The top 1 percent now own around half: “Richest 1% Own Half the World’s Wealth, Study Finds,” The Guardian, November 14, 2017, available at www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/nov/14/worlds-richest-wealth-credit-suisse.
“I made this film for the black aesthetic,”: Lerone Bennet Jr., “The Emancipation Orgasm: Sweetback in Wonderland,” Ebony, September 1971.
Bennett blasted Van Peebles: Ibid.
E. Franklin Frazier’s Black Bourgeoisie: E. Franklin Frazier, Black Bourgeoisie: The Rise of a New Middle Class (New York: Free Press, 1957).
“the Negro middle class contributes very little”: Nathan Glazer and Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Beyond the Melting Pot, 51–52.
Martin Luther King Jr. and a generation of elite Black youngsters: Lewis, W.E.B. Du Bois, 1919–1963, 558.
Chapter 13: Space
seminal work Afrocentricity: Molefi Kete Asante, Afrocentricity: The Theory of Social Change (Buffalo, NY: Amulefi, 1980).
“The rejection of European particularism”: See Molefi Kete Asante, Afrocentricity (Trenton, NJ: African World Press, 1988), 104.
she enjoyed bolting the States to speak on her research: Ama Mazama and Garvey Musumunu, African Americans and Homeschooling: Motivations, Opportunities, and Challenges (New York: Routledge, 2015); Molefi Kete Asante and Ama Mazama, eds., Encyclopedia of African Religion (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2009); and Ama Mazama, ed., The Afrocentric Paradigm (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2003).
“creeping blight”: Kenneth B. Clark, Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power (2nd edition) (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1989), 25, 87, 109.
“banksters,” as Thom Hartmann calls them: Thom Hartmann, “How to Take on the Banksters,” The Hartmann Report, September 21, 2016, available at www.thomhartmann.com/blog/2016/09/how-take-banksters.
Americans lost trillions during the Great Recession: “America Lost $10.2 Trillion in 2008,” Business Insider, February 3, 2009, available at www.businessinsider.com/2009/2/america-lost-102-trillion-of-wealth-in-2008 [inactive].
Estimated losses from white-collar crimes: “White-Collar Crimes—Motivations and Triggers,” Forbes, February 22, 2018, available at www.forbes.com/sites/roomykhan/2018/02/22/white-collar-crimes-motivations-and-triggers/#258d26351219.
the combined costs of burglary and robbery: Patrick Colm Hogan, The Culture of Conformism: Understanding Social Consent (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001), 15.
3,380 more Americans died from alcohol-related traffic deaths: Ibram X. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America (New York: Nation Books, 2016), 437.
“are living in hell”: “Trump at Debate: Minorities in Cities ‘Are Living in Hell,’ ” Politico, September 26, 2016, available at www.politico.com/story/2016/09/trump-minorities-living-in-hell-228726.
“from shithole countries”: “Trump Derides Protections for Immigrants from ‘Shithole’ Countries,” The Washington Post, January 12, 2018.
HBCUs do not represent “the real world”: “Hold Up: Aisha Tyler Thinks HBCUs Are Bad for Black Students?,” BET, April 28, 2016, available at www.bet.com/celebrities/news/2016/04/28/aisha-tyler-slams-hbcus.html.
“Even the best black colleges and universities do not”: Thomas Sowell, “The Plight of Black Students in America,” Daedalus 103 (Spring 1974), 189.
Sowell’s “description remains accurate”: Jason L. Riley, “Black Colleges Need a New Mission,” The Wall Street Journal, September 28, 2010, available at www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704654004575517822124077834.
The endowment of the richest HBCU, Howard: See “HBCUs Struggle to Close the Endowment Gap,” Philanthropy News Digest, July 19, 2017, available at philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/hbcus-struggle-to-close-the-endowment-gap.
produces a giving gap: Ibid.
like the current “performance based” state models: “Black Colleges Are the Biggest Victims of States’ Invasive New Funding Rules,” The Washington Post, December 16, 2014, available at www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2014/12/16/black-colleges-are-the-biggest-victims-of-states-invasive-new-funding-rules/.
HBCUs tend to have higher Black graduation rates: “How Are Black Colleges Doing? Better Than You Think, Study Finds,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, April 13, 2018, available at www.chronicle.com/article/How-Are-Black-Colleges-Doing-/243119.
HBCU graduates are, on average, more likely: “Grades of Historically Black Colleges Have Well-Being Edge,” Gallup, October 27, 2015, available at news.gallup.com/poll/186362/grads-historically-black-colleges-edge.aspx.
Banks remain twice as likely to offer loans to White entrepreneurs: “Study Documents Discrimination Against Black Entrepreneurs,” NCRC, November 17, 2017, available at ncrc.org/study-documents-discrimination-black-entrepreneurs/; Sterling A. Bone et al., “Shaping Small Business Lending Policy Through Matched-Paired Mystery Shopping,” September 12, 2017, available at SSRN at papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3035972.
Customers avoid Black businesses: For example, see “Jennifer L. Doleac and Luke C. D. Stein, “The Visible Hand: Race and Online Market Outcomes,” May 1, 2010, available at SSRN at papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1615149.
“does that inequitable treatment excuse bad service?”: “Should Black Owned Businesses Get a Hall Pass for Bad Service?”, Blavity, 2017, available at blavity.com/black-owned-businesses-get-pass-for-bad-service.
“carry back to the country of their origin the seeds of civilization”: Thomas Jefferson, “To Lynch, Monticello, January 21, 1811,” in The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 9, 1807–1815, ed. Paul Leicester Ford (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1898), 303.
“savage wilds of Africa”: Claude Andrew Clegg III, The Price of Liberty: African Americans and the Making of Liberia (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 35.
A writer for the South’s De Bow’s Review searched: “Free Negro Rule,” DeBow’s Review 3:4 (April 1860), 440.
Sherman and U.S. secretary of war Edwin M. Stanton met: See The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1895), 37–41.
“will be left to the freed people themselves”: “Sherman’s Special Field Orders, No. 15,” in The Empire State of the South: Georgia History in Documents and Essays, ed. Christopher C. Meyers (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2008), 174.
Sherman’s order deprived the Negroes: Horace Greeley, “Gen. Sherman and the Negroes,” New York Daily Tribune, January 30, 1865.
“on the platform of equal accommodations”: Henry W. Grady, “In Plain Black and White: A Reply to Mr. Cable,” Century Magazine 29 (1885), 911.
diverted resources toward exclusively White spaces: “Jim Crow’s Schools,” American Educator, Summer 2004, available at www.aft.org/periodical/american-educator/summer-2004/jim-crows-schools.
“assumption that the enforced separation of the two races”: “Plessy v. Ferguson 163 U.S. 537 (1896),” in Abraham L. Davis and Barbara Luck Graham, The Supreme Court, Race, and Civil Rights (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 1995), 51.
the majority of Black children preferred White dolls: For essays on their doll experiments, see Kenneth B. Clark and Mamie P. Clark, “The Development of Consciousness of Self and the Emergence of Racial Identification in Negro Preschool Children,” Journal of Social Psychology 10:4 (1939), 591–99; and Kenneth B. Clark and Mamie P. Clark, “Racial Identification and Preference among Negro Children,” in Readings in Social Psychology, ed. E. L. Hartley (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1947); Kenneth B. Clark, Prejudice and Your Child (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1988).
/> “To separate [colored children] from others”: “Brown v. Board of Education,” LII Collection: U.S. Supreme Court Decisions, Cornell University Law School, available at www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/347/483.
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez: See Paul A. Sracic, San Antonio v. Rodriguez and the Pursuit of Equal Education: The Debate Over Discrimination and School Funding (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2006).
“there are adequate Negro schools and prepared instructors”: Zora Neale Hurston, “Court Order Can’t Make Races Mix,” Orlando Sentinel, August 11, 1955.
“I think integration in our public schools is different”: “Deacon Robert Williams,” in Reflections on Our Pastor: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, 1954–1960, eds. Wally G. Vaughn and Richard W. Wills (Dover, MA: The Majority Press, 1999), 129.
an 80 percent White teaching force: “The Nation’s Teaching Force Is Still Mostly White and Female,” Education Week, August 15, 2017, available at www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2017/08/15/the-nations-teaching-force-is-still-mostly.html.
40 percent less likely to believe the student will finish high school: Seth Gershenson, Stephen B. Holt, and Nicholas W. Papageorge, “Who Believes in Me? The Effect of Student-Teacher Demographic Match on Teacher Expectations,” Economics of Education Review 52 (June 2016), 209–24.
Low-income Black students who have at least one Black teacher: “IZA DP No. 10630: The Long-Run Impacts of Same-Race Teachers,” Institute of Labor Economics, March 2017, available at www.iza.org/publications/dp/10630.
Integration had turned into “a one-way street”: Barack Obama, Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance (New York: Crown, 2007), 99–100.
“The experience of an integrated education”: David L. Kirp, “Making Schools Work,” The New York Times, May 19, 2012, available at www.nytimes.com/2012/05/20/opinion/sunday/integration-worked-why-have-we-rejected-it.html.
The percentage of Southern Black students attending integrated White schools: “The Data Proves That School Segregation Is Getting Worse,” Vox, March 5, 2018, available at www.vox.com/2018/3/5/17080218/school-segregation-getting-worse-data.
“I had always thought the ultimate goal of better race relations was integration”: Tamar Jacoby, “What Became of Integration,” The Washington Post, June 28, 1998.
“using Negro workmen, Negro architects, Negro attorneys, and Negro financial institutions”: Martin Luther King,“ ‘Where Do We Go from Here?,’ Address Delivered at the Eleventh Annual SCLC Convention,” April 16, 1967, The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, available at kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/where-do-we-go-here-address-delivered-eleventh-annual-sclc-convention.
“only white men” with different “skins”: Kenneth M. Stampp, The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-bellum South (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967), vii.
Chapter 14: Gender
Alice Walker’s The Color Purple: Alice Walker, The Color Purple (Boston: Harcourt, 1982).
“The Negro Family: The Case for National Action”: Daniel P. Moynihan, The Negro Family: The Case for National Action (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965).
“The reverberations” from the Moynihan report “were disastrous”: Deborah Gray White, Too Heavy a Load: Black Women in Defense of Themselves, 1894–1994 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 200.
“immediate goal of the Negro woman today”: “For a Better Future,” Ebony, August 1996.
Racism had “clearly” and “largely focused” on the Black male: Charles Herbert Stember, Sexual Racism: The Emotional Barrier to an Integrated Society (New York: Elsevier, 1976), ix, 66.
For too many Black men, the Black Power movement: See Eldridge Cleaver, Soul on Ice (New York: Dell, 1991).
“has now reached 68 percent”: Charles Murray, “The Coming White Underclass,” The Wall Street Journal, October 29, 1993.
married Black women having fewer children: Angela Y. Davis, Women, Culture & Politics (New York: Vintage Books, 1990), 75–85; and “The Math on Black Out of Wedlock Births,” The Atlantic, February 17, 2009, available at www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2009/02/the-math-on-black-out-of-wedlock-births/6738/.
Only Black feminists like Dorothy Roberts: Dorothy Roberts, Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty (New York: Pantheon, 1997).
Kimberly Springer calls the “Black feminist movement”: Kimberly Springer, Living for the Revolution: Black Feminist Organizations, 1968–1980 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005).
the Combahee River Collective (CRC): See Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, ed., How We Get Free: Black Feminism and the Combahee River Collective (Chicago: Haymarket, 2017).
“double jeopardy” of racism and sexism: Frances Beal, “Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female,” in The Black Woman: An Anthology, ed. Toni Cade Bambara (New York: New American Library, 1970), 92.
“preoccupations of the contemporary Black woman in this country”: and “evil Black bitch”: Toni Morrison, “Preface,” in The Black Woman, 11.
“high-tech lynching”: See “How Racism and Sexism Shaped the Clarence Thomas/Anita Hill Hearing,” Vox, April 16, 2016, available at www.vox.com/2016/4/16/11408576/anita-hill-clarence-thomas-confirmation.
“In discussing the experiences of Black women”: Philomena Essed, Understanding Everyday Racism: An Interdisciplinary Theory (Newbury Park, CA: SAGE, 1991), 31.
“Mapping the Margins”: Kimberlé Crenshaw, “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color,” Stanford Law Review 43:6 (July 1991), 1242.
involuntary sterilizations of Black women: Roberts, Killing the Black Body, 90–96.
Black women with some collegiate education making less: See “Usual Weekly Earnings of Wage and Salary Workers, Fourth Quarter 2018,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, January 17, 2019, available at www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/wkyeng.pdf.
Black women having to earn advanced degrees before they earn more: See “Usual Weekly Earnings of Wage and Salary Workers, Fourth Quarter 2018.”
median wealth of single White women being $42,000: “Lifting as We Climb: Women of Color, Wealth, and America’s Future,” Insight Center for Community Economic Development, Spring 2010, available at insightcced.org/old-site/uploads/CRWG/LiftingAsWeClimb-WomenWealth-Report-InsightCenter-Spring2010.pdf.
Native women and Black women experience poverty at a higher rate: See “Black Women: Supporting Their Families—With Few Resources,” The Atlantic, June 12, 2017, available at www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/06/black-women-economy/530022/.
Black and Latinx women still earn the least: “The Gender Wage Gap: 2017 Earnings Differences by Race and Ethnicity,” Institute for Women’s Policy Research, March 7, 2018, available at iwpr.org/publications/gender-wage-gap-2017-race-ethnicity/.
Black women are three to four times more likely to die: “Why America’s Black Mothers and Babies Are in a Life-or-Death Crisis,” The New York Times, April 11, 2018, available at www.nytimes.com/2018/04/11/magazine/black-mothers-babies-death-maternal-mortality.html.
Black woman with an advanced degree is more likely to lose her baby: “6 Charts Showing Race Gaps Within the American Middle Class,” Brookings, October 21, 2016, available at www.brookings.edu/blog/social-mobility-memos/2016/10/21/6-charts-showing-race-gaps-within-the-american-middle-class/.
Black women remain twice as likely to be incarcerated: “A Mass Incarceration Mystery,” The Marshall Project, December 15, 2017, available at www.themarshallproject.org/2017/12/15/a-
mass-incarceration-mystery.
as much about controlling the sexuality of White women: For a full study on the politics of women during the lynching era, see Crystal Nicole Feimster, Southern Horrors: Women and the Politics of Rape and Lynching (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009).
were re-creating the slave era all over again: Rachel A. Feinstein, When Rape Was Legal: The Untold History of Sexual Violence During Slavery (New York: Routledge, 2018); and Daina Ramey Berry and Leslie M. Harris, eds., Sexuality and Slavery: Reclaiming Intimate Histories in the Americas (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2018).
Casey Anthony, the White woman a Florida jury exonerated: “ ‘What Really Happened?’: The Casey Anthony Case 10 Years Later,” CNN, June 30, 2018, available at www.cnn.com/2018/06/29/us/casey-anthony-10-years-later/index.html.
the imprisonment of Black men dropped 24 percent: The Black male incarceration rate per 100,000 is 2,613, the White male rate is 457, the Black female rate is 103, and the White female rate is 52, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, as shown in “A Mass Incarceration Mystery,” The Marshall Project, December 15, 2017, available at www.themarshallproject.org/2017/12/15/a-mass-incarceration-mystery.
Black men raised in the top 1 percent by millionaires: “Extensive Data Shows Punishing Reach of Racism for Black Boys,” The New York Times, March 19, 2018, available at www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/03/19/upshot/race-class-white-and-black-men.html.
“Contemporary feminist and antiracist discourses have failed to consider intersectional identities”: Crenshaw, “Mapping the Margins,” 1242–43.
Chapter 15: Sexuality
32 percent of children being raised by Black male same-sex couples live in poverty: “LGBT Families of Color: Facts at a Glance,” Movement Advancement Project, Family Equality Council, and Center for American Progress, January 2012, available at www.nbjc.org/sites/default/files/lgbt-families-of-color-facts-at-a-glance.pdf.
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