by Deirdre Bair
On May 12, the nurse overseeing Saul Steinberg’s daily evaluations came downstairs and told the assembled friends that she thought he would die that day. Sandy had spent the night shift with him, and he stayed on while Prudence called Hedda and told her to come at once. They left Hedda alone with Saul, holding his hands to fulfill her promise, while they and some others gathered downstairs to wait for the end. As the day went on, someone asked Prudence if she thought she should go up to check on Hedda. When she entered the bedroom, Hedda, still holding Saul’s hands, said, “I don’t think he’s breathing.” Prudence called Sandy to come up, and the three of them sat quietly together for a very long time.
Hedda kept her promise to hold Saul’s hands during his last moments, but he was not aware of it, as a morphine pump had been installed a day or two before and he was unconscious. At the time it was installed, Hedda recalled, Saul knew on some level that the end was coming. “I am dying,” he told her. “I can feel it, but what am I dying for?” His last words to her were “I am still thinking. Can you hear me?”
“Yes,” she told him, “yes.”
EPILOGUE
THE UNCERTAINTY OF HIS PLACE
His choice of media, his use of humor, and his success at The New Yorker contributed to the uncertainty of his place in the art world. After exhibits at Maeght, Janis, and the Whitney retrospective, people still asked “Is it Art?”
Saul Steinberg was cremated and his ashes were buried next to Sigrid Spaeth’s in the small plot enclosed by the white picket fence and beneath the tree she had planted.
Steinberg made his last will and testament on April 16, 1999, naming his attorney, John Silberman, as one of his two executors. He was the only person privy to the will’s content until after Steinberg’s death, when he informed Prudence Crowther that she was to be the co-executor. Before he died, Steinberg had told her that he planned to establish a foundation, but he was not specific about the degree of her involvement.
Silberman set up the Saul Steinberg Foundation, following Steinberg’s directives as described in its mission statement: “a non-profit organization whose mission is to facilitate the study and appreciation of Saul Steinberg’s contribution to 20th-century art.” In his will, Steinberg also appointed two other trustees for the original governing board, John Hollander and Ian Frazier. He also heeded Hollander’s advice that Yale University would make an excellent repository for his holdings, and the will stipulated that with the exception of a specific bequest of eight drawings to the Whitney Museum, his artworks were to be divided between Yale and the Steinberg Foundation: The university’s Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library received his archives and sketchbooks, all works smaller than fifteen by seventeen inches in size, and all the black-and-white New Yorker drawings; the foundation retained all works larger than those given to Yale as well as the copyright to all of Steinberg’s texts and art.
Besides the generous financial bequests to his friends and associates, some of which he had changed from his 1996 will, Steinberg stipulated that his residuary estate was to be divided between his niece and nephew, Dana and Stéphane Roman. They received the New York apartment, the property in Springs, and his personal art collection. He left the library in the New York apartment to Anton van Dalen. Hedda Sterne received her choice of whatever personal property had not been effectively disposed of through his other bequests, and Prudence Crowther was designated to distribute the balance of what remained.
All his wishes were either being attended to or were fully satisfied by the time his family and friends gathered for the memorial service on November 1, 1999, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The invitation featured a playful photo of Steinberg taken by Sigrid Spaeth in which he holds a large leaf that almost covers his face; the program featured another photo, taken by Evelyn Hofer, of an almost smiling Steinberg wearing one of his trademark tweed caps and posing in front of one of the antique postcards in his collection, a Russian street scene that he had enlarged to poster size.
Hedda Sterne chose not to attend the ceremony, but Steinberg’s niece and nephew came from France, and the American cousins attended as well: his uncle Martin’s descendants, Judith Steinberg Bassow and her family, came from Denver, and those of his uncle Harry came from the East and West Coasts. The ceremony began with Gioacchino Rossini’s Duetto buffo di due gatti and ended with one of Steinberg’s favorites (also by Rossini), La Passeggiata. Dr. Torsten Wiesel introduced the six speakers: Leo Steinberg, Norman Manea, John Hollander, Mary Frank, Ian Frazier, and Saul Bellow.
Bellow spoke last, following five moving personal accounts of what the speakers’ friendship with Saul Steinberg meant to them. He was the only one who puzzled and dismayed some in the audience with remarks that seemed to be more about himself than about the man he was supposed to eulogize, offhandedly dismissing the friendship that Steinberg thought was one of kindred souls as little more than occasional meetings imbued with goodwill and cordiality. “Each of us wished the other well,” Bellow said. “But when he … was seriously up against it I had no relief to offer him. I learned with astonishment that he had died of cancer.”
The other tributes reflected the variety of relationships Steinberg had formed throughout his life and revealed many different facets of the man he was. Leo Steinberg described how some of the juxtapositions within Saul Steinberg’s oeuvre were “the most biting satire arriving always in draftsmanship of sweet open-faced innocence, instantly loveable.” Norman Manea offered insights into the friendship that had developed because of his and Steinberg’s shared Romanian heritage, recalling a telephone conversation when Steinberg asked how he was and Manea replied that he was well. Steinberg insisted that that was impossible: “We carry a curse, the place from which we come, we carry it inside us. It doesn’t heal easily. Maybe never.”
John Hollander spoke as the friend who was also a scholar and critic of Steinberg’s work and of how difficult it was to define his place within the broad spectrum of twentieth-century art. Hollander remembered hearing, when he was a perplexed teenager, Steinberg dismissed as a cartoonist even as his work was being shown at MoMA. Hollander said that if the art world persisted in classifying Steinberg as a cartoonist, it might be as one like Daumier but more likely as one akin to William Blake, for like Blake, he was a “visionary intellectual satirist, rather than a narrowly political one.”
Mary Frank came next, surprised by her invitation to speak despite the long and deep friendship with Steinberg that made her an obvious choice. Her remarks were the briefest and the most Steinbergian, to use the adjective that always gave its eponym enormous pleasure whenever he heard it. Frank listed the subjects of some of their conversations over the years: “the dreams of cubes,” “rubber stamps of teeth used by dentists,” whether horizons were “the future or the past,” and “how at dusk, the day (which is painting), turns into night (which is graphics).” She praised Steinberg as “a profound visionary artist who was prophetic from so far back about this country and our lives.” Her remarks touched the audience as she ended on a personal note: “Saul, in dreams I cry over you.”
Ian Frazier evoked a similar response when he told how he found himself seeking the company of others who loved Steinberg just to be able to share memories of the man everyone agreed was “a marvel in nature.” Frazier captivated the listeners as he told of Steinberg’s adventures in teasing the U.S. mail delivery system, citing Hedda Sterne’s contention that “reality accommodated Saul.” Quoting Sterne, Frazier spoke of Saul’s “great tenderness for the world” and of how he would suddenly turn to a friend, put out an arm, and demand, “Embrace me.” “And you would embrace him,” he concluded.
THE MEMORIAL SERVICE TOOK PLACE six months after Steinberg’s death, but the tribute paid by his patria, The New Yorker, came a swift twelve days after he died, when the May 24 issue featured a cover drawing and a three-page spread accompanied by Adam Gopnik’s tribute, which called Steinberg “the greatest artist to be associated with this magazine an
d the most original man of his time.” His death, Gopnik concluded, “takes a world away.”
The obituaries, articles, and other tributes were instantaneous and worldwide, laudatory but nevertheless equivocating, as, like John Hollander in his memorial eulogy, they all addressed the question of where to slot Steinberg within the history of twentieth-century art. None seemed able to take a stand, let alone come to a decision. The Italian newspaper La Repubblica devoted an entire page to an obituary and three related articles that asked and then evaded the question by concentrating instead on Steinberg’s Italian ties and his love of all things Milanese, especially the dialect. In France, Libération also allotted Steinberg a full page, arguing that his fame was such that it would be necessary to invent a special cenotaph in which to place him, while Le Monde agreed that despite his fame as an artist, he was nevertheless impossible to classify. In an appreciation in the New York Observer, Hilton Kramer praised Steinberg as one of the best-known and most admired artists of his time but wondered why, curiously, he was never written about or seldom mentioned in the many historical studies of twentieth-century art.
The question of what to call Steinberg and where to place him preoccupied those who wanted to lay him to rest in a tidy little time line and those who wanted to send him into artistic eternity with honor and praise. A prime example of the dichotomy appeared in the front-page obituary in the New York Times: the headline writer called Steinberg an “epic doodler,” while the writer Sarah Boxer described him in her first sentence as the “metaphysically minded artist and cartoonist” who was solely responsible for raising illustrated comics to fine art. Michael Kimmelman echoed most others when he described Steinberg’s “in-between status in the art world” and wondered why American cartoonists such as R. Crumb were considered major artists while Steinberg was ignored. Art Speigelman was more succinct as he evaded the debate entirely: “He was neither cartoonist nor painter. He was Steinberg.” Boxer gave the most sustained attempt at categorization in her obituary when she repeated much that Harold Rosenberg had written in his essay for the Whitney retrospective catalogue. She noted how many comparisons had tried to place Steinberg among painters like Picasso and Klee, writers like Beckett, Ionesco, and Joyce, and even the film antics of Charlie Chaplin. But then she veered into what almost every other obituary would cite, if not actually stress: that he was known best of all as “the man who did that poster.”
The critic Peter Plagens dubbed Steinberg’s famous poster “the most iconic image in American art since Grant Wood’s American Gothic,” and if the many ways it was used in various media were proof of the contention, it certainly was. “Only he could have dreamed up the poster,” Robert Hughes insisted, while Jean Lemaire called it quite simply “Steinberg’s most famous composition,” Steinberg himself often said he could have retired on that poster if royalties had been paid for all the rip-offs and knockoffs, but, as Boxer wrote, “They weren’t, and he didn’t.”
BUT STILL, WHERE TO PUT HIM? The question proliferated in the years after his death until 2007, when a major retrospective of Saul Steinberg’s art was organized by Joel Smith for the Frances Lehman Loeb Art Center at Vassar College. It then moved to the Morgan Library and Museum in New York before traveling for a full year to other museums throughout the United States. A major publication accompanied the exhibition, Saul Steinberg: Illuminations, and even though it was intended to be the first comprehensive study of Steinberg’s contribution to twentieth-century art, it too raised the question—albeit obliquely— of how to classify Saul Steinberg and where to put him. The jacket copy described how the book was designed to show Steinberg’s evolving vision through his many different kinds of artistic activity and stated the book’s intention as one of raising “fundamental questions about the historiography of modernism and the vexed status of ‘the middlebrow avant-garde’ in an age of museum-bound art.”
Steinberg’s friend Charles Simic wrote a brief introductory essay for the volume that summed it up best: “Seven years after his death, Saul Steinberg is both a familiar name and an artist in need of discovery. This strange, posthumous fate would have puzzled him and confirmed his suspicion that the critics never had any idea what to do with him.” Steinberg addressed this himself, way back in 1973, when he told a newspaper reporter, “I don’t quite belong to the art, cartoon, or magazine world … they just say ‘the hell with him.’ They feel that he who has wings should lay eggs.” He placed his work squarely in “the family of Stendhal and Joyce,” with a half-nod toward Goya. Like them, his purpose was to provoke his audience into looking for something beyond mere perception. “That’s what I’m playing with,” he insisted, “the voyage between perception and understanding.”
In the end, he was content that he had become what he wanted to be: “I am the writer who draws.”
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
When I began the research for this book, I contacted as many of Saul Steinberg’s friends as I could find to ask them to tell me about their friendships. Almost every single time I received the same reaction: a radiant smile would cover their faces and the first thing they would say was usually something along the lines of “Dear Saul. What a wonderful man he was, and oh how I miss him!” They were delighted that a biography was underway and they all offered immediate and generous cooperation.
As we talked about Steinberg’s work, I was particularly intrigued by the stories they told of memorable occasions they had shared, and of the spontaneous drawings Steinberg had made as gifts to commemorate them. They generously offered to let me use those drawings and anything else in their collections that I might need to tell their “Saul stories.” How I wish I could have taken advantage of these vignettes of the friendships that made his life so rich and full. Instead, I had to content myself with writing about but not showing them, because I was constrained by the Saul Steinberg Foundation’s decision to limit my use of his art to a total of thirty-five examples. I was able to secure these permissions through the generosity of Lisa de Kooning, who knew and loved Steinberg all her life and who provided a generous grant from the Willem de Kooning Foundation.
Six of the thirty-five examples of Steinberg’s art were not under the Foundation’s direct control. Three of the six came through the generosity of the trustees of the Hedda Sterne Foundation, all of whom were willing to grant me the use of as many images as I needed in order to tell the story of Saul and Hedda. I regret that the restrictions imposed by the Steinberg Foundation meant that I could use only three. I am grateful to Hedda Sterne’s trustees for their hard work on my behalf as they gathered photocopies of her work and allowed me to choose whatever I wanted. I express my deep gratitude to them: Sarah Eckhardt, Michael Hecht, Sanford Hirsch, Veronique Lindenberg, Gordon Marsh, and Karen Van Lengen. I wish especially to thank the late Hedda Sterne herself, whom it was a privilege and an honor to know. The friendship she gave me and the hours I spent with her in happy conversation will be one of the most important and lasting memories of my professional life.
Anton van Dalen, Steinberg’s studio assistant for forty years, was a good friend to this book. He has most generously contributed the remaining three Steinberg drawings, and some of the photos here are from his private collection. He allowed me to roam at will through the books in Steinberg’s personal library that were bequeathed to him, and he shared his memories and his archives.
Claire Nivola’s collection of Steinbergiana is stunning in its originality and provides such a lovely history of the Nivola family’s important friendship with Steinberg that I regret I could only write about it and not show it. I thank her and her husband, Gus Kiley, for their hospitality and support.
I wish I could write a mini-biography about each of the “friends of Saul” who shared their memories with me, but I must content myself with simply listing their names and assuring them of my gratitude. Among the Steinberg Foundation’s trustees I thank Prudence Crowther, Ian Frazier, Jeffrey Hoffeld, and John Hollander for interviews; John Silberman and D
onn Zaretsky for smoothing prickly paths. Steinberg’s niece and nephew, Daniella and Stèphane Roman, in Paris, Nice, and East Hampton, were generous with family archives and gracious hospitality; so, too, were his cousins, Sol and Judith Steinberg Bassow, from their home in Colorado.
Among Steinberg’s friends whom I wish to thank are: Ellen Adler, Roger Angell, Anna Aragno, Geraldine Aramanda, Dore Ashton, James Atlas, Marion Barthelme, Adam Baumgold, Ann Birstein, Aldo Buzzi, Gabriella Canfield, Ivan Chermayeff, Christo and Jeanne Claude, Arthur Danto, Richard Fadem, Russell Flinchum, Mary Frank, Nathan Garland, Mimi Gross, Elizabeth Hollander, Del Leu, Sabra Loomis, Lee Lorenz, George P. Lynes II, Norman and Cella Manea, James Marcus, Kevin Miserocchi, Eleanor Monro, Ruth Nivola, Vita Peterson, Mark Podwal, Gordon Pulis, Charles Simic, Benjamin Sonnenberg, Jeanne Steig, Jean Stein, Alexander Stille, Mario Tedeschini Lalli, Wendy Weil, Michelle White, and Drenka Willen.
Saul Steinberg left 177 boxes of archives to Yale University’s Beinecke Library. These include personal and professional correspondence, tax returns and financial documents, address books, daily appointment books and calendars, photos, objects collected in his travels and his postcard, stamp, comic book, and other collections. He saved everything, from takeout menus from his neighborhood restaurants to the baby bib crocheted by his mother. It took me almost six months of daily reading to go through these boxes, and as I did I gave thanks that I live in New Haven. The staff at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Collection was unfailingly kind, and I wish to thank Patricia Willis, Karen Nangle, and all those at the front desk who cheerfully grew muscles hoisting my boxes. Other research institutes that aided my research were the Archives of American Art at The Smithsonian Institution, the Tee & Charles Addams Foundation, the University of Chicago Special Collections, The Getty Research Institute Research Library, and the Menil Collection.