibn Ezra, 397, 398
Moses ben Shem Tob, 417-418
Moses of Salerno, 912
Moses ibn Tibbon, 910
Moslems, 49, 97, 114, 139, 151, 160, 161, 167, 168, 169, 170, 175, 180, 181, 183, 185, 186, 187-344, 353*, 355, 360, 366, 367, 371, 384-385, 387, 395, 405, 407, 408, 410, 416, 418, 424, 425, 426, 428, 429, 430, 432, 442, 444, 447, 458, 460, 461, 465, 525, 554, 579, 588, 590, 592, 596, 599, 600, 604, 607, 610, 617, 629, 647, 692, 697, 698, 700, 703, 711, 717, 719, 721, 732, 734, 777, 780, 792, 798, 898, 966, 978, 982, 987, 988, 992, 996, 1004, 1009, 1056
also see Arabs
mosques, 272-274, 285, 286-287, 291, 293, 302, 311, 313, 316, 317
Mosul, 136, 202, 207, 231, 257, 280, 310, 312, 319, 329, 595
Great Mosque of, 317
motet, 899
Moville, 500, 532
Mowaffaq, al-, 210
“Mozarabs,” 299
Mshatta, 274
Muallaqat, 159
Muawiya I, 171*, 191-193, 230
muezzin, 264
Mugha, 306
Muhajirin, 167
Muhammad ibn Ahmad, 241
Muhammad ibn Hasan, 218
Muhammad, son of Ismail, 261
Muizz, al-, 284
Mukhariq, 280, 281
mullahs, 332
Munich, 391
Munk, Salomon, 406
Munster, 82, 496
Muntasir, al-, 201*, 202
Muqaddasi, Muhammad al-, 228-230, 242, 274
Muqanna, Hashim al-, 209-210
Muqtadir, al-, 209, 233
Muqtafi, al-, 208, 233
murals, 276, 319, 426, 432, 479, 657-658, 851, 853-856
Murcia, 298, 304, 698
murder, 390, 391, 410, 451, 530, 538, 569, 829, 925, 928
Musa ibn Nusayr, 97, 209, 291-292
Musa, son of Jafar al-Sadiq, 261
Musaeus, 124
Muscovy, 656
music, 31, 138, 157, 160, 270, 277, 286, 334, 342, 356, 372, 384, 403, 437-438, 466, 495, 497, 505, 574, 684, 748, 752, 824, 838, 895-902, 915, 928, 1007, 1028, 1085
Byzantine, 1351
Greek, 449
Irish, 499
Islamic, 278-281
musical competition, 280, 895
instruments, 278
notation, 135, 279, 895, 896, 897, 898, 1085
Musical Introduction (Alypius), 135
musicians, 280, 297, 701, 901
Mustakfi, Muhammad al-, 296
Mustanjid, al-, 338
Mustansir, 285, 287, 319
mosque of, 317
Mustasim, al-, 340
Mutadid, al-, 233, 297
Mutamid, al-, 201*, 297, 306-307, 371, 459, 460
Mutanabbi, Ahmad ibn Husein al-, 202, 264-265, 267
Mutasim, al-, 210, 276
Mutassim, Abu Ishaq al-, 201, 251
Mutawakkil, al-, 201, 224, 240, 252, 276
Mutazilites, 249, 250-252, 301, 367, 958
Muthanna, 151
mutilation, 391, 464, 569
Muzaffar I, al-, 409
Mu’jam al-Buldan (Yaqut), 329
Myriobiblion (Photius), 529
mysteries, sacred, 416, 787, 907, 945-946
mystery plays, 515, 643, 752, 1029
mysticism, 332, 337, 338, 395, 402, 416-418, 521, 769, 806, 8
01-811, 857, 959, 967, 979, 1060, 1085
Islamic, 257-262, 342, 1057
Jewish, 416
Oriental, 769
Persian, 324
mythology, 16, 261, 456, 506-508, 984, 1005, 1019, 1032, 1084
Nabati, al-, 329
Nachmanides (Moses ben Nachman), 366, 402, 418
Nadhir, banu-, 168, 169
Nadim, Muhammad al-, 238
Naghzala, Ismail ibn, 296
Nahavand, battle of, 152
Najat (Avicenna), 255
Najmud-din-Razi, 323
Nantes, 474, 615, 617, 931
napkins, 836
Naples, 98, 109, 110, 290, 440, 452, 538, 553, 616, 632, 633, 703, 725, 726, 728, 857, 911, 1000
University of, 720, 910, 919, 961, 963, 998
Napoleon I, 3, 105, 480, 784, 851, 922*, 1016
Naram-Sin, 156
Narbonne, 36, 37, 85, 396, 471, 541, 615, 771, 910, 916
Archbishop of, 758, 774, 814
congregation of, 415
council at, 776, 907
Narses, 110, 451
Nashki script, 277
Nasir, Muhammad al-, 314
Nasir-i-Khosru, 229, 285, 287, 313, 585
Nasir ud-Din al-Tusi, 328
Nathan ben Yechiel, 396
Natural History (Pliny), 984
Nature of Things, The (Neckam), 1015
Nature of Things, The (Thomas of Cantimpré), 1015
Naumburg, 861
Cathedral, 886
Navarre, 293, 462, 695
kingdom of, 458, 459
naves, 865, 866, 867, 871, 872, 881, 882
navigation, 615-616, 991, 994, 996, 1010, 1085
Nayin, Congregational Mosque at, 274
Nazareth, 230, 607
Nazianzen, 55, 62-63, 78
Near East, 50, 51, 55, 58, 59, 188, 192, 202, 206, 207, 218, 225, 236, 245, 249, 254, 263, 282, 326, 343, 375, 404, 454, 528, 585, 586, 589, 625, 706, 892, 895
Nebuchadrezzar, 232, 370*
Neckam, Alexander, 1006, 1013, 1015, 1017
necromancy, 417, 987
Negroes, 209, 210, 216, 831
Nennius, 81, 84, 1045
Neon, Bishop of Ravenna, 132
Neoplatonism, 9-10, 66, 123-125, 138, 244, 251, 258, 337, 406, 407, 416
Neopythagoreanism, 244, 416
Nepos, Julius, 42
nepotism, 464
Nerez, 657
Neri, 730, 731, 1061
Nero, 92, 129
Neroni, Bartolommeo, 889
Nerva, 31, 843
nerves, 956, 1001
Nestorianism, 49, 188, 233, 426
Nestorius, 48-49, 112, 946
neumes, 135, 896, 898, 901
Neustria, 92, 93
New Forest, 667
New Testament, 52, 178, 364, 748, 907
Newcastle, 622
Newfoundland, 504
Newman, John Henry, 398
Niall Glundubh, 497
Niall of the Nine Hostages, 82-83
Nibelungenlied, 40, 496, 508, 1030, 1032-1036, 1044
Niebuhr, Carsten, 155*
Nicaea, 586, 589-590, 651-652