by Ronald Weber
285 total ban on: The timing, Salazar’s response, and Portuguese consideration of the request are closely set out in Wheeler, “The Price of Neutrality,” II, 101–104. In his biography of Salazar, Meneses quotes a British source, page 315, that indicates the prime minister hinted to the British that use of the alliance was the only way to end the embargo crisis.
285 earlier announced: New York Times, June 8, 1944, 7.
285 “of this mineral”: Quoted in Kemler, The Struggle for Wolfram in the Iberian Peninsula, 89.
285 great contribution: The Times (London), June 8, 1944, 8.
286 “carried the day”: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1944, vol. 4, 131.
286 “without humiliation”: Quoted in Wheeler, “The Price of Neutrality,” II, 104.
286 “wartime peak”: “Portugal: A Special Survey,” The Economist, April 17, 1954, 235. For more on the cost to Portugal of ending the wolfram trade, see Wheeler, “The Price of Neutrality,” II, 105–106.
286 intelligence activity: Details of the gold-for-escudos transactions were complex, if not mysterious. For some enlightenment see Supplementary Eizenstat Report, 40–41.
286 to neutral countries: Tom Bower, The Paperclip Conspiracy: The Hunt for the Nazi Scientists (Boston, 1987), 262.
287 sovereign coins: Preliminary Eizenstat Report, 130.
287 “to prevent it”: Quoted in Bower, The Paperclip Conspiracy, 263.
287 all else of value: For a broad study of Nazi looted gold and other valuables, see Arthur L. Smith, Jr., Hitler’s Gold: The Story of the Nazi War Loot (Oxford, UK, 1989).
287 thriller fiction: Frederick Hazlitt Brennan, Memo to a Firing Squad (New York, 1943).
288 “in neutral countries”: Samuel Klaus, “Safe Haven Investigation in Europe—August 16 to October 10, 1944,” 1. A copy of the report is in the Oscar Cox Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York.
288 Washington colleagues: Klaus’s mission and the start of the Safehaven Program are recounted in Martin Lorenz-Meyer, Safehaven: The Allied Pursuit of Nazi Assets Abroad (Columbia, Mo., 2007), 29.
288 “going over for”: Quoted in ibid., 45.
288 “marked men”: Klaus, “Safe Haven Investigation in Europe,” 2.
289 kept secret: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1944, vol. 2, 220.
289 “more venal”: Klaus, “Safe Haven Investigation in Europe,” 10.
290 high irony: The irony is noted both in Bower, The Paperclip Conspiracy, 259–274, and Lorenz-Meyer, Safehaven, 176–177.
290 which had soared: Gallagher, Portugal, 137.
290 gold pool: For the full terms of the agreement involving both monetary gold and German external assets in Portugal, see Preliminary Eizenstat Report, 139–140.
291 “on the Sidelines”: New York Times, January 26, 1997, E1.
291 “World War II”: Preliminary Eizenstat Report, iii. Until indicated otherwise, all quoted passages below are from the introduction to this volume, iii-xii.
291 “ledger of grief”: Supplementary Eizenstat Report, xxiv.
292 “the Portuguese people”: New York Times, August 5, 1999, A8.
Chapter 14: Where to Spend One’s Holiday
293 working-class clubs: Soares, Portugal’s Struggle for Liberty, 32.
294 “sea of people”: Ibid., 36.
294 in celebration: Gallagher, Portugal, 107–108.
294 “sort of way”: Soares, Portugal’s Struggle for Liberty. 36.
294 snapped up: The D-Day atmosphere in Lisbon is described in Mannes, “Letter from Lisbon,” July 1, 1944, 56.
294 was played: Anglo-Portuguese News, April 19, 1945, 4.
295 official condolences: The Times (London), May 7, 1945, 3.
295 de Valera stood: Wills, That Neutral Ireland, 389.
295 had done so: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1944, vol. 1, 1,428–1,430.
295 closed immediately: The Times (London), May 7, 1945, 4.
295 no longer required: Ibid.
295 of the victors: Kay, Salazar and Modern Portugal, 181.
296 “had departed”: The Times (London), May 19, 1945, 4.
296 dangerous to Portugal: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945, vol. 3 (Washington, D.C., 1968), 800.
296 “in general”: Ibid., 800–801.
296 fellow Germans: Letter from General Edwin L. Sibert to Colonel Robert A. Solborg, July 28, 1945, in “German Intelligence in Portugal,” National Archives, IRR, File XE135014.
296 “open scandal”: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945, vol. 3, 805.
297 X-2 files: Preliminary Eizenstat Report, 43.
297 “of protection”: Colonel Robert A. Solborg, “Estimate of Situation in Portugal Relative to German Nationals,” August 27, 1945, in “German Intelligence in Portugal.”
297 Lisbon to Paris: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945, vol. 3, 810.
297 “no further assistance”: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1946, vol. 5 (Washington, D.C., 1969), 809–810. For the similar struggle to remove Germans from postwar Spain, see Payne, Franco and Hitler, 263.
298 mock attack: The Times (London), August 21, 1946, 4.
298 cover story: “Portugal: How Bad Is Best?” Time, July 22, 1946, 28–33.
298 temporarily added: “A Letter from the Publisher,” Time, November 4, 1946, 18.
299 “beaten track”: Anglo-Portuguese News, September 30, 1943, 6. Emphasis in the article.
299 “on a forest”: Macaulay, “Lisbon Day, London Day,” 5.
299 “across the Channel”: Quoted in Emery, Rose Macaulay, 280.
300 “inspiration to us”: New York Times, March 5, 1946, 4.
301 overseas tour: Francis J. Spellman, Action This Day: Letters from the Fighting Fronts (New York, 1943), 5–9.
301 passage to Lisbon: Except where noted, I follow Carol’s return to Portugal as recounted in Quinlan, The Playboy King, 232–238.
301 “and a canary”: New York Times, October 6, 1947.
302 funeral cars: New York Times, April 8, 1953, 20. In 2003 Carol’s remains were returned to Romania.
302 Born in Armenia: Ralph Hewins, Mr Five Per Cent: The Story of Calouste Gulbenkian (New York, 1985). For the account below I follow this biography and the autobiography of Gulbenkian’s son, Nubar Gulbenkian, Portrait in Oil (New York, 1965). For added detail, see José de Azeredo Perdigão, Calouste Gulbenkian, Collector, trans. Ana Lowndes Marques (Lisbon, 1969). Perdigão was a lawyer in Portugal for Gulbenkian.
303 journeyed back and forth: Gulbenkian, Portrait in Oil, 210–211.
303 willingly supplied: Johns, Within Two Cloaks, 104–106.
304 stake to $125: John Leggett, A Daring Young Man: A Biography of William Saroyan (New York: 2002), 230.
304 eclectic accumulation: For a description of the collection as it was exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 1999, see Robert Smith, “A Lifelong Passion for the Best,” New York Times, November 19, 1999, E35.
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