by Eric Rutkow
biodiversity, 318, 319
in rain forests, 327
birch, 22, 23
birds, DDT’s effect on, 226–27
black blizzards, 255, 257
Blackstone, William, 56
Bloedel, Sarah Elizabeth, 107
“Bloody Sunday,” 231
Bogalusa, La., 182–88, 237
Boone, Daniel, 63–65, 67, 71, 318
Boone and Crockett Club, 161, 287
Boston, Mass., 79
“Emerald Necklace” system in, 92
Revolutionary-era protests in, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38
Boston Journal, 122
Boston Massacre, 38
Boston News-Letter, 121
Boston Tea Party, 38
Bradford, William, 19–20, 21, 300
Brandis, Dietrich, 156
Brazil, rain forest preservation in, 331–32
Bridger, John, 28–29
Bronx Zoo, 213–14
Brooklyn Eagle, 123
Brotherhood of Timber Workers, 185, 186
Brown, Nelson, 247
Brown v. Board of Education, 282
Bryant, William Cullen, 75, 86, 149, 169
Buchanan, James, 131
buffalo, 318
Bumppo, Nathaniel “Natty,” 66, 67
Bunyan, Paul, 191
Bureau of Land Management, U.S. (BLM), 320, 323
Burger King, 329–30
Burgess, Hugh, 123
Burroughs, John, 290, 291
Bush, George H. W., 321–22, 338, 343
Bush, George W., 324, 339–40, 341
buttonwood, 35, 37
Buttrick, P. L., 212, 213
Byron, Lord, 62
Calaveras Big Trees State Park, 78
Calaveras Grove, 73, 74–75
Calendar of Virginia State Papers, 62
California:
big trees of, 71–78, 98, 146; see also sequoias
bristlecone pines in, 2
Central Valley Project in, 179
heavy rains in, 341
horticultural controls in, 207
logging in, 194
oak tree disease in, 342
orange-growing in, 7, 171–79, 256
California, University of, 197
California Farmer, 76
California Fruit Growers’ Exchange, 176–78
California State Agricultural Society, 172
Callendar, Guy Stewart, 335
Campana, Richard, 224
Campanella, Thomas, 225
Canary Islands, 24
capitalism, industrial, 113, 114, 115, 176, 177, 181, 182–83, 190
carbon emissions, taxing of, 343
Carnegie, Andrew, 113
Carson, Rachel, 226–27, 308
Carson National Forest, 299
Carter, Jimmy, 328–29
Carver, Raymond, 281
Cascades, 189, 283
Catesby, Mark, 43–44
Catskills, 85, 142, 153, 220, 287
cedar, 22, 23, 79
“Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, The” (Twain), 72
cellulose, 120–21, 199
Census, U.S., 141, 297
Central Leather Company, 127
Central Pacific Railroad, 99, 102, 174
Central Park, 87–92, 93, 288
Hooverville in, 244
World War I memorial trees in, 242
Century Magazine, 150, 158, 202, 209
Chamberlain, Calvin, 97
Chapman, John, see Appleseed, Johnny
charcoal, 14, 70, 127, 138
Charles I, King of England, 29
chemicals, industrial, 127
Cheney, Dick, 340
cherry, black, 23, 213
cherry trees, Japanese, 201–3, 204–7, 208–10
chestnut, 23, 104
chestnut, American, 99, 210–11
decimation of, 5, 213–18, 223
sprouting ability of, 212, 217
uses of, 211–13
chestnut, Chinese, 216
Chicago, Ill., 109, 116
1871 fire in, 119
Chicago Tribune, 253
Chinese Diaspis, 208
Chippewa Logging Company, 114
Chippewa River, 110–11, 112–13
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 337
Choctaw, 182
Cincinnati, Ohio, elm planting in, 221
Citrus Belt, 172, 175, 179
Civil Disobedience (Thoreau), 82
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 250–54, 293, 302
Civil War, U.S., 93, 101, 115, 122, 181
clapboard, 273
Clark, William, 49–50, 71
Clay, Henry, 39
Clements, Frederic, 303
Clemons, Charles H., 284
Clemons Tree Farm, 287
Cleveland, Grover, 134, 138, 158, 159, 182
climate change:
combatting of, 7, 337–40, 341, 342, 343
deforestation and, 335–36
and developing world, 338–39, 343
effects of, 332, 341–42
and forest fires, 332, 333, 341–42
media coverage of, 333, 338, 341
public awareness of, 334
scientific consensus on, 338, 340, 341
scientific debate over, 334–36, 337
and tree-ring dating, 2
Cline, McGarvey, 197, 198
Clinton, Bill, 316, 317, 322, 323, 338, 339
Clinton, George, 53
coal, 14, 69, 100, 103
Coca-Cola, 178
Coit, J. Eliot, 176
coke, 70
Colden, Cadwallader, 41
Cold War, 281
Coleman Gas Lamp Company, 292
Collinson, Peter, 40, 42–43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 56, 203–4
“Colossus,” 102
Columbus, Christopher, 11–12, 171
Colvin, Verplanck, 139, 140
Concord, Mass., 78–79, 81
Coney Island, 328
Congress, U.S.:
Dutch elm disease eradication funding in, 225
environmentalism in, 309, 313–14, 315, 318–19, 338
forest recreation issues in, 292, 294–95, 305
Forest Reserve Act in, 157–58
forestry research proposals in, 197, 199
Kansas-Nebraska Act in, 130
National Parks Bill in, 151, 152
Nelson’s environmental agenda in, 313–14
New Deal initiatives in, 251, 252, 253, 254, 257, 258, 259, 260
paper industry protectionism in, 125–26
plant control bill in, 207, 210
spotted owl controversy in, 321
Sundry Civil Bill of 1897 in, 159–60
Timber Culture Act in, 137
wilderness legislation in, 305, 306
World War II airplane program allocation in, 229
conifers:
in shipbuilding, 14–15
see also fir, Douglas; pine, bristlecone; pine, longleaf; pine, white
Connecticut:
Charter Oak in, 35
Dutch elm disease in, 223
Conservation International, 329
conservation movement:
forestry’s divergence from, 158, 162, 166
Muir’s involvement in, 150, 151, 152, 158–59, 166
opposition to, 150–51
origins of, 93–98
see also environmental movement; forestry
Constitutional Convention, 53
Coolidge, Calvin, 138, 292, 293
Cooper, James Fenimore, 65–67, 220
Cooper, Susan Fenimore, 78
Cooperative Forest Fire Prevention campaign, 266
Copeland Report, 284
coppicing, 212
Cornell, Ezra, 113
Cornell University, 113, 161
Cosby, Spencer, 209
Cosmopolitan, 190
cottony cushion scale, 174, 175
Cowell, Adrian, 328
crab apples, 40, 55, 56
Crabgrass Frontier (Jackson), 269
Crack in the Picture Window, The (Keats), 281
Crèvecoeur, St. John de, 57, 63, 65, 68
Cronon, William, 306
crown gall, 208
Culpepper, Thomas, 16
Currey, Donald, 1, 2–4, 9
Cuyahoga River, 309
cypress, bald, 181, 182
Dacus, Sol, 186–87
Dallas, Tex., elm planting in, 221
dams, 166, 304–5
Declaration of Independence, 39
Deepwater Horizon, 311
Deetz, James, 272
Del Fuegos, 330
DeLoach, R. J. H., 291
Democratic Party, U.S., 238, 244, 310, 338
dendrochronology, see tree-ring dating
Denkmann, F. C. A., 107, 110
Detroit, Mich., elm planting in, 221
dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), 226–27
Dickens, Charles, 103, 219
Dingley Tariff, 126
Dinosaur National Monument, 304
Discourse of Western Planting, A (Hakluyt), 12, 15, 16
Discovery of Global Warming, The (Weart), 334
Discovery, Settlement and Present State of Kentucke, The (Filson), 63
Disney Studios, 264
Disque, Brice, 228–29, 231–39
Divers Voyages (Hakluyt), 12
Dodge brothers, 289
dogwood, 23
Dolbeer steam donkey, 191
“Don’t Bungle the Jungle,” 330
Dowd, Augustus T., 72, 73
Downing, Andrew Jackson, 85–87, 88, 89, 93, 220
Drake, Francis, 17
Droze, Wilmon, 258
Dunbar, David, 30
Dust Bowl, 255
Dutch elm disease (DED), 222–27, 252, 308, 342
Dwight, Timothy, 31
Dwyer, William, 321, 323
Earth as Modified by Human Action, The (Marsh), 98
Earth Day:
creation of, 312–13, 314–15, 326
growth of, 316, 331
Earth in the Balance (Gore), 338
Earth Summit, 338
East:
chestnuts in, 211, 212, 214, 217
elms in, 218–19, 220
national forests in, 251
reforestation in, 346
East India Company, 38
ebony, 327
Echo Park, 304–5
ecology, 83, 303, 318, 344
Ecology, 4
Edison, Thomas Alva, 269, 290, 291
Ehrlich, Paul, 312
Elements of Botany (Barton), 49
Eliot, Deacon, 33
Eliot, John, 34
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 12, 14, 16
elm, American, 35, 201
beauty of, 218
cultivation of, 218–21, 224
decimation of, 221–27, 252
hardiness of, 220–21
as Liberty Tree, 34, 219
elm, English, 218–19, 222
elm burls, 222–23
Elm Tree Association, 220
emerald ash borer, 342
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 79–80, 82, 83, 145, 146, 287
eminent domain, 88
Endangered Species Act (ESA), 318–19, 320
energy, renewable, 7
Enlightenment, 41
Eno, Amos, 153
environmental movement, 308–44
African Americans in, 315
biodiversity as focus of, 318, 319
celebrity involvement in, 322, 330–31
and climate change, 336
corporate targeting by, 329–30
early twentieth-century, 297, 304–7
Earth Day and, 312–13, 314–15, 326
globalization of, 316, 325, 328–29, 332
legislation in, 315, 318–19
logging industry’s conflict with, 319–23
media coverage of, 312, 313, 314, 315, 325, 330, 331
opposition to, 315–16, 320, 322, 324, 329, 338, 339–40, 341
philosophy of, 311–12
rain forest preservation and, 324–32
Environmental Protection Agency, U.S., 315
Environmental Teach-In, Inc., 312
eucalyptus, 256
Eulogy on Colonel Boon (Byron), 62
Europe:
American tree trade with, 43–44, 46
deforestation in, 96
elm disease in, 221–22, 224–25, 227
environmental movement in, 326
horticultural controls in, 207
industrial revolution in, 68, 347
North American “cultural degeneracy” theory in, 47–48, 56
professional forestry in, 154, 155, 156, 283
public parks in, 86
scientific advancement in, 40–41, 44
suburbia in, 280
World War I forest destruction in, 243
World War I timber requirements in, 240–41
Exxon Valdez, 311
Factories in the Field (McWilliams), 176
Fairchild, David, 203–5, 206, 208, 209, 210, 216
Fairchild, Lucius, 119, 120
Fairchild, Marian, 204
Fallen Timbers, Battle of, 55, 61
Faneuil Hall, 35
farming, 129
and deforestation, 67, 108, 109
and forestry, 285
in Great Plains, 134, 136, 137, 256
industrial capitalism in, 176, 177
midwestern, 109, 176
in New York, 248
orange, 7, 168, 169, 170–79, 256
in South, 176
“Features of the Proposed Yosemite National Park” (Muir), 151
Fernow, Bernhard, 155, 156, 160, 196, 285
Filson, John, 63, 67
fir, 125
fir, Douglas, 129, 188–89, 197, 236, 237, 243, 247, 274, 283
fir, Riga, 15, 23, 26, 32
fire balloons, 265
Firestone, Harvey, 290, 291
First Continental Congress, 38
Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. (FWS), 320, 321, 342
Five Points, 84
Flagler, Henry, 168–71
Flint, Timothy, 67
Florida:
commercial development of, 169–70
orange-growing in, 7, 168, 169, 170–71, 174
Florida East Coast Railway, 169–70
Flower, Roswell P., 143
Ford, Henry, 288–90, 291, 292
Ford Motor Company, 289
forest fires, 115–20, 139, 154, 347
and climate change, 332, 333, 341–42
and industrialization, 116–17, 120, 138, 192, 283
logging industry’s response to, 192–93
non-industrial causes of, 262
protection against, 142, 252, 261–65, 266–67
railroads as cause of, 103, 116, 117, 142
“Forest Hymn, A” (Bryant), 149
Forest Products Laboratory (FPL), 198–200, 274
Forest Reserve Act, 157–58
forestry, 153–67
Depression-era initiatives in, 249–54, 255, 256–60, 261, 293, 298, 302
early American efforts in, 154, 155, 157, 158, 160–61
economic argument for, 158, 162, 246, 323
European, 154, 155, 156, 283
expansion of, 162, 163, 164, 284, 298, 344
and farming, 285
FDR’s early interest in, 245–49, 283
and logging industry, 157, 159, 162, 163, 187, 192–93, 197
opposition to, 157, 159, 162, 164, 166, 247
philosophy of, 165, 167
Pinchot’s involvement in, 153–57, 158–59, 160–61, 162–64, 166, 167, 196–97, 198, 246, 250, 283, 284, 298
public awareness of, 166
training facilities for, 161
see also forests, national
forests:
Adirondack, 137–38
in Civil War, 9
3
and climate change, 335–36, 342
colonial-era dangers in, 20, 41–42
colonial shelters in, 22
destruction of, 5, 68, 78, 79, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 108, 109, 115, 126, 127, 128, 139, 140, 154, 157, 179–80, 187, 220, 243, 283, 344; see also forest fires; logging; rain forests, destruction of
in developing world, 326–27, 328
extent of, 7–8, 15, 129, 345–46
government protection of, 142, 149, 157–58; see also forestry; forests, national
ideological views on, 345–47
jobs dependent on, 6
Native Americans’ influence on, 20
old growth, 317–18
ownership of, 285
in Pacific Northwest, 188–89
recreation in, 138, 220, 287
renewable, 286–87; see also tree planting
sheep grazing in, 149, 150
Southern, 180, 181
Thoreau’s writings on, 82–83
vocabulary based on, 62
see also rain forests; trees
forests, national:
access to, 288
administration of, 158, 159, 160, 162, 163, 164, 294, 295, 305
Civilian Conservation Corps work in, 252
creation of, 5, 145, 158, 251, 287
expansion of, 159, 164–65, 190
grazing in, 299
logging in, 159, 293–94, 295, 299, 300, 319, 320–21, 323
old growth in, 317–18, 319, 320, 324
recreation in, 6, 287–88, 292–93, 294, 295–96, 299, 300–301, 305, 307
road construction in, 292, 293, 299, 303
in Southwest, 298
wilderness areas in, 299–303, 304–6
wildlife protection in, 319
see also parks, national
Forest Service, U.S., 193, 280
Civilian Conservation Corps administration by, 250
climate change position of, 342, 343
creation of, 163
expansion of, 164, 298
in fire prevention initiative, 263, 265
forest recreation policy of, 292, 294, 295
logging industry’s relationship with, 294, 299, 319
Pinchot’s leadership of, 163, 164, 166, 196–97, 198
in Prometheus incident, 1, 3, 4
research by, 196–200
in Shelterbelt project, 256–57, 258, 259, 261
Use Book of, 164, 288
varmint eradication policy of, 299, 318
wilderness policy of, 301–2, 303, 305
wildlife protection by, 319, 321, 323
Forest Stewardship Council, 287
formica, 274
Forsman, Eric, 317, 321, 324
Fort Vancouver, 189
Founding Fathers, horticultural interests of, 50, 51, 52–53
Fourier, Joseph, 334
France:
American horticultural trade with, 47, 53
in Citizen Genêt Affair, 49
colonial mast trade with, 33
forestry in, 155
post–World War I reforestation of, 243
reforestation in, 47
World War I forestry in, 240–41
Franklin, Benjamin, 44–45, 47, 53, 69
Franklin stove, 69
Franklinia, 345