The Life of Greece

by Will Durant

  SHOTWELL, J. T.: Introduction to the History of History. N. Y., 1936.

  SINGER, C.E.: Studies in the History and Method of Science. Vol. II. Oxford, 1921.

  SMITH, G.E.: Human History. N. Y., 1929.

  SMITH, WM.: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. Boston, 1859.

  *SOPHOCLES: Tragedies. Tr. Plumptre. London, 1867.

  SOPHOCLES: Plays. 2v. Loeb Library.

  SPENCER, H.: First Principles. N. Y., 1910.

  SPENGLER, O.: Decline of the West. 2v. N. Y., 1926

  SPINOZA, B.: Ethics and De Emendatione Intellectus. Everyman Library.

  STRABO: Geography. 8v. Loeb Library.

  SUMNER, W. G.: Folkways. Boston, 1906.

  SUMNER, W. G., and KELLER, A. G.: The Science of Society. 3v. New Haven, 1928.

  SWINBURNE, A. C: Poems. Phila., n.d.

  *SYMONDS, J. A.: Studies of the Greek Poets. London, 1920.

  TAINE, H.: Lectures on Art. N. Y., 1875.

  TARN, W. W.: Hellenistic Civilization. London, 1927.

  TAYLOR, A. E.: Plato. N. Y., 1936.

  THEOCRITUS, BION, AND MOSCHUS: Poems. London, 1853.

  THEOPHRASTUS: Characters. Loeb Library.

  THOMPSON, SIR E. M.: Introduction to Greek and Latin Paleography. Oxford, 1912.

  *THUCYDIDES: History of the Peloponnesian War. Everyman Library.

  TOUTAIN, J.: Economic Life of the Ancient World. N. Y., 1930.

  TUCKER, T. G.: Life in Ancient Athens. Chautauqua, N. Y., 1917.

  TYLOR, E.B.: Anthropology. N. Y., 1906.

  UEBERWEG, F.: History of Philosophy. 2v. N. Y., 1871.

  USHER, A. P.: History of Mechanical Inventions. N. Y., 1929.

  VERRALL, A. W.: Euripides the Rationalist. Cambridge, Eng., 1913.

  VINOGRADOFF, SIR P.: Outlines of Historical Jurisprudence. 2v. Oxford, 1922.

  VIRGIL: Works. 2v. Loeb Library.

  VITRUVIUS: On Architecture. 2v. Loeb Library.

  VOLTAIRE, F. M. A. DE : Works. 22v. N. Y., 1927.

  WARD, C. O.: The Ancient Lowly. 2v. Chicago, 1907.

  WARREN, H. L.: Foundations of Classic Architecture. N. Y., 1919.

  WAXMAN, M.: History of Jewish Literature. 3v. N. Y., 1930.

  *WEIGALL, A.: Alexander the Great. N. Y., 1933.

  WEIGALL, A.: Sappho of Lesbos. N. Y., 1932.

  WESTERMARCK, E.: History of Human Marriage. 3v. London, 1921.

  WESTERMARCK, E.: Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas. 2v. London, 1917f.

  WHEWELL, WM.: History of the Inductive Sciences. 2v. N. Y., 1859.

  WHIBLEY, L.: Companion to Greek Studies. Cambridge, Eng., 1916.

  *WILLIAMS, H. S.: History of Science. 5v. N. Y., 1909.

  WINCKELMANN, J.: History of Ancient Art. 4v. in 2. Boston, 1880.

  WRIGHT, F. A.: History of Later Greek Literature. N. Y., 1932.

  XENOPHON: Works. Loeb Library.

  XENOPHON: Memorabilia. Phila., 1899.

  XENOPHON: Minor Works. London, 1914.

  ZEITLIN, S.: History of the Second Jewish Commonwealth. Phila.,1933.

  ZELLER, E.: Socrates and the Socratic Schools. London, 1877.

  ZELLER, E.: Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics. London, 1870.

  ZIMMERN, A.: The Greek Commonwealth. Oxford, 1924.

  Notes

  The full title of a book is given only at the first reference to it. Later references may be filled out by consulting the Bibliography. In references to modern works a Roman number (in capitals) indicates the volume, the Arabic number the page. In references to classical texts the Roman number (in small letters) indicates the “book” or main division; the Arabic number indicates the section, the marginal division, or the verse. Where sections are long a subdivision is indicated by an Arabic number after a period.

  CHAPTER I

  1. Plato, Works, Jowett tr.; Phaedo, 109.

  2. Semple, Ellen, Geography of the Medi-terranean Region, N. Y., 1931, 99, 507.

  3. Evans, Sir Arthur, Palace of Minos, London, 192 If, I, 20.

  4. Homer, Odyssey, tr. A. T. Murray, Loeb Classical Library, London, 1927, xix, 172-7.

  5. Aristotle, Politics, 1271b.

  6. Ludwig, Emil, Schliemann, Boston, 1931, 264-5; Glotz, G., Aegean Civilization, N. Y., 1925, 14; Cambridge Ancient History (hereafter referred to as CAH), N. Y., 1924f, I, 138

  7. Evans, I, 13; Hall, H. R., Civilization of Greece in the Bronze Age, N. Y., 1927, 24; Glotz, 30-1, 67, 348; CAH, I, 589-90.

  8. Evans, I, 26.

  9. Ibid., I, 27; Glotz, 38, 40; CAH, I, 597-8.

  10. Glotz, 60-4; Baikie, Jas., Sea-Kings of Crete, London, 1926, 212-3.

  11. Hall, 27; Glotz, 68-73.

  12. Köhler, Carl, History of Costume, N. Y., 1928, frontispiece; Evans, III, 49.

  13. CAH, I, 596; Glotz, 65-6, 75-8, 311, and fig. 6.

  14. Cf. Evans, III, 227.

  19. Glotz, 147-8; CAH, II, 437.

  20. Thucydides, History of the Pelopon-nesian War, Everyman Library, I, 1.4; cf. Herodotus, History, tr. Rawlinson, London, 1862, vii, 170, and Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, v, 78.

  21. Strabo, Geography, Loeb Library, x, 4.8; Glotz, 149; Evans, I, 2, IV, p. xxii; CAH, II, 442; Homer, Odyssey, xi, 568–70.

  22. Ibid., iii, 296.

  23. Glotz, 139-42, 173-4; Baikie, 120, 129-31.

  24. Evans, I, facing 305, III, 13f; CAH, I, 591, 605, II, 432; Glotz, 106-9, Baikie, 97.

  25. Evans, I, facing 472; Glotz, 169-70, 293.

  26. Evans, III, 213; Hall, 15; Glotz, 294-6, 312-3.

  27. Evans, I, 15.

  28. Ibid., 151; Glotz, 229, 237-41, 248-9, 255; Farnell, L. R., Greece and Babylon, Edinburgh, 1911, 228; Nilsson, M. P., History of Greek Religion, Oxford, 1925, 13, questions any worship of the bull in Crete.

  29. Glotz, 146, 244-7; Evans, IV, 468-9.

  30. Ibid.; Glotz, 252-4.

  31. Ibid., 231-8, 265-70, 273-4; Farnell, 125; Reinach, S., Orpheus, N. Y., 1930, 83; Nilsson, 13, 16; CAH, II, 444-5.

  32. Mason, W. A., History of the Art of Writing, N. Y., 1920, 315-23, 331; Evans, I, 15, 124f, IV, xx, 959; Glotz, 150, 196, 371-7, 381-7; Encyclopaedia Britannic a, 14th ed., I, 213; CAH, II, 437; Whibley, L., Companion to Greek Studies, Cambridge U. P., 1916, 26.

  33. Glotz, 165, 388; Baikie, 238.

  34. Homer, Iliad, xviii, 590.

  35. Glotz, 174, 321.

  36. Evans, I, 342-4; Evans in Baikie, 71; Reinach, 82; Pliny, Natural History, London, 1855, xxxvi, 19; Glotz, 108.

  37. Hall, 102.

  38. Evans, I, 142, III, 252-3; Burrows, R. M., in Baikie, 99, and Semple, 570.

  39. Evans, III, 116-22.

  40. In Baikie, 129.

  40a. Evans, Sir Arthur, “The Minoan and Mycenaean Element in Hellenic Life,” Journal of Hellenic Studies, XXXII (1912), 277f; Hall, 27.

  41. Evans, Palace of Minos, I, 17.

  42. Ibid., 16-7; Smith, Human History, 378–90; Hall, 25; Glotz, 191-3, 209; Spengler, Oswald, Decline of the West, N. Y., 1926-8, II, 88.

  43. Strabo, xiv, 2.27; Evans, “Minoan and Mycenaean Element,” 283.

  44. Herodotus, vii, 170; CAH, II, 475; Smith, G. E., 398.

  45. Baedeker, K., Greece, Leipzig, 1909, 417.

  46. CAH, I, 442-3.

  47. Himes, Norman, Medical History of Contraception, Baltimore, 1936, 187.

  48. Grote, G., History of Greece, Everyman Library, I, 190; Frazer, Sir Jas., Dying God, N. Y., 1935, 71.

  49. Diodorus, iv, 76.

  50. Ibid., 79; Ovid, Metamorphoses, Loeb Library, viii, 181f.

  51. Pausanias, Description of Greece, London, 1886, ix, 40.

  52. Plutarch, Lives, “Theseus”; Homer, Odyssey, xi, 321-5.

  53. E.g., Polybius, Histories, Loeb Library, vi, 45-

  54. Strabo, x, 4.16-22.

  CHAPTER II

  1. Schliemann, H., Ilios, N. Y., 1881, 3.

  2. Ibid., 9.

  3. Ibid., 17.

  4. Ludwig, p. ix.

&n
bsp; 5. Schliemann, 14-15.

  6. Ludwig, 137.

  7. Ibid,, 132-3, 153, 183, 234.

  8. Schliemann, 26.

  9. Ibid., 41; Ludwig, 139, 165.

  10. Schliemann, H., Mycenae, N. Y., 1878, 101-2.

  11. Homer, Iliad., ii, 559.

  12. Ludwig, 284.

  13. Ibid., 256-7.

  14. Pausanias, ii, 25.

  15. Warren, H. L., Foundations of Classic Architecture, N. Y., 1919, 124-5; Pausanias, ii, 25.

  16. Ibid., ii, 15.

  17. Iliad, ii, 59, vii, 180; Odyssey, iii, 305.

  18. Pausanias, ii, 16.

  19. Schliemann, Mycenae, 293f; CAH, II, 452-3; Glotz, 46; Enc. Brit., XVI, 38.

  20. Hall, 1; Nilsson, 11; Glotz, 31-2; Whibley, 27.

  20a. Murray, A. S., History of Greek Sculpture, London, 1890, 1, 61.

  21. Herodotus, ii, 53, 57.

  22. Pausanias, vii, 2-3; Hall, 11.

  23. Ibid.; Glotz, 47; Evans, I, 23; CAH, I, 608.

  24. Lippert, J., Evolution of Culture, N. Y., 1931, 171.

  25. Glotz, 47-8.

  26. These frescoes are all in the National Museum at Athens. They are reproduced in Rodenwaldt, G., Kunst der Antike, Berlin, 1927, 143f

  27. Schliemann, Ilios, 281-3.

  29. National Museum, Athens; Evans, III, 121; Rodenwaldt, 148-9.

  30. Nat. Mus., Athens; Rodenwaldt, 152.

  31. Evans, III, 183; Glotz, 338.

  32. Gardiner, P., New Chapters in Greek History, N. Y., 1892, 178; Evans, “Minoan and Mycenaean Element,” 283; Mason, 327-8; Farnell, 97-8.

  33. Schliemann, Ilios, 587.

  34. Ludwig, 280. He was later financed by Kaiser Wilhelm II.

  35. CAH, II, 489-90.

  36. Schliemann, Ilios, 453-505; Enc. Brit., XXII, 502-3.

  37. CAH, II, 488; Schliemann, Ilios, 123.

  38. Bury, J. B., History of Greece, London, 1931, 46; CAH, II, 487.

  39. Iliad, xx, 23of.

  40. Herodotus, ii, 118; Strabo, xiii, 1.48.

  41. Murray, G., Rise of the Greek Epic, Oxford, 1924, 49.

  42. Ramsay, Sir W., Asianic Elements in Greek Civilization, Yale U. P., 1928, 109.

  43. Bérard, M., in Semple, 699; Murray, Epic, 38.

  44. Schliemann, Ilios, 240, 253; Bury, 48; Glotz, 197, 217.

  CHAPTER III

  1. CAH, II, 276-83; Glotz, 90.

  2. Iliad, ii, 681.

  3. Ridge way, Sir Wm., Early Age of Greece, Cambridge U. P., 1901, 88-90, 337, 630, 682-4, etc.

  4. CAH, II, 473; Hall, 248, 289.

  5. Bury, 6; Glotz, 386-7.

  6. Nilsson, 61.

  7. Odyssey, xi, 582f; Diodorus, iv, 77.

  8. Thucydides, i, 1.3, ii, 6.15.

  9. Diodorus, iv, 9.

  10. One form of the legend tells how Heracles triumphed over fifty virgins in a single night.—Athenaeus, Deipnosophists, or Banquet of the Learned, London, 1854, xiii, 4; Pausanias, ix, 27.

  11. Diodorus, iv, 35, 53.

  12. Ibid., iv, 57-8.

  13. Ibid., iv, 41-8.

  14. CAH, II, 475, III, 662.

  15. Iliad, ii, 683, iii, 75.

  16. Ibid., xxiii, 198.

  17. xxiv, 228.

  18. xxiv, 186.

  19. xviii, 541, xxi, 257; Keller, A. G., Homeric Society, N. Y., 1902, 78.

  20. Iliad, v, 87-9.

  21. Glotz, G., Ancient Greece at Work, N. Y., 1926, 36.

  22. Odyssey, xx, 72.

  23. Seymour, T. D., Life in the Homeric Age, N. Y., 1907, 234, 209-10.

  24. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 38; Ridgeway in Botsford, G. W., Athenian Constitution, N. Y., 1895, 82.

  25. Ibid., 35; Pöhlmann, R. von, Geschichte der sozialen Frage und des Sozialismus in der antiken Welt, München, 1925, I, 29; Browne, H., Handbook of Homeric Study, London, 1908, 209; Seymour, 235, 273; Bury, 54.

  26. Iliad, xxiii, 826.

  27. Ibid., xiii, 341.

  28. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 45.

  29. Ibid., 42; Calhoun, G. M., Business Life of Ancient Athens, Chicago, 1926, 13.

  30. Odyssey, xv, 82f.

  31. Ibid., vi, 115.

  32. xiv, 202.

  33. Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 28If.

  34. Iliad, xix, 247.

  35. Ibid., ii, 21 of.

  36. Odyssey, xxi, 224-5.

  37. Ibid., iv, 184.

  38. Iliad, ix, 74.

  39. Odyssey, vi, 207.

  40. Ibid., iv, 20; ix, 267-8.

  41. xv, 82f.

  42. viii, 37of.

  43. Gardiner, E. N., Athletics of the Ancient World, Oxford, 1930, 27; Mahaffy, J. P., Social Life in Greece, N. Y., 1925, 51.

  44. Gardiner, E. N., 21-3; Iliad, xxiii, 166f.

  45. Thucydides, i, 1.5.

  46. Odyssey, viii, 158f.

  47. Ibid., ix, 39f.

  48. Iliad, x, 383.

  49. Odyssey, xiii, 287-95.

  50. Ibid., ii, 234, iv, 690, xiv, 138-141.

  51. Ibid., i, 87, viii, 14; Iliad, ii, 169.

  52. Odyssey, i, 57-9; Iliad, xx, 18.

  53. Odyssey, xvii, 280.

  54. Athenaeus, xiii, 2; Harrison, Jane, Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion, Cambridge U. P., 1922, 260-2.

  55. Athenaeus, xiii, 4.

  56. Iliad, xviii, 593.

  57. Ibid., xviii, 490.

  58. vi, 169.

  59. Odyssey, i, 153, 325, viii, 43-64, xxi, 406-8.

  60. Ibid., xxi, 46.

  61. Iliad, vi, 313-7.

  62. Ibid., i, 249.

  63. iii, 222.

  64. Murray, Epic, 129.

  65. Sumner, W. G., and Keller, A. G., Science of Society, New Haven, 1928, I, 658.

  66. CAH, II, 478; Murray, Epic, 174.

  67. Whibley, 30.

  68. Pliny, xxxvi, 64.

  69. Grote, I, 77.

  70. Plutarch, De Stoicorum Repugnantiis, 32, in Bakewell, C. M., Source Book in Ancient Philosophy, N. Y., 1909, 278.

  71. Iliad, vi, 406.

  72. Ibid., viii, 542.

  73. CAH, III, 670.

  74. Odyssey, iv, 521.

  75. Butcher and Lang, Odyssey, N. Y., 1927, introd., xxiv.

  77. Seymour, 73.

  78. Odyssey, v, 151-8.

  79. Ibid., vi, 239.

  80. Nilsson, 4-5.

  81. Odyssey, xix, 177.

  82. Thucydides, i, 1.2.

  83. Herodotus, i, 68.

  84. Evans, IV, 477, 959.

  85. Pausanias, iii, 2.

  86. Ridder, A. de, and Deonna, W., Art in Greece, N. Y., 1927, 167.

  CHAPTER IV

  1. Plato, Phaedrus, 244; Frazer, Magic Art, N. Y., 1935, II, 358; Reinach, Orpheus, 98; CAH, II, 629.

  2. Grote, IV, 196.

  3. Mahaffy, J. P., What Have the Greeks Done for Civilization?, N. Y., 1909, 11.

  4. Plato, Timaeus, 22-3.

  5. Herodotus, ii, 143.

  6. Ibid., ii, 53, 81, 123; Diodorus, i, 96; Harrison, Prolegomena, 574-5.

  7. Herodotus, ii, 109; Strabo, xvii, 3; Diodorus, i, 69; Smith, G. E., 417-8; Ridder, 7, 341.

  8. Ibid.; Smith, 418-22; Warren, Foundations, 193-4.

  9. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 128; Day, C., History of Commerce, London, 1926, 14.

  10. Olmstead, A. T., History of Assyria, N. Y., 1923. 537.

  11. Herodotus, ii, 109.

  12. Grote, IV, 124.

  13. Heath, Sir Thos., History of Greek Mathematics, Oxford, 1921, 1, 44, II, 21; CAH, IV, 539.

  14. Ridder, 340; Anderson, W. J., and Spiers, R. P., Architecture of Greece and Rome, London, 1902, 49; Gardner, E. A., Handbook of Greek Sculpture, London, 1920, 51-2.

  15. Cook, A. B., Zeus, Cambridge U. P., 1914, 777.

  16. Strabo, viii, 6; CAH, III, 540-2; Grote, III, 96.

  17. Herodotus, iii, 131.

  18. Gardner, E. A., Handbook, 365.

  19. Pausanias, iv, 6-14.

  20. Strabo, viii, 5.4.

  21. Müller, K. O.,
in Rawlinson’s Herodotus, vii, 234n. The calculation is for 480B.C., Meyer, Ed., Geschichte des Alterthums, Stuttgart, 1884f, III, §§263-4, gives the population of Laconia ca. 470 as 12,000 Spartans (4000 adult males), 80,000 Perioeci, and 190,000 Helots.

  22. CAH, V, 7.

  23. Plutarch, Spartan Institutions, in Lyra Graeca, London, 1928, III, 287; Mahaffy, Social Life, 451; Cicero, in Cotterill, H. B., History of Art, N. Y., n.d., I, 61.

  24. Grote, IV, 264.

  25. Greek Anthology, ix, 488, in Lyra Graeca, I, 29.

  26. Grote, III, 195; Murray, Sir G., History of Ancient Greek Literature, N. Y., 1927, 80.

  27. In Ridder, 106.

  28. Grote, III, 195.

  29. Mahaffy, J. P., History of Classical Greek Literature, London, 1908, 1, 189; Lacroix, Paul, History of Prostitution, N. Y., 1931, 1, 149-50.

  30. Alcman, Frag. 36 in Lyra Graeca, I, 77.

  31. Das Oxforder Buch Deutschen Dichtung, Oxford, 1936, 117.

  32. Goethe, J. W. von, Poetical Works, tr. Cobb, N. Y., 1902, 61.

  33. Glover, T. R., Democracy in the Ancient World, Cambridge U. P., 1927, 84.

  34. Herodotus, i, 65.

  35. Aristotle, Politics, 1271b.

  36. Plutarch, “Lycurgus.”

  37. Ibid.

  38. Ibid.; Polybius, vi, 48.

  39. Thucydides, i, 6.

  40. E.g., Polybius, vi, 10.

  41. Plutarch, “Lycurgus.”

  42. Glotz, Ancient Greece, 88.

  43. Coulanges, Fustel de, Ancient City, Boston, 1901, 460.

  44. Plutarch, l.c.

  45. Ibid., Grote, III, 148.

  46. Thucydides, iv, 14.

  47. Coulanges, 294; Glotz, G., Greek City, London, 1929, 300; Carroll, M., Greek Women, Phila., 1908, 136.

  48. Mahaffy, J. P., Old Greek Education, N. Y., n.d., 10.

  49. Hesiod, Callimachus, and Theognis, Works, tr. Banks and Frere, London, 1856, 441n.

  50. Plutarch, I.c.; Grote, III, 157; MüllerLyer, F., Family, N. Y., 1931, 45.

  51. Thucydides, i, 3.

  52. Nilsson, 94.

  53. Mahaffy, Greek Education, 46.

  54. Plutarch, “Demetrius.”

  55. Xenophon, Anabasis, Loeb Library, iv, 6.15.

  56. Symonds, J. A., Greek Poets, London, 1920, 159.

  57. Becker, W., Charicles, London, 1886, 246, 297.

  58. Carroll, 138-40; Weigall, A., Sappho of Lesbos, N. Y., 1932, 103.

  59. Plutarch, “Lycurgus”; Lippert, 301.

  60. Athenaeus, xiii, 2.

  61. Whibley, 613.