14Summers, op. cit., p. 51.
15Chisholm, Emigration and Transportation Relatively Considered, pp. 7–8.
16Chisholm, Female Immigration Considered, p. 37.
17ACTU Worksite, History of the Gender pay gap, http://worksite.actu.org.au/equal-pay-equal-value/
18David Mackenzie, op. cit., p. 93.
19The Argus, Saturday, 17 February 1855, p. 5.
20Walker, op. cit., p. 144.
21Margaret Alic, Hypatia’s Heritage: A History of Women in Science from Antiquity to the Late Nineteenth Century, The Women’s Press, 1986, p. 182.
22Chisholm, Female Immigration Considered, pp. 45–48.
23Ibid., pp. 45–48.
24Ibid., p. 48.
Chapter 9: The Trouble with Men
1Thomas Callaghan was an impecunious Dublin lawyer who landed in Sydney in 1839, being admitted to the Bar within six days of arriving. From early 1840 until mid-1845 he kept a diary, which gives a fascinating insight into not just the legal world but also the social world of Sydney at that time. Callaghan and Caroline moved in much the same circles and had many friends and acquaintances in common. The diary reveals that Callaghan first met Caroline at the home of Ann and Roger Therry, and that he was greatly attracted to her. See Callaghan, op. cit, especially the entry for Tuesday, 22 February 1842.
2The Sydney Herald, Tuesday, 19 April 1842, p. 2.
3Ibid.
4Sidney, Three Colonies of Australia, p. 140; also Matthew French, “Private Criminal Prosecutions: Caroline Chisholm: The Carthaginian Case and Private Prosecutions in Mid-Nineteenth Century New South Wales”, University of Notre Dame, Sydney, https://mrschisholmdotcom.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/private-criminal-prosecutions_-matthewfrench1.pdf
5The Australasian Chronicle, Saturday, 23 April 1842, p. 2.
6Therry, op. cit., p. 222.
7Ibid., p. 223.
8Callaghan, op. cit., p. 116.
9Ibid., p. 116.
10Ibid., p. 117.
11Ibid., p. 117.
12Ibid., pp. 123–24.
13Ibid., p. 151.
14Ibid., p. 156.
15Hoban, op. cit., pp. 81–82.
16John Molony, The Native-Born: The First White Australians, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 2000, p.61.
17Eneas Mackenzie, Memoirs, p. v.
18Ibid., p. 143.
19Sidney, Emigrants’ Journal, p. 271.
20Thanks to Mrs Don (Judith) Chisholm for the family story, told during an interview in Sydney in 2016.
21Callaghan, op. cit., p. 169.
22Sidney, Emigrants’ Journal, p. 21.
23J.M. Bennett AM, “Biographical Notes”, in Callaghan, op. cit., p. ix.
24Chisholm, Female Immigration Considered, preface, p. viii.
25Patricia Clarke, “Barton, Charlotte (1796–1867)”, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/barton-charlotte-12787/text23073, published first in hard copy 2005.
26Hoban, op. cit., p. 111.
27David Clune, “1843: The Year It All Began”, Australasian Parliamentary Review, vol. 26, no. 1, autumn, 2011, pp. 23–40.
28This was called the Committee on Petition from Distressed Mechanics and Labourers; see R.F. Doust (ed.), New South Wales Legislative Council 1824–1856, The Select Committees, from the Parliament of New South Wales Parliamentary Library, pp.100–01.
29D. Shineberg, “Towns, Robert (1794–1873)”, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/towns-robert-4741/text7873, published first in hard copy 1976, accessed online 14 November 2016.
30Neroli Blakeman, “To Live and Have Land: Caroline Chisholm in Illawarra”, Illawarra Historical Society Bulletin, June 1996, pp. 46–48.
31Arthur Cousins, The Gardens of New South Wales — A History of Illawarra and Shoalhaven Districts, 1770–1900, Illawarra Historical Society, Wollongong, 1994, p.102; and The Sydney Morning Herald, 6 December 1849, p. 2.
32Doust, op. cit., p. 122.
33Kiddle, op. cit., p. 47.
34Ibid., p. 48.
Chapter 10: On the Move
1The Australian, Monday, 18 November 1844, p. 2.
2It’s not known whether Caroline met Archibald at Circular Quay when he arrived, or whether he did indeed have to go looking for her. Whatever the case, it is likely that he would have found that his wife’s name was very well known in Sydney. The Customs House building was started in 1844 and opened for business in 1845. There were two camels in the grounds of Old Government House; Governor Gipps had purchased them in 1842 at a cost of £225 as an experiment in whether to introduce them into the colony. The pub where Archie ate lunch, the Bull’s Head, did exist on the eastern side of George Street, between Market and Parks streets, and it had a large window looking out onto George Street. The first David Jones shop was established on the corner of George and Barrack streets in 1838.
3The Coringa Packet was a 237-ton barque, which departed Calcutta on 11 December 1844 and arrived in Sydney via Hobart on 11 March 1845.
4British National Archives, held by the British Library: Asian and African Studies: Reference: IOR/L/AG/23/10/1 no. 1355.
5Walker, op. cit., p. 219.
6The Sydney Morning Herald, Tuesday, 18 April 1854, p. 3.
7Chisholm, Emigration and Transportation, p. 8.
8Kiddle, op. cit., p. 55.
9The Bengal Catholic Herald, op. cit., p. 42.
10Pearson, op. cit., p. 173.
11Sidney, Three Colonies of Australia, p. 151.
12First published in part in W.A. Duncan’s The Weekly Register of Politics, Facts, and General Literature, vol. V, Saturday, 30 August, 1845, no. 110, pp. v, 98; also part published in The Bengal Catholic Herald, Saturday, 10 January 1846, pp.24–25, 41–42, probably through Archibald, who corresponded with the newspaper about his wife’s activities. See also Sidney, Three Colonies of Australia, p. 151.
13Sidney, Three Colonies of Australia, p. 152.
14Ibid., p. 151.
15Chisholm, Emigration and Transportation, pp. 32, 36–37.
16Report of the Select Committee of the House of Lords on Colonization from Ireland; together with the Minutes of Evidence. Session 1847, ordered, by the House of Commons, to be printed, 23 July 1847, p. 410.
17Hoban, op. cit., p. 172.
18J.D. Heydon, “Macarthur, James (1798–1867)”, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/macarthur-james-2389/text3151; published first in hardcopy 1967, accessed online 2 December 2016.
19Design & Art Australia Online, www.daao.org.au/bio/emily-macarthur/biography/
20Herminie Chavanne, Une Jeune Suisse en Australie, Emile Beroud, Genève, 1852, p. 172.
21The Sydney Morning Herald, Saturday, 14 March 1846, p. 3.
22The Sydney Morning Herald, Friday, 20 March 1846, p. 3.
23Hoban, op. cit., p. 182.
24The Sydney Morning Herald, Monday, 13 April 1846, p. 2.
Chapter 11: Back Home
1Edith Pearson, “Caroline Chisholm, ‘The Emigrant’s Friend’, 1808–1877”, in Ideals and Realities, R. & T. Washborne Ltd, London, 1914; also Stinson, op. cit., p.176. Sydney, Caroline’s fourth son, was born at sea on 6 August 1846. Caroline was unable to feed the baby. According to Pearson (who wrote her account after interviewing Caroline’s daughter), goat milk kept the infant alive until the boat docked in Hull a few days later. Pearson also wrote that the passengers on board decorated the goat and cheered it and Caroline ashore. However, her account appears to be rather confused, as she suggests that Caroline gave birth whilst taking some 600 immigrants to Sydney. Caroline did not personally take any immigrants to Sydney; she also only gave birth once at sea and that was in 1846, just before she arrived in Hull. Other biographers, such as Mary Hoban (op. cit., pp.185–86), have also told the goat story, i
ncluding the claim that it was decorated in recognition of the part it played in saving Sydney. It’s reasonable to suppose that goat’s milk was used to feed Sydney, but it is difficult to substantiate the rest of the tale.
2Joel Mokyr, “Great Famine”, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 19 April, 2017, www.britannica.com/event/Great-Famine-Irish-history
3British Almanac and Companion 1868, Knight and Co., London, p. 12.
4Henry Mayhew, Morning Chronicle, January 1850.
5F.C. Husenbeth, The History of Sedgley Park School, Staffordshire, Richardson and Son, London, 1856, p. 243.
6Walker, op. cit., p. 116.
7Her letter was reprinted in The Sydney Morning Herald on Monday, 5 April 1847, p.2, but originally dated and sent on 29 October 1846.
8Ibid.
9Ibid.
10The Empire, Friday, 13 June 1862, Letter to the Editor, pp. 2–3.
11The Sydney Morning Herald, Monday, 5 April 1847, p. 2.
12Ibid., from the letter dated 16 November 1846.
13Ibid., from the letter dated 30 November 1846.
14The Empire, Friday 13 June 1862, p. 2.
15Ibid.
16The Sydney Morning Herald, Tuesday, 7 April 1846, p. 3.
17Colonial Land and Emigration Commissioners, Seventh General Report of the Colonial Land and Emigration Commissioners, 1847, Charles Knight and Co., London, 1847, p. 16.
18Ibid., p. 17.
19Ibid., p. 3.
20Ibid.
21Caroline Chisholm, The A.B.C. of Colonization: In a Series of Letters by Mrs Chisholm No. I. Addressed to the Gentlemen Forming the Committee of the Family Colonization Loan Society, Viz. Lord Ashley, M.P., The Right Hon. Sydney Herbert, M.P., The Hon. Vernon Smith, M.P., John Tidd Pratt, Esq., F.G.P. Nelson, Esq., M. Monsell, Esk., M.P, having Appended A Letter to Lord Ashley and the Rules of the Family Colonization Loan Society, John Ollivier, London, 1850, p. 8.
22Caroline Chisholm, letter to Earl Grey, 27 January 1847, C.O. 201/390. F. 225, Public Record Office, London; copy in the Mitchell Library, Sydney.
23Ibid.
24The First Report from the Select Committee of the House of Lords Appointed to Inquire into the Execution of the Criminal Law, especially respecting Juvenile Offenders and Transportation; together with The Minutes of Evidence taken before the said committee and An Appendix. Session 1847, ordered to be printed 1847; and Report of the Select Committee of the House of Lords on Colonization from Ireland; together with the Minutes of Evidence. Session 1847, ordered, by the House of Commons, to be printed, 23 July 1847.
25Hoban, op. cit., p. 204.
26Caroline Chisholm, letter to Earl Grey, 27 January 1847.
27Lucy Hughes Turnbull, “The End of Transportation”, Dictionary of Sydney, 2008, http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/the_end_of_transportation.
28Chisholm, Emigration and Transportation, p. 5.
29Ibid., p. 7.
30Ibid., p. 9.
Chapter 12: Cultivating Fame
1This is a direct quote from Charles Dickens, Bleak House, Chapter IV. The character of Mrs Jellyby in the novel was modelled, to some degree, on Caroline Chisholm.
2Now 32 Charlton Place, Islington, London. The building is marked by a blue plaque identifying it as Caroline’s home in London.
3Lady Herbert was a strong supporter of Caroline and also of emigration to Australia, but, proving that there was still considerable anti-Catholic feeling and that even wealthy well-connected women were vulnerable, she had a sad life in her later years. After her husband died in 1861, Lady Herbert converted to Roman Catholicism, but lost control of her children when her husband’s family, staunch Protestants, ensured that they became wards in Chancery, insisting that they be brought up in the Church of England.
4Letter from Elizabeth Herbert to Caroline Chisholm, 24 February 1850.
5Baroness Angela Burdett-Coutts did finally marry. In 1881, when she was sixty-seven years old, she married her twenty-nine-year-old American-born secretary, William Lehman Ashmead-Bartlett, who took his wife’s surname after they married.
6Letter from Charles Dickens to Angela Burdett-Coutts, 4 March 1850.
7Bleak House, Chapter IV.
8Walker, op. cit., p. 95.
9For example, the British Parliament Passenger Act 1849 and 1852 improved steerage passengers’ rations, and sanitary and health conditions.
10John Wolffe, “Cooper, Anthony Ashley, Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury (1801–1885)”, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004.
11Arthur L. Bowley, Wages in the United Kingdom in the Nineteenth Century, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1900, p. 35.
12Chisholm, The A.B.C. of Colonization, p. 39.
13Ibid., p. 18.
14Ibid., p. 17.
15Ibid., pp. 32–36.
16Charles Dickens, “Better Ties than Red Tape Ties”, Household Words, no. 101, Saturday, 28 February 1852, pp. 529–34.
17The British Newspaper Archive. A partnership between the British Library and findmypast, the archive already contains most of the runs of newspapers published in the UK since 1800.
18Eneas Mackenzie, Memoirs, pp.175–76.
19Ibid., p. 181.
20Ibid., p. 182.
21A.L. Whitby, “An 1850 Voyage to Melbourne: Log of Voyage from London to Port Phillip per Barque ‘Slains Castle’”, contributed by Allan Hillier and published in The Genealogist, the official journal of the Australian Institute of Genealogical Studies (AIGS), vol. III, no. 8, December 1981. Thanks to Tricia Parnell at the AIGS for her assistance.
22Eneas Mackenzie, Memoirs, p. 183.
23R.F. Doust (ed.), New South Wales Legislative Council 1824–1856, The Select Committees, from the Parliament of New South Wales Parliamentary Library, Committee on Immigration, p. 238.
24The Illustrated London News, 17 April 1852.
25Walker, op. cit., p 95.
26Eneas Mackenzie, Memoirs, pp. 183–34.
27The Illustrated London News, 30 July 1853.
28Australian Data Archive, Historical, NSW 1856 Census, table showing the percentage of each Religion to the Total Population 1851 & 1856, http://hccda.ada.edu.au/pages/NSW-1856-census-02_xxii
29The Adelaide Observer, Saturday, 9 August 1851, p. 6.
30The Argus, Monday, 26 April 1852, p. 6.
31The Argus, Friday, 30 April 1852, p. 2.
32Kiddle, op. cit., p. 142.
33Ibid., p. 148.
34Chisholm, The A.B.C. of Colonization, p. 36.
35John O’Groat Journal, 9 December 1853.
36Caroline Chisholm’s Scrapbook, Museum of Victoria.
37The Adelaide Observer, Saturday, 2 August 1851, p. 6.
38Walker, op. cit., p. 114.
39Ibid.
40Ibid., pp. 114–15.
41The Argus, Thursday. 1 July 1852, p. 4.
42The Connaught Watchman, Wednesday, 2 March 1853.
43Hoban, op. cit., p. 282.
44Eneas Mackenzie, The Emigrant’s Guide to Australia, p. 112.
45Jabez Hogg, The Domestic Medical and Surgical Guide, for the Nursery, the Cottage, and the Bush; Giving the Best Advice in the Absence of a Physician or Surgeon, in Cases of Accident or Sudden Illness; Useful to Families, Emigrants, Travellers, Missionaries, Village Clergymen, and Sea Captains, second edition, Ingram, Cook and Co., London, 1853, p. v.
46Ibid., pp.14–15.
47John Dunmore Lang, open letter to Earl Grey, 14 November 1849, written aboard the ship Clifton, off Gravesend, and published in The Spectator on 17 November 1849, p. 6; also published in other newspapers, including The British Banner.
48Ibid.
49Australian Data Archive, Historical, NSW 1856 Census, http://hccda.ada.edu.au/pages/NSW-1856-census-02_xxii.
50Freeman’s Journal, Saturday, 15 June 1861, p. 5.
51Ibid.
52Punch, 20 August 1853.
53Walker, op. cit., p. 128.
Chapter 13: A Golden Land
1C
aroline and her eldest son, Archibald, visited the goldfields about three months after she arrived in Melbourne. Their trip to Bendigo took them through what was then called the Black Forest, situated between Macedon and Woodend, a well-known hideout for bushrangers. After heavy rain, the dirt tracks through the forest were almost impassable. Caroline’s trip came almost on the eve of the Eureka Stockade rebellion.
2The Argus, Saturday, 15 July 1854, p. 5.
3Australian Data Archive, Historical, Vic-1854-Census, p. vii.
4From Van Diemen’s Land, i.e. from Tasmania.
5Mrs Charles (Ellen) Clacy, A Lady’s Visit to the Gold Diggings of Australia in 1852–53, Hurst and Blackett, 1853, pp. 6–7.
6Hoban, op. cit., p. 331.
7The Argus, Tuesday, 25 July 1854, p .5.
8The Argus, Saturday, 2 September 1854, p. 4.
9The Argus, Tuesday, 26 September 1854, p. 5.
10The Argus, Saturday, 4 April 1855, p. 4.
11Hoban, op. cit., p. 329.
12The Argus, Saturday, 4 April 1855, p. 4.
13Hoban, op. cit., p. 354.
14Mary L. Shannon, Dickens, Reynolds, and Mayhew on Wellington Street: The Print Culture of a Victorian Street, Routledge, London, 2016, p. 189.
15William Howitt, Land, Labour, and Gold; or, Two Years in Victoria: with Visits to Sydney and Van Diemen’s Land, Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, London, 1855, pp. 195–205.
16Ibid.
17The Age, Tuesday, 7 November 1854, p. 5.
18Hoban, op. cit., p. 331.
19The Argus, Saturday, 11 November 1854, p. 5.
20Ibid.
21Ibid.
22Howitt, op. cit., p. 205.
23The Argus, Saturday, 11 November 1854. p. 5.
24The Age, Tuesday, 7 November 1854, p. 6.
25The Argus, Monday, 6 November 1854, p. 6.
26The Argus, Saturday, 9 December 1854, p. 5.
27Kiddle, op. cit., p. 177.
28Civil Establishment of the Colony of Victoria for the Year 1864, Compiled from Official Records in the Registrar-General’s Office, p. 3.
29Brenda Stevens-Chambers, Caroline Chisholm: Her Friends and Foes 1840–2004, Springfield & Hart, Kyneton, 2004.
30The Argus, Monday, 31 December 1855, p. 6.
31Stevens-Chambers, op. cit.
32The Argus, Monday, 31 December 1855, p. 6.
33The Argus, Friday, 16 January 1857, p. 6
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