William Whellan and Co., History, Gazetteer, and Directory of Northamptonshire; Comprising A General Survey of the Country and a History of the Diocese of Peterborough: with Separate Historical, Statistical and Topographical Descriptions of all the Towns, Parishes, Townships, and manors. To which is Subjoined a List of the Seats of the Nobility, Clergy and Gentry. Whittaker and Co., 1849.
Elizabeth Windschuttle (ed.), Women, Class and History Feminist Perspectives on Australia 1788–1978, Fontana/Collins, Melbourne, 1980.
Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects. With a Biographical Sketch of the Author. A.J. Matsell, New York, 1833.
Anand A. Yang, Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Gangetic Bihar, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1998.
Journals and reports
The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Miscellany, vol. 25, January to April 1838, Wm. H Allen & Co, London, 1838.
The Bengal Catholic Herald, no. 2, Calcutta, Saturday, January 10, 1846.
Neroli Blakeman, “To Live and Have Land: Caroline Chisholm in Illawarra”, Illawarra Historical Society Bulletin, June 1966.
British Almanac and Companion 1868, Knight and Co., London.
British National Archives held by the British Library: Asian and African Studies: Reference: IOR/L/AG/23/10/1 no. 1355.
Census of Victoria, 1857 Population Tables 1. Inhabitants and Houses. Population Enumerated 29th March, 1857, Presented to both Houses of Parliament by his Excellency’s Command, by Authority: John Ferres, Government Printer, p. 34, table VII Report, 5 November 1857.
Geoffrey Chamberlain, “British Maternal Mortality in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries”, The Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, vol. 99, November 2006.
Civil Establishment of the Colony of Victoria for the Year 1864, compiled from Official Records in the Registrar-General’s Office.
David Clune, “The Year It All Began”, Australasian Parliamentary Review, vol. 26, no. 1, autumn 2011,_http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=201213910;res=IELAPA,ISSN: 1447-9125
Charles Dickens, Household Words, A Weekly Journal, Conducted by Charles Dickens, no. 1, Saturday, March 30 1850, and no. 22, Saturday, August 24 1850.
W.A. Duncan’s The Weekly Register of Politics, Facts, and General Literature, vol. V, Saturday, 30 August 1845.
First Report from the Select Committee of the House of Lords Appointed to Inquire into the Execution of the Criminal Law, Especially Respecting Juvenile Offenders and Transportation; together with The Minutes of Evidence Taken Before the Said Committee, and An Appendix, Session 1847, ordered to be printed 12 March 1847.
John Hirst, “Making Voting Secret, Victoria’s Introduction of a New Method of Voting that has Spread Around the World”, Victorian Electoral Commission publication, www.vec.vic.gov.au/files/Book-MakingVotingSecret.pdf
Loudon I., “Deaths in Childbed from the Eighteenth Century to 1935”, Medical History, Cambridge Journals of Medical History, vol. 30, issue 1, 1986, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1139579/pdf/medhist00072-0005.pdf
The Old Limerick Journal, vol. 40, 2004.
T.M. Parssinen, “Popular Science and Society: The Phrenology Movement in Early Victorian Britain”, Journal of Social History, vol.8, no. 1, 1974, www.jstor.org/stable/3786523
Report of the Select Committee of the House of Lords on Colonization from Ireland; together with the Minutes of Evidence. Session 1847, ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 23 July 1847.
D.K. Shearing, Education in the Peterborough Dioceses in the Century Following the “Glorious Revolution” 1688, PhD Thesis, Institute of Education, University of London, 1990.
Samuel Sidney, Sidney’s Emigrant’s Journal and Traveller’s Magazine, Second Series, Wm. S. Orr and Co., London, 1850.
Richard Stafford, Conservation Plan of Caroline Chisholm’s Barracks, Prepared for the University of NSW and Heritage Council of Australia, 1985.
A.L. Whitby, “An 1850 Voyage to Melbourne, Log of Voyage from London to Port Philip per Barque ‘Slains Castle’”, contributed by Allan Hillier, published in The Genealogist, the official journal of the Australian Institute of Genealogical Studies, vol. III, no. 8, December 1981.
Online
All Nuns website: http://web.stbedes.catholic.edu.au/Other/nuns/down/AllNuns.pdf
Australian Data Archive, Historical, Table showing the percentage of each Religion to the Total Population 1851 & 1856, http://hccda.ada.edu.au/pages/NSW-1856-census-02
Boating History of the Hawkesbury: www.hawkesbury.net.au/memorial/wisemans_ferry_convicts/wfcm7.html
Bushranger History online: Free Settler or Felon, http://www.jenwilletts.com/index.htm
Archibald Chisholm, Military Record: http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/9b2fc886-0822-4ea0-96f5-2cec9bdef5f9
Family Planning Association, London, “Contraception: Past, Present and Future”, www.fpa.org.uk/sites/default/files/contraception-past-present-and-future-factsheet-november-2010.pdf
Farm Wages and Living Standards in the Industrial Revolution: England, 1670–1850, by Gregory Clark, Dept. of Economics, UC-Davis, CA 95616, [email protected]: www.econ.ucdavis.edu/faculty/gclark/papers/farm_wages_&_living_standards.pdf
Historic Hawkesbury – Australia’s Third Settlement: www.hawkesburyaustralia.com.au/information/area_history.asp
History of the Catholic Church in England (16th–19th Century): www.thepapalvisit.org.uk/The-Catholic-Faith/History-of-the-Catholic-Church-in-England-16th-19th-Century
History of the Parishes in the Catholic Diocese of Parramatta, at www.parra.catholic.org.au/about-your-diocese/history/history-ofthe-parishes/history-of-the-parishes-in-the-catholic-diocese-of-parramatta.aspx/histories-of-the-parishes-of-the-catholic-diocese-of-parramatta/windsor---st-matthew-s-parish--est-1832-.aspx
International Clan Chisholm Society: www.rampantscotland.com/clans/blclanchisholm.htm
Myall Creek Massacre: www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/history/myall-creek-massacre-1838#axzz4kFQZqgmm
NSW Office of Environment & Heritage, Chinese Market Gardens website: www.environment.nsw.gov.au/Heritage/aboutheritage/chinesemktgarden.htm
Max Roser, “Life Expectancy”, OurWorldInData.org: https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy
Lucy Hughes Turnbull, “The End of Transportation”, Dictionary of Sydney, 2008, http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/the_end_of_transportation
Garry Wotherspoon, “Economy”, Dictionary of Sydney, 2008, http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/economy
Acknowledgements
A book like this is only possible with the assistance of many people. I am greatly indebted to Caroline’s descendants, primarily her great-great grandson, Professor Don Chisholm, and his wife, Judith, who have been incredibly generous with their time and information, inviting me into their home for interviews and allowing me access to Caroline’s personal artefacts and pictures. Similarly, I am very grateful to Don and Judith’s daughter, Sarah, who gave up her time to talk to me and is living proof, along with the rest of her family, that Caroline’s desire to aid the less fortunate has been passed down through the generations. I would like to thank the Australian Catholic University at North Sydney and particularly Anne Foubister and Dean Smith for making it possible for me to view and photograph a number of Caroline’s objects held there on permanent loan.
Many of the staff at the State Library of New South Wales have been extremely helpful during my research, aiding me in finding and retrieving important information. On the other side of the world, Anna Towlson, the Archives and Special Collections Manager at the London School of Economics Library in London, was invaluable in sourcing and copying some rare original letters; also helpful were Charlotte Dunne and Elizabeth Williams, Library Assistants at the Special Collections and Archives at Liverpool University Library, England.
My thanks also go to Tricia Parnell, Office Manager at the Australian Institute of Genealogica
l Studies Inc., for making it possible for me to use the wonderful 1850 journal of A.L. Whitby, who travelled on the Slains Castle. Such a document helps bring history to life. Richard Stafford was very kind in letting me borrow (for a number of years) his 1985 conservation plan of Caroline’s Maitland Barracks; thank you also to Matenia Mandalidis for following through initially, and putting me in touch with Richard.
Both the Australian Society of Authors (ASA) and the NSW Writers’ Centre are invaluable resources for writers and I would like to acknowledge the opportunities both organisations provide for writers and their vital support; in particular, I would like to mention Jane Coulcher at the ASA and, from the Writers’ Centre, Richard Brookton, Derek Mortimer, Loretta Re, Jenny Hale, K-J Eyre, Maddy Oliver and Angeles Galvez. Their comments have been insightful and hugely helpful. I would also like to very much thank historian Paul Brunton for his review of my manuscript and his highly constructive comments.
I am indebted to publisher Catherine Milne for her faith in the project and for being so supportive and confident throughout. I am also grateful to Catherine for suggesting that Scott Forbes should edit the book. He has been unremittingly professional, positive and patient; I have been very fortunate to have such a brilliant editor. It goes without saying, though, that any mistakes are my own.
On a personal note, I want to thank my close girlfriends who, when my mother died during the writing of this book, helped me at that very difficult time by ringing me and just letting me know that they were there for me. They kept me on track.
Thanks to Alice, who has taken me on long walks and sat at my feet whilst I worked, and has ears large enough to hear everything I say yet has never argued with me. Finally, thank you to my three men, who have given me unconditional love and support: Steven, who has encouraged me from the very start of the project and known when to make me laugh; Charles, who understood the need for drama as well as IT skills; and Rupert, who, despite being on the other side of the world, spent hours discussing the book and helping me to clarify ideas. I could not have completed this without them.
Index
The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your e-book reader’s search tools.
Page references in italic type are to illustrations.
The initials CC refer to Caroline Chisholm.
A
The A.B.C. of Colonization (open letter) 186
Aboriginal people 65–67, 170, 236, 296
Adam, Sir Frederick 5, 51–52
Age of Enlightenment 13
“air-conditioning”, shipboard 198
Anderson, Maybanke 264
Anglican Church 15–16, 35–36, 53, 61, 84, 94–95
The Argus (newspaper) 201, 228, 234, 248–49, 290–91
Arthy, Henry Philip Dashwood 284–85
Ashley, Lord 186. See Shaftesbury, Lord
Asia (ship) 166
Askew, John 257
Athenian (ship) 196, 197–98
The Australasian Chronicle 85, 93
Australian Club 265
B
Ballarat Reform League 234
Ballarat (ship) 216
Barkly, Sir Henry 246
Barton, Charlotte 132
Bendigo (Vic.) 231, 233
The Bendigo Advertiser 233–34
biographies of CC 7–8
birth
CC’s 11
childbirth 39–40, 55
Bland, Dr William 254–55, 265
Bleak House (Dickens) 184
boarding school
India 50–54, 57
Northampton 21–23
Bolton, Margaret Ann 123–25
bounty immigrants
CC greets 80
CC plans home for 82–87
definition 4
Flora 78–81
focus of CC’s efforts 74
Gipps applies for 70
increasing numbers of women 69
marriage 111–12
plight of bounty women 72
Bowenpally (India) 56–57
Boyd, Archibald 161, 174
Bradley, William 136
breastfeeding 55–56
Brennan, Father Michael 85
Brighton (UK) 29–30
Broadhurst, Edward 128
Broughton, Bishop W.G. 94
Burdett-Coutts, Baroness Angela 183–84
“Bush Cookery” 209
bushrangers 71
bust of CC 212
C
Callaghan, Thomas 125–32, 126
Camden Park (NSW) 151–52
Canning, Viscount 213
Capper, John 183
Caroline Chisholm (ship) 198, 217, 277
Carthaginian case 123–25, 296
Castlemaine (Vic.) 231
Catholic Church and Catholicism
CC’s conversion 6, 34–35
clergy not allowed to conduct weddings 28
Lang’s opposition to 152–53, 210
NSW census 65, 210
opposition from 84, 85
support for Female Immigrants’ Home 95
tensions between Catholics and Protestants 15–16
Chamier, Henry 51
Chartist Movement 234
Chavanne, Herminie 152
childbirth 39–40, 55
childrens’ reunion programme 166–69
China 73
Chinese immigration 235, 248–49, 258, 297
Chinese Immigration Act (NSW) 258
Chisholm clan 24–26
Chisholm & Sons (Kyneton store) 228
Chisholm, Anne (Archibald Jnr’s wife) 287, 288
Chisholm, Archibald
appearance 25–26, 25, 256
colonial agent 196, 199–200
courtship 26–28, 5
death 289
declines to stand for parliament 244
early years 24, 25–26
expands business 240–41
Howitt attacks 230
India 41–42, 47, 74
Kyneton 240–47
London 162
marriage 28–30
money worries 204, 207
moves to Sydney 254, 255–57
opens Chisholm & Sons 228
resigns from Family Colonization Loan Society 206–7, 226
returns to Britain 271, 284
Sydney 61, 141–43
welcomes the Governor 246
Windsor 71–73
Chisholm, Archibald Jnr
born 54–56
dies 288
education 133
Kyneton store 240–41, 253
marries 287
provides rooms for CC 277
returns to NSW 286
stands for parliament 244–45
Sydney 260
visits the goldfields 230
withdrawn from school 205
Chisholm Brothers (Kyneton store) 240, 242, 246
CHISHOLM, CAROLINE: APPEARANCE 4–5, 41, 129–30, 152, 208, 256, 286
CHISHOLM, CAROLINE: CHARACTER 9–10, 130–32
attitude to homosexuality 170–71
attitude to Indigenous people 67, 170, 296
belief in people’s honesty 190
childhood and youth 16–18, 23
commercial understanding 70–71
confidence 5, 86
faith 34–36, 258–59
father’s influence 14
independence 205
interest in fashion and style 130
interest in phrenology 43–44
intuition 83
multiculturalism 211, 248–49, 297
publicity 173
relationship with children 56, 205–6
religious tolerance 35, 84, 94, 95, 154
research methods 145
sense of humour 110, 255, 264, 268
sex appeal 129
sexuality 32–33
view of men 112
work–life balance 10
0
CHISHOLM, CAROLINE: PUBLICATIONS. See publications
CHISHOLM, CAROLINE: EARLY LIFE 11–27
born 11
childhood 11–20
colonisation game 17–18
courtship 26–28
decides career 27
education 21–32
father’s bequest 19–20
father’s death 18–21
father’s influence 14
legitimacy 18–19
solitariness 22
CHISHOLM, CAROLINE: MARRIED LIFE 28–44
birth and death of first child 39–41
converts to Catholicism 6, 34–35
honeymoon 29–32
leaves for India 42
marriage 28–30
CHISHOLM, CAROLINE: INDIA 47–58
Archibald Jnr born 54–56
Bowenpally 56–57
girls’ boarding school 49–54
Madras 47–54
William born 56
CHISHOLM, CAROLINE: NEW SOUTH WALES 61–155
Archibald leaves for India 74
Archibald’s return to NSW 144–45
arrives in Sydney 61–65
into the bush 104–8, 136–37
captivates Callaghan 125–30
Carthaginian court case 123–25, 296
establishes employment registry 97–99, 108
establishes Female Immigrants’ Home 91–97
evidence to Legislative Council 134, 136, 144, 150
Flora 78–81, 109
Henry born 73
immigrant settlement scheme 134–36
lambasted by Lang 152–54
leaves for Britain 150–51, 154–55
move to Windsor 71–73
parted from sons 99–100
plans home for female immigrants 82–87
promotes marriage 111–12, 115–18
publishes Female Immigration Considered 109–10, 124, 131, 132
publishes Voluntary Information 145–47
CHISHOLM, CAROLINE: BRITAIN 159–217
Dickens, Charles 181–85
Family Colonization Loan Society 185–203, 296
family reunion programme 166–69, 296
female immigration programme 170–71
fund-raising testimonial for 213–16
helping aspiring emigrants 162–66
House of Lords committees 171–72
leaves for Melbourne 216–17
money worries 204
Monica’s birth 203
Caroline Chisholm Page 31