by Ron Chernow
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid., 21.
62. PUSG, 13:299. Letter to Elihu B. Washburne, January 23, 1865.
63. Ibid., 10:274. Letter to Maj. Gen. George G. Meade, April 9, 1864.
64. Ibid.
65. Waugh, U. S. Grant, 78.
66. Nevins and Thomas, The Diary of George Templeton Strong, 3:416. Diary entry for March 18, 1864.
67. Girardi, The Civil War Generals, 67.
68. Foote, The Civil War, 3:123.
69. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 47.
70. Grant, Memoirs, 2:476.
71. Young, Around the World, 384.
72. Korda, Clouds of Glory, 345.
73. Foote, The Civil War, 3:547.
74. Korda, Clouds of Glory, 67–68.
75. Wineapple, Ecstatic Nation, 251.
76. Pryor, Reading the Man, 320.
77. Foote, The Civil War, 1:478.
78. GPL. S2 B24 F15. “Interview with James Longstreet.” HGP.
79. Grant, Memoirs, 2:748.
80. Foote, The Civil War, 2:37.
81. Korda, Clouds of Glory, 320.
82. Waugh, U. S. Grant, 188.
83. Pryor, Reading the Man, 416.
84. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, 370. Diary entry for February 1, 1865.
85. Ibid., 401.
86. Ibid., 409.
87. Paine, Mark Twain’s Notebook, 116.
88. Foreman, A World on Fire, 606.
89. Wineapple, Ecstatic Nation, 224.
90. New York Herald, July 24, 1878.
91. Catton, Grant Takes Command, 147.
92. Simpson, Ulysses S. Grant, 270.
93. GPL. S2 B13. “Rawlins Papers.” Letter from John A. Rawlins to Mary E. Rawlins, April 23, 1864. JHWP.
94. Badeau, Military History of Ulysses S. Grant, 55.
95. Grant, Memoirs, 2:463.
96. PUSG, 10:302. Letter to Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Butler, April 17, 1864.
97. Ibid., 306. Letter to Maj. Gen. David Hunter, April 17, 1864.
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: RAGING STORM
1. PUSG, 10:377. Letter to Julia Dent Grant, April 30, 1864.
2. Ibid., 380. Letter from Abraham Lincoln, April 30, 1864.
3. Ibid. Letter to Abraham Lincoln, May 1, 1864.
4. Ammen, “Recollections and Letters of Grant. Part 1.”
5. PUSG, 10:394. Letter to Julia Dent Grant, May 2, 1864.
6. Ibid.
7. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 37.
8. Washburne, Biography, 327.
9. Perret, Ulysses S. Grant, 307.
10. Cadwallader, Three Years with Grant, 175.
11. Grant, Memoirs, 2:524.
12. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 42.
13. PUSG, 15:169. Letter to Edwin M. Stanton, June 20, 1865.
14. Foote, The Civil War, 3:148.
15. Badeau, Military History of Ulysses S. Grant, 99.
16. Pryor, Reading the Man, 417.
17. PUSG, 10:397. Telegram to Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, May 4, 1864.
18. Badeau, Military History of Ulysses S. Grant, 100.
19. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 46.
20. Ibid., 63.
21. Catton, Grant Takes Command, 185.
22. Ibid., 189.
23. Ibid., 192.
24. Grant, Memoirs, 2:527.
25. Washburne, Biography, 332.
26. Catton, Grant Takes Command, 195.
27. Smith, Grant, 327.
28. Foreman, A World on Fire, 609.
29. Ibid., 612.
30. Grant, Memoirs, 2:531.
31. Simpson, Ulysses S. Grant, 297.
32. Badeau, Military History of Ulysses S. Grant, 120.
33. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 72.
34. Curtis, The Correspondence of John Lothrop Motley, 2:211. Letter from Dr. O. W. Holmes, October 10, 1865.
35. Simpson, Ulysses S. Grant, 298.
36. Grant, Memoirs, 2:534.
37. Foote, The Civil War, 3:185–86.
38. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 71.
39. Beckwith, “With Grant in the Wilderness, by His ‘Shadow.’”
40. Foote, The Civil War, 3:187.
41. Ibid., 186.
42. Holzer, Lincoln and the Power of the Press, 47.
43. Wilson, Rawlins, 218.
44. Grant, Memoirs, 2:534.
45. Donald, Lincoln, 501.
46. Dorsett, “The Problem of Ulysses S. Grant’s Drinking During the Civil War.”
47. GPL. S2 B13 F26. “Walt Whitman.”
48. New York Herald, September 12, 1876.
49. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 66.
50. Badeau, Military History of Ulysses S. Grant, 134.
51. Smith, Grant, 338.
52. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 79.
53. Foote, The Civil War, 3:190.
54. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 78.
55. GPL. S2 B13 F38. “James H. Wilson Journal.” Letter from Charles A. Dana to Edwin Stanton, May 8, 1864. JHWP.
56. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 291.
57. Wilson, Rawlins, 217.
58. Burlingame, Lincoln Observed, 108.
59. Foote, The Civil War, 3:375.
60. McPherson, Tried by War, 219.
61. Foote, The Civil War, 3:191.
62. Washburne, Biography, 341.
63. Foote, The Civil War, 3:204.
64. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 84.
65. Ibid.
66. Sheridan, Memoirs, 1:370.
67. Grant, Memoirs, 2:497.
68. Sheridan, Memoirs, 1:387.
69. Foote, The Civil War, 3:198.
70. PUSG, 10:415. Letter to Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, May 9, 1864.
71. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 89.
72. Catton, Grant Takes Command, 217.
73. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 90.
74. PUSG, 10:418–19. Telegram to Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, May 10, 1864.
75. USGH. “Interview with M. Harrison Strong.”
76. Smith, Grant, 348.
77. Badeau, Military History of Ulysses S. Grant, 163.
78. The New York Times, March 17, 1881.
79. Washburne, Biography, 343.
80. PUSG, 10:434. Letter to Edwin M. Stanton, May 13, 1864.
81. Simpson, Ulysses S. Grant, 307.
82. Wilson, Rawlins, 219.
83. PUSG, 10:422. Letter to Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, May 11, 1864.
84. Waugh, U. S. Grant, 86.
85. Catton, Grant Takes Command, 295.
86. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 731.
87. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 57.
88. McFeely, Grant, 166.
89. Sheridan, Memoirs, 1:452.
90. Cincinnati Gazette, October 5, 1880.
91. PUSG, 10:427. Telegram to Maj. Gen. George G. Meade, May 11, 1864.
92. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 101.
93. Smith, Grant, 350.
94. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 101.
95. Ibid., 104.
96. Foote, The Civil War, 3:217.
97. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 730.
98. Campi, Civil War Battlefields, 99.
99. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 110.
100. Dana, Recollections of the Civil War, 197.
101. Holmes, Touched with Fire, 117.
102. PUSG, 10:444. Letter to Julia Dent Grant, May 13, 1864.
103. Catton,
Grant Takes Command, 235–36.
104. GPL. S2 B54 F14. “Interview with General Henry Heth.” HGP.
105. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 119.
106. PUSG, 10:443–44. Letter to Julia Dent Grant, May 13, 1864.
CHAPTER NINETEEN: HEAVENS HUNG IN BLACK
1. Bunting, Ulysses S. Grant, 220.
2. PUSG, 10:477. Telegram to Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, May 22, 1864.
3. Foreman, A World on Fire, 615.
4. PUSG, 10:460. Telegram from Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, May 17, 1864.
5. Burlingame, Lincoln Observed, 109.
6. Holmes, Touched with Fire, 122.
7. Wilson, Rawlins, 198–99.
8. Donald, Lincoln, 500.
9. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 127.
10. Badeau, Military History of Ulysses S. Grant, 208.
11. PUSG, 10:464. Letter to Maj. Gen. George G. Meade, May 18, 1864.
12. Smith, Grant, 359.
13. Catton, Grant Takes Command, 249.
14. Simpson, Ulysses S. Grant, 320.
15. PUSG, 10:480. Telegram to Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, May 23, 1864.
16. Foote, The Civil War, 3:273–74.
17. McPherson, “Our Monstrous War.”
18. Foote, The Civil War, 3:275.
19. Badeau, Military History of Ulysses S. Grant, 262.
20. PUSG, 10:491. Letter to Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, May 26, 1864.
21. Foote, The Civil War, 3:279.
22. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 164.
23. GPL. S2 B13. “Rawlins Letters.” Letter from John A. Rawlins to Mary E. Rawlins, May 30, 1864. JHWP.
24. Badeau, Military History of Ulysses S. Grant, 279.
25. Holmes, Touched with Fire, 138.
26. Simpson, Ulysses S. Grant, 323.
27. McFeely, Grant, 159.
28. PUSG, 11:5. Letter to Julia Dent Grant, June 1, 1864.
29. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 735.
30. Foote, The Civil War, 3:290.
31. Keegan, The American Civil War, 247.
32. Foote, The Civil War, 3:292.
33. McFeely, Grant, 171.
34. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 735.
35. PUSG, 11:9. Telegram to Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, June 3, 1864.
36. GPL. S2 B13 F38. “James H. Wilson Journal.” Letter from Charles A. Dana to Edwin Stanton, June 3, 1864. JHWP.
37. Ibid. S2 B13. “Rawlins Letters.” Letter from John A. Rawlins to Mary E. Rawlins, June 4, 1864. JHWP.
38. PUSG, 15:176. Letter to Edwin M. Stanton, June 20, 1865.
39. Bean, “Memoranda of Conversations Between General Robert E. Lee and William Preston Johnston.”
40. Grant, Memoirs, 2:588.
41. LoC. USGP. Series 4, Vol. 8. Original manuscript of Grant’s Memoirs.
42. Young, Around the World, 310.
43. USGH. “Interview with W. W. Smith.” HGP.
44. Beckwith, “With Grant in the Wilderness, by His ‘Shadow.’”
45. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 184.
46. PUSG, 11:17. Letter to Gen. Robert E. Lee, June 5, 1864.
47. Ibid., 22. Letter to Gen. Robert E. Lee, June 6, 1864.
48. Ibid., 26–27. Letter to Gen. Robert E. Lee, June 7, 1864.
49. McPherson, “Grant: A Biography.”
50. New York Herald, July 24, 1878.
51. Missouri Democrat, May 31, 1866.
52. Catton, Grant Takes Command, 301.
53. Pittsburgh Times, June 17, 1881.
54. PUSG, 15:175. Letter to Edwin M. Stanton, June 20, 1865.
55. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 742.
56. Foote, The Civil War, 3:295.
57. Beale, Diary of Gideon Welles, 3:275. Diary entry for February 8, 1868.
58. Foner, Fiery Trial, 303.
59. Waugh, U. S. Grant, 94.
60. “Stories of Grant.” Chicago Daily Tribune, April 12, 1885.
61. Donald, Lincoln, 513.
62. Ibid., 515.
63. Ibid., 513.
64. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 742.
65. Taliaferro, All the Great Prizes, 84.
66. Stevens, Grant in St. Louis, 82.
67. Smith, Grant, 366.
68. Washburne, Biography, 351.
69. Catton, Grant Takes Command, 282.
70. PUSG, 11:55. Letter to Julia Dent Grant, June 15, 1864.
71. Simpson, Ulysses S. Grant, 344.
72. PUSG, 11:45. Telegram from President Abraham Lincoln, June 15, 1864.
73. Kazin, “The Generals in the Labyrinth.”
74. Missouri Democrat, May 31, 1866.
75. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 740.
76. Simpson, Ulysses S. Grant, 339.
77. Foreman, A World on Fire, 634.
78. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 741.
79. PUSG, 32:70. Letter to Henry Wilson, December 8, 1864.
80. Stahr, Seward, 403.
81. Julia Grant, Memoirs, 131.
82. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 217.
83. Foote, The Civil War, 3:443.
84. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 217.
85. Ibid.
86. Ibid., 218.
87. Ibid., 218–19.
88. Ibid., 219–20.
89. EBC. Letter from Adam Badeau to Edwin Booth, June 27, 1864.
90. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 220.
91. Ibid.
92. Ibid., 223.
93. EBC. Letter from Adam Badeau to Edwin Booth, June 27, 1864.
94. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 223.
95. Donald, Lincoln, 516.
96. Ibid.
CHAPTER TWENTY: CALDRON OF HELL
1. Nevins and Thomas, The Diary of George Templeton Strong, 3:464. Diary entry for July 1, 1864.
2. FL. JSPP. Box 273, letter 173. Letter from Charles A. Dana to James S. Pike, July 10, 1864.
3. PUSG, 11:141. Telegram to Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, June 28, 1864.
4. Ibid., 32:65. Letter to Jesse Root Grant, July 5, 1864.
5. Ibid., 11:176. Letter to J. Russell Jones, July 5, 1864.
6. Korda, Clouds of Glory, 564.
7. PUSG, 11:170. Telegram to Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, July 5, 1864.
8. Marszalek, Commander of All Lincoln’s Armies, 206.
9. Grant, Memoirs, 2:606.
10. PUSG, 11:199. Telegram from President Abraham Lincoln, July 10, 1864.
11. Catton, Grant Takes Command, 313.
12. GPL. S2 B13. “Rawlins Letters.” Letter from John A. Rawlins to Mary E. Rawlins, July 11, 1864. JHWP.
13. McPherson, Tried by War, 226.
14. Korda, Clouds of Glory, 405.
15. Donald, Lincoln, 518.
16. PUSG, 11:242–43. Letter to Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, July 14, 1864.
17. Ibid., 253. Telegram from Charles A. Dana to Brig. Gen. John A. Rawlins, July 15, 1864.
18. Ibid., 280. Telegram to President Abraham Lincoln, July 19, 1864.
19. Ibid. Telegram from President Abraham Lincoln, July 20, 1864.
20. Ibid., 9:477. Letter to Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, November 12, 1863.
21. Longacre, Army of Amateurs, 176.
22. Snell, From First to Last, 325.
23. Smith, From Chattanooga to Petersburg, 9.
24. PUSG, 11:208. Letter from Gen. William F. Smith to Senator Solomon Foot, July 30, 1864.
25. Smith, From Chattanooga to Petersburg, 174–75.
26. Longacre, Army of Amateurs
, 177.
27. GPL. S2 B10 F66. Letter from John A. Rawlins to Mary E. Rawlins, June 29, 1864.
28. Longacre, Army of Amateurs, 177.
29. PUSG, 11:156. Letter from Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, July 3, 1864.
30. Longacre, Army of Amateurs, 181.
31. Smith, From Chattanooga to Petersburg, 52.
32. Ibid., 131–32.
33. Catton, Grant Takes Command, 256.
34. Chicago Daily Tribune, January 22, 1887.
35. PUSG, 11:210. Letter from John A. Rawlins to Mary E. Rawlins, July 19, 1864.
36. Ibid. Letter from Assistant Secretary of War Charles A. Dana to John A. Rawlins, July 11, 1864.
37. Grant, Memoirs, 2:503.
38. Foote, The Civil War, 3:323.
39. Ibid., 400.
40. Keegan, The American Civil War, 330.
41. Sherman, Memoirs, 573.
42. Foote, The Civil War, 3:415.
43. Julia Grant, Memoirs, 326.
44. Ibid.
45. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 244.
46. Grant, Memoirs, 2:506.
47. Beckwith, “With Grant in the Wilderness, by His ‘Shadow.’”
48. PUSG, 11:397. Letter to Lydia Slocum, August 10, 1864.
49. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 758.
50. Grant, Memoirs, 2:607.
51. Foreman, A World on Fire, 641.
52. Grant, Memoirs, 2:771.
53. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 759.
54. PUSG, 13:142. “Testimony,” December 20, 1864.
55. Catton, Grant Takes Command, 321.
56. Wilson, Rawlins, 249.
57. Foote, The Civil War, 3:535.
58. Catton, Grant Takes Command, 322.
59. Grant, Memoirs, 2:612.
60. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 264.
61. Ibid., 267.
62. Faust, This Republic of Suffering, 46.
63. Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 269.
64. Young, Around the World, 300.
65. PUSG, 13:140. “Testimony,” December 20, 1864.
66. Ibid., 11:363. Letter from Lt. Col. Theodore S. Bowers to Brig. Gen. James H. Wilson, August 1, 1864.
67. Ibid. Letter from Lt. Col. Theodore S. Bowers to Brig. Gen. James H. Wilson, August 2, 1864.
68. Foote, The Civil War, 3:538.
69. Waugh, U. S. Grant, 92.
70. Beale, Diary of Gideon Welles, 2:92. Diary entry for August 2, 1864.
71. GPL. S2 B18 F69. “Abraham Lincoln.”
72. Sheridan, Memoirs, 1:461.
73. PUSG, 11:358. Telegram to Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, August 1, 1864.
74. Ibid., 360. Telegram from Abraham Lincoln, August 3, 1864.