“undisguised exercises”: “The Skill of President Kennedy,” Los Angeles Times, February 3, 1961, p. 41.
“Whatever the doubts”: Ibid.
“while the eyes”: Walter Cronkite, quoted in DeGroot, Dark Side of the Moon, p. 253.
hosting the network’s live coverage: Lyle Johnston, “Good Night, Chet” (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2003), p. 83.
“an open policy” of space information: John Krige, “NASA as an Instrument of U.S. Foreign Policy,” in Dick and Launius, eds., Societal Impact of Spaceflight, pp. 210–11.
“competition without war”: McDougall, . . . the Heavens and the Earth, p. 241.
“between freedom and tyranny”: John F. Kennedy, “Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs,” May 25, 1961, at John Woolley and Gerhard Peters, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/special-message-the-congress-urgent-national-needs.
acquired the nickname “Gus”: Betty Grissom and Henry Still, Starfall (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1974), pp. 8–12.
“I usually flew wing position”: Quoted in John Darrell Sherwood, Officers in Flight Suits: The Story of American Air Force Fighter Pilots in the Korean War (New York: New York University Press, 1996), pp. 11–13.
“a little bear”: Gordon Cooper with Bruce Henderson, Leap of Faith: An Astronaut’s Journey into the Unknown (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), p. 22.
“I can see the coast”: “Mercury-Redstone 4 Mission Journal, Friday, July 21, 1961,” John Pfannerstill’s Space Chronicle, NASA History Office, Washington, DC, https://history.nasa.gov/40thmerc7/MR-4.html.
“Well, I was scared”: Mary C. White, “Detailed Biographies of Apollo I Crew—Gus Grissom,” NASA History Office, https://history.nasa.gov/Apollo204/zorn/grissom.htm.
“the great Cape Canaveral tape caper”: See, for instance, Harrisburg (IL) Daily Register, July 26, 1961.
“It won’t happen again”: United Press International, “U.S. Orbit Shot Next Year to Avoid Tape ‘Booboo,’” Cumberland (MD) Evening Times, July 26, 1961.
“That was the last thing he wanted”: Colin Burgess, Liberty Bell 7: The Suborbital Mercury Flight of Virgil I. Grissom (Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2014), p. 149.
“was angry about being blamed”: Quoted in Francis French and Colin Burgess, In the Shadow of the Moon (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007), p. 1.
“Once again we have demonstrated”: “Space Bill Is Approved by Kennedy,” Spokane Daily Chronicle, July 21, 1961, p. 11.
the Republic of Technology: Quoted in McDougall, . . . the Heavens and the Earth, p. 452.
“Ever since Kennedy declared”: Quoted in Neufeld, Von Braun, pp. 364–65.
“big-spending and self-promoting ways”: Ibid.
“As planning for Apollo began”: Robert Seamans, introduction to 1975 edition of Robert Cortright, ed., Apollo Expeditions to the Moon: The NASA History (Mineola, NY: Dover, 2009), p. xii.
“a sophisticated senior official”: James Webb, “A Perspective on Apollo,” in Cortright, ed., Apollo Expeditions to the Moon, p. 12.
“My answer was just as direct”: Ibid.
“The fact that every part”: Alan Shepard quoted in Gene Kranz, Failure Is Not an Option: Mission Control from Mercury to Apollo 13 and Beyond (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000), p. 201.
the geographical advantages: Howard Simons, “Canaveral Selected for Moon Shots,” Washington Post, August 25, 1961, p. A4.
buying eighty thousand acres: United Press International, “Expansion for Moon Shots Finds Canaveral Area Set,” Washington Post, August 27, 1961, p. A6.
“The American test site”: Walter Cronkite, A Reporter’s Life (New York: Random House, 1996), p. 272.
difference in the two reactions: “A City with Growing Pains,” Palm Beach Post, July 11, 1965, p. 66.
an important role in raising consciousness: W. Henry Lambright, “NASA and the Environment: Science in a Political Context,” in Dick and Launius, eds., Societal Impact of Spaceflight, pp. 313–30.
Manned Spacecraft Center to Houston: Eric Berger, “A Worthy Endeavor: How Albert Thomas Won Houston NASA’s Flagship Center,” Houston Chronicle, September 14, 2003.
“like a divine right monarch”: Jack Valenti, This Time, This Place (New York: Crown, 2007), p. 30.
“The key to the selection”: Quoted in William D. Angel Jr., “The Politics of Space: NASA’s Decision to Locate the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston,” Houston Review 6, no. 2 (1984): 66.
waves of astromania swept: Kevin M. Brady, “NASA Launches Houston into Orbit: The Economic and Social Impact of the Space Agency on South Texas, 1961–1969,” in Dick and Launius, eds., Societal Impact of Spaceflight, pp. 451–65, https://history.nasa.gov/sp4801-chapter23.pdf.
to create a planned community: Ibid., pp. 452–53. The NBA franchise the Rockets was originally founded in San Diego in 1967 because the Atlas rocket was manufactured in Southern California.
15: GODSPEED, JOHN GLENN
countdown had begun: “U.S. Follows Launching,” New York Times, August 7, 1961, p. 7.
17.5 orbits of Earth: Details of the Vostok 2 can be found at Anatoly Zak, RussiaSpaceWeb.com, https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/outreach/SignificantIncidents/assets/vostok-2-mission.pdf.
boosted Kremlin military spending: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), p. 385.
ratcheted up his rhetoric: Bischof, Karner, and Stelzl-Marx, “Introduction,” in The Vienna Summit and Its Importance in International History, p. 24.
the Pittsburgh Press fretted: “East Germans Fleeing Reds One a Minute,” Pittsburgh Press, August 6, 1961, p. 1.
“looked about the size of a marble”: Associated Press, “Satellite Is Seen in S.C.,” Greenwood (SC) Index-Journal, August 7, 1961, p. 5.
“the lag can never be made up”: “Soviet Shot Viewed by World as Big Advance in Space Race,” New York Times, August 7, 1961, p. 7.
ninety-minute monologue broadcast: Pittsburgh Press, August 7, 1961, p. 1.
“antifascist protection rampart”: Tye, Bobby Kennedy, p. 246.
“It’s not a very nice solution”: John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War: A New History (London: Penguin Press, 2005), p. 115.
“permanently kill[ed] Mercury-Redstone 5”: Donald K. Slayton and Michael Cassutt, Deke! U.S. Manned Space Flight: From Mercury to Shuttle (New York: Tom Doherty Associates, 1994), p. 104.
“The next flight”: Donald K. Slayton, Deke! U.S. Manned Space: From Mercury to the Shuttle (New York: Forge Books, 1995).
Mercury capsule was fired off: Burrows, This New Ocean, p. 340.
Holmes established a third NASA project: Lambright, Powering Apollo, pp. 108–11.
“The chimpanzee who is flying”: Theodore C. Sorensen, “Let the Word Go Forth”: The Speeches, Statements and Writings of John F. Kennedy, 1947 to 1963 (New York: Delacorte, 1988), p. 174.
“less than a 50-50 chance”: John Troan, “January Still Target of Moon Shot; 2 Test Failures May Not Delay On-Spot Probe,” Pittsburgh Press, November 21, 1961, p. 24.
“The Russians will be able”: Henry A. Berry Jr., “Anti-Satellite Weapon for Soviets Seen,” Shreveport (LA) Times, December 1, 1961, p. 1.
“Never before has a major scientific venture”: George J. Feldman, “Spacemen and the Law—Or Lack of It,” New York Times, October 8, 1961, p. M17.
was suddenly delayed: Drew Pearson, “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” San Mateo (CA) Times, February 24, 1962, p. 14.
“hurry-up plans”: Jerry T. Baulch, “U.S. Delays Manned Space Shot,” Troy (NY) Record, December 7, 1961, p. 1.
“Gemini’s a Corvette”: Quoted in Walter Cunningham, foreword to French and Burgess, In the Shadow of the Moon, p. 2.
“This nation belongs among”: “Transcript of the President’s Address to Congress on Domestic and World Affairs,” New York Times, January 12, 1962, p. 12.
“one human being”: John
H. Glenn Jr., recorded interview by Walter D. Sohier, June 12, 1964, pp. 1–2, John F. Kennedy Library Oral History Program, Kennedy Library.
the astronaut offered to come back: Glenn and Taylor, John Glenn, p. 394.
“John tries to behave”: John Dille, introduction to William E. Burrows et al., We Seven: By the Astronauts Themselves (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1962), p. 13.
“Don’t be scared”: Glenn and Taylor, John Glenn, p. 258.
“[M]ay the good Lord”: Ibid., p. 344.
businesses locked their doors: “He’s Off!” Dover (OH) Daily Reporter, February 20, 1962, p. 18.
a bank robber got away: “Two Enter Guilty Plea in Holdup,” Allentown (PA) Morning Call, February 23, 1962, p. 9.
Michigan Bell Telephone: “Time Almost Stood Still in Michigan,” Traverse City (MI) Record-Eagle, February 21, 1962, p. 9.
Casey Stengel: “Everything Halts for Glenn’s Hop,” Titusville (FL) Herald, February 21, 1962, p. 1.
On site at Cape Canaveral: “The Man in the Street,” Fremont (OH) News-Messenger, February 28, 1962, p. 28; Seymour Beubis, “‘Go, Baby, Go,’ Shouted at Atlas,” Fort Lauderdale News, February 20, 1962, p. 10.
“Wonderful as man-made art may be”: Glenn and Taylor, John Glenn, p. 350.
for ten straight hours: Douglas Brinkley, Cronkite (New York: Harper, 2012), p. 233.
“united the nation and the world”: Jack Gould, “Radio, TV Networks Convey Drama of Glenn Feat,” New York Times, February 21, 1962, p. 91.
“I knew that if the shield”: Quoted in Colin Burgess, Friendship 7: The Epic Orbital Flight of John H. Glenn, Jr. (New York: Springer, 2015), p. 138.
“How do you feel”: Thompson, Light This Candle, p. 275.
outpouring of love and excitement: Michael J. Neufeld, “Mercury Capsule Friendship 7,” in Michael J. Neufeld, ed., Milestones of Space: Eleven Iconic Objects from the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum (Minneapolis: Zenith Press, 2014), pp. 16–19.
“The best moment”: Walter Cronkite, “Outstanding Moments During TV Coverage of John Glenn,” New York Herald Tribune, April 29, 1962.
“The distance to the moon”: Shepard and Slayton, with Barbree, Moon Shot, p. 152.
“Orbit Day”: Bob Wells, “A World Symbol for Space Age,” Long Beach Independent, February 21, 1962, p. 3.
“vastly impressed by John Glenn”: C. L. Sulzberger, The Last of the Giants (New York: Macmillan, 1970), p. 915.
“Here I am in Lucerne”: Quoted in Ward, Dr. Space, p. 131.
“We were on the plane,” Glenn and Taylor, John Glenn, pp. 372–73.
“I still get a hard to define feeling inside”: Glenn quoted in DeGroot, Dark Side of the Moon, p. 159.
“We have a long way”: Quoted in Ward, Dr. Space, p. 131.
“risk putting him back in space again”: Bob Jacobs, “NASA Remembers American Legend John Glenn,” Washington, DC, NASA Headquarters, December 8, 2016, https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-remembers-american-legend-john-glenn.
“When I came back”: John Glenn, oral history interview, June 12, 1964, pp. 4–5, Kennedy Library, www.jfklibrary.org/sites/default/files/archives/JFKOH/Glenn%2C%20John%20H/JFKOH-JHG-01/JFKOH-JHG-01-TR.pdf.
“I think early in the program”: Ibid.
“His vision set an inspiring example”: Glenn and Taylor, John Glenn, p. 373.
“It was so wonderful”: Author interview with Ethel Kennedy, March 14, 2018, Palm Beach, Florida.
“May I humbly offer”: Martin W. Sandler, ed., The Letters of John F. Kennedy (New York: Bloomsbury, 2013), p. 150.
“If our countries pooled”: Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, February 21, 1962, Moscow, Historical Documents, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, vol. 6, document 35, Office of the Historian, Department of State, Washington, DC, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v06/d35. See also Preston Grover, “K Calls for Joint U.S.-Soviet Space Effort,” Washington Post, February 22, 1962, p. A16.
“I am replying to his message”: “Text of President Kennedy’s Conference with the Press: Response to Khrushchev,” Washington Post, February 22, 1962, p. A10.
commemorative stamps: Cathleen S. Lewis, “The Birth of the Soviet Space Museum: Creating the Earthbound Experience of Space Flight During the Golden Years of the Soviet Space Programme, 1957–68,” in Martin Collins and Douglas Millard, eds., Studies in the History of Science and Technology, Artefacts Series (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2005).
“a well-thought-out scientific”: Teasal Muir-Harmony, “Friendship 7’s ‘Fourth Orbit,’” in Neufeld, ed., Milestones of Space, pp. 16–17.
“100,000 Foot Club”: Alan J. Stein, “Astronaut John Glenn Visits the Seattle World’s Fair on May 10, 1962,” www.historylink.org/File/3697.
16: SCOTT CARPENTER, TELSTAR, AND PRESIDENTIAL SPACE TOURING
“He has yet to provoke”: George Gallup, “Critics of Kennedy Lack Unity of Aims,” (Phoenix) Arizona Republic, April 2, 1962, p. 15.
“acquire billions’ worth”: Bergaust, Wernher von Braun, p. 411.
“from muskrats to moon ships”: “NASA’s Michoud Assembly Facility,” NASA, www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/michoud/maf_history.html.
Two hundred times heavier: John Noble Wilford, “Wernher von Braun, Rocket Pioneer, Dies,” New York Times, June 18, 1977, pp. 1, 19.
all three networks broadcast: Barbara A. Perry, Jacqueline Kennedy: First Lady of the New Frontier (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004), p. xiv.
three out of four TVs: Mary Ann Watson, “A Tour of the White House: Mystique and Tradition,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 18, no. 1 (Winter 1988): 95.
The army was the most cooperative branch: Stephen B. Johnson, “The History and Historiography of National Security Space,” in Steven J. Dick and Roger D. Launius, eds., Critical Issues in the History of Spaceflight (Washington, DC: NASA, 2006), p. 536.
“could render no greater service”: John Kennedy to Nikita Khrushchev, March 7, 1962, item JFKWHSFPS-010-010, Papers of John F. Kennedy, Presidential Papers, White House Staff: Files of Pierre Salinger, Subject Files: 1961–1964, Khrushchev/Kennedy letters: 7 March 1962–20 January 1963, Kennedy Library.
“Let the atom be a worker”: Quoted in United Press International, “U.S. Soviet Plan Exchange on Atom Ideas,” Tyrone (PA) Daily Herald, May 21, 1963, p. 2.
“Ever since the longbow”: Hugh Sidey, introduction to John F. Kennedy, Leadership: The European Diary of John F. Kennedy: Summer 1945 (Washington, DC: Regnery, 1995), pp. xix–xxi.
authorized a leading Southern California think tank: Stares, Space Weapons and US Strategy, p. 74.
Strategic Defense Initiative: Sharon Begley, “A Safety Net Full of Holes,” Newsweek, March 22, 1992; William J. Broad, “Technical Failures Bedevil Star Wars,” New York Times, September 18, 1990; Kevin Crowley, “The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI): Star Wars,” The Cold War Museum, Warrenton, VA, www.coldwar.org/articles/80s/SDI-StarWars.asp.
“[The president] made it clear”: Glenn T. Seaborg, oral history, June 11, 1964; June 18, 1964; June 25, 1964; June 27, 1964; July 1, 1964 (no. 1), p. 85, John F. Kennedy Oral History Program, Kennedy Library, https://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKOH-GTS-01.aspx.
“On April 23”: Ibid., p. 94.
discuss aerospace technology: “Wilton Talk Slated by Defense Official,” Bridgeport (CT) Post, May 7, 1962, p. 47.
“long-standing proposal”: Richard Witkin, “Pentagon to Push Space Plan Study,” New York Times, May 13, 1962, p. 56.
“The furor that greeted”: Stares, Space Weapons and US Strategy, p. 77.
“The reports from [our] representatives”: Seaborg, oral history interview, 1965 (no. 1), p. 99, Kennedy Library; Carroll Kirkpatrick, “Kennedy Hails Flight in Talk with Carpenter,” Washington Post, May 25, 1962, p. A8.
“He was completely ignoring”: Kraft, Flight, p. 170.
In preparation for reentry: Carpenter
and Stoever, For Spacious Skies, pp. 294–95.
“President Kennedy bent down”: Ibid., pp. 304–5.
“One might argue that Carpenter”: Wolfe, The Right Stuff, p. 315.
“I know there has been disturbance”: John F. Kennedy, “The President’s News Conference,” May 9, 1962, Kennedy Library, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=8642.
“the most intricate instrument”: John F. Kennedy, “Address at Rice University in Houston on the Nation’s Space Effort,” September 12, 1962, at Woolley and Peters, The American Presidency Project, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=8862.
“Telstar was the first true communications satellite”: Neufeld, “Mercury Capsule Friendship 7,” in Milestones of Space, p. 25.
Rockefeller was leading Goldwater: “Romney Gaining in Popularity as G.O.P. Presidential Choice,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 17, 1962, p. 23.
“The clock has already run too long”: “Barry Calls for All-Out Military Space Program,” Tucson Daily Citizen, July 17, 1962, p. 6.
“The armed forces should already”: United Press International, “Space Warfare Plans Urged,” Pittsburgh Press, July 17, 1962, p. 10.
the Senate opened a debate: John G. Norris, “Senate Hears Demands for Building Strong Military Capability,” Washington Post, August 21, 1962, p. A1.
“The United States believes”: “Kennedy to Tour Space Facilities,” New York Times, September 6, 1962, p. 16.
selection of Hancock County: Robert Dallek, An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963 (Boston: Little, Brown, 2003), p. 515.
“This is the vehicle designed”: “JFK Sees Saturn Test at Huntsville Center,” Montgomery Advertiser, September 12, 1962, p. 1.
“Just as the last echoes”: Bergaust, Wernher von Braun, p. 207.
“I understand that Dr. Wiesner”: Bilstein, Stages to Saturn, p. 67; Logsdon, John F. Kennedy and the Race to the Moon, p. 144.
“Look at von Braun”: Quoted in Bergaust, Wernher von Braun, p. 207.
“Jerry’s going to lose it”: Quoted in Charles Murray and Catherine Bly Cox, Apollo: Race to the Moon (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989), p. 143.
“Who said John Glenn”: “JFK Cape Briefing ‘Brief,’” Orlando Evening Star, September 2, 1962, p. 2.
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